Advanced Programming

Java 2D Graphics
 Computer Graphics
● Computer Graphics: the representation and
management of visual content: drawings,
charts, photographs, movies, etc.
● 2D, 3D, Raster (Pixel), Vector, Animation, etc.
● Rendering: generating an image from a model
using a computer, defining its shape, color,
texture, transparency, shades, etc.
● Support for different types of devices: screen,
memory, printer, plotter, etc.
● User Space → Device Space
 Java 2D
● Two-dimensional graphics, text, and imaging
● A uniform rendering model for display devices and printers
● Geometric primitives: any geometric shape
● Hit detection on shapes, text, and images
● Ccontrol over how overlapping objects are rendered
● Enhanced color support that facilitates color management
● Support for printing complex documents
● Control of the quality of the rendering (hints)
 The “Drawing” Concept
● Graphical interfaces are built using components.
The “system” draws the components automatically:
– when they are displayed for the first time,
– at minimize, maximize operations,
– when resizing the display area;
● The support methods for defining the graphical
representation of a Component are:
– void paint(Graphics g)
– void update(Graphics g)
– void repaint()
 The paint method
This method is called when the contents of the component should
be painted; such as when the component is first being shown or is
damaged and in need of repair. The clip rectangle in the Graphics
parameter is set to the area which needs to be painted.

public class MyFrame extends Frame {

public MyFrame(String title) {
super(title);
setSize(200, 100);
}

public void paint(Graphics g) {

super.paint(g);
// Apelam metoda paint a clasei Frame
g.setFont(new Font("Arial", Font.BOLD, 11));
g.setColor(Color.red);
g.drawString("DEMO Version", 5, 35);
}
}
 The paintComponent method
● JComponent.paint delegates the work of painting to three
protected methods: paintComponent, paintBorder, and
paintChildren. They're called in the order listed to ensure that
children appear on top of component itself.
● Swing components should just override paintComponent.
/* Creating a custom component */
class MyCustomComponent extends JPanel {

// Define the representation of the component

public void paintComponent(Graphics g) {
super.paintComponent(g);
Graphics2D g2d = (Graphics2D) g;
...
}
// Methods used by the layout managers
public Dimension getPreferredSize() { return ... };
public Dimension getMinimumSize() { return ... }
public Dimension getMaximumSize() { return ... }
}
 Creating a Custom Component
public class MyComponent extends JPanel {
private int x, y, radius;
public MyComponent() {
init();
}
private void init() {
setPreferredSize(new Dimension(400, 400));
this.addMouseListener(new MouseAdapter() {
public void mousePressed(MouseEvent e) {
x = e.getX(); y = e.getY();
radius = 50 + (int) (100 * Math.random());
repaint();
}
});
@Override
public void paintComponent(Graphics g) {
super.paintComponent(g);
g.drawOval(x - radius / 2, y - radius / 2, radius, radius);
}
}
JFrame frame = new JFrame("demo");
frame.add(new MyComponent());
frame.pack();
frame.setVisible(true);
 Graphics, Graphics2D
● Graphics is the base class for all graphics contexts that
allow an application to draw onto components realized on
various devices, as well as onto off-screen images.
● Graphics2D class extends the Graphics class to provide
more sophisticated control over geometry, coordinate
transformations, color management, and text layout.
● A graphic context offers:
– Methods for configuring the drawing properties:
color, paintMode, font, stroke, clip, renderingHints, ...
– Geometric primitives
– Support for working with texts and images
– Support for printing
 Geometric Primitives
● Coordinates
– User space – in which graphics primitives are specified
– Device space – screen, window, or a printer
– The origin of user space is the upper-left corner
● Primitives:
– drawLine, drawPolyline, drawOval, fillOval,
drawPolygon, fillPolygon, drawRect, fillRect, …
– draw(Shape), fill(Shape)
– The Shape interface provides definitions for objects that represent some form of
geometric shape. The Shape is described by a PathIterator object, which can
express the outline of the Shape as well as a rule for determining how the outline
divides the 2D plane into interior and exterior points.

...
 Working with Texts
● Font - A collection of glyphs (unique marks that collectively
add up to the spelling of a word) → name, style, size
Label label = new Label("Some text");
label.setFont(new Font("Dialog", Font.PLAIN, 12));

void paint(Graphics g) {
g.setFont(new Font("Courier", Font.BOLD, 10));
g.drawString("Another text", 10, 20); }

● FontMetrics - encapsulates information about the

rendering of a particular font on a particular screen.
Font f = new Font("Arial", Font.BOLD, 11);
FontMetrics fm = g.getFontMetrics();
int height = fm.getHeight();
int width = fm.stringWidth("frog");
int xWidth = fm.charWidth(’g’);

●
TextLayout - highlighting, strings with mixed fonts, mixed languages, bidirectional text.
 Using Colors
● Paint interface defines how color patterns can be
generated for Graphics2D operations.
● Color encapsulates colors in the sRGB space
Red Green Blue Alpha
Color standardRed = Color.RED; (0 − 255, 0.0 − 1.0)
Color plainWhite = new Color(1.0, 1.0, 1.0);
Color translucentRed = new Color(255, 0, 0, 128);
● SystemColor encapsulate symbolic colors representing
the color of native GUI objects on a system.
SystemColor.desktop
● GradientColor provides a way to fill a Shape with a linear
color gradient pattern. Hello world!
●
TexturePaint provides a way to fill a Shape with a texture
that is specified as a BufferedImage. Hello again...
 Using Images
● Image is the superclass of all classes that
represent graphical images.
● BufferedImage
– Loadind from a file
BufferedImage image = ImageIO.read(new File("hello.jpg"))

– Creating in memory (off-screen)

BufferedImage image = new BufferedImage(w, h, type);
Graphics g = image.getGraphics();

– Drawing using a graphic context

graphics.drawImage(image);

– Saving in a file (GIF, PNG, JPEG, etc.)

ImageIO.write(image, "png", new File("drawing.png"));
 Working with Large Images
● Displaying a large image
BufferedImage img = ImageIO.read(
new URL("http://www.remoteServer.com/hugeImage.jpg"));
...
public void paint(Graphics g) {
g.drawImage(img, 0, 0, this);
}
● ImageObserver - an asynchronous update interface for
receiving notifications about information as the Image is constructed.
public boolean imageUpdate(Image image, int flags, int x, int y,
int width, int height) {
// If the image has finished loading, repaint the window.
if ((flags & ALLBITS) != 0) {
repaint();
return false; // finished, no further notification.
}
return true; //not finished loading, need further notification.
}
 Double-Buffering
Create an offscreen image, draw to that image using the
image's graphics object, then, in one step, call drawImage
using the target window's graphics object and the offscreen
image. Swing uses this technique by default.
// Override update, we don't need it anymore
public void update(Graphics g) {

}
paint(g); Preventing
public void paint(Graphics g) { flickering
BufferedImage offImage =
new BufferedImage(100, 200, BufferedImage.TYPE_INT_ARGB);
Graphics2D g2 = offImage.getGraphics();
// Draw off-screen
g2.setColor(...);
g2.fillOval(...); ...
// Transfer the drawing: back buffer -> primary surface (screen)
g.drawImage(offImage, 0, 0, this);
g2.dispose();
}
 Printing
● Creat a component that implements Printable interface
public class HelloWorldPrinter implements Printable {
public int print(Graphics g, PageFormat pf, int page)
throws PrinterException {
if (page > 0) {
return NO_SUCH_PAGE;
}
g.drawString("Hello world!", 100, 100);
return PAGE_EXISTS;
}
}
The Printable.print()
● Create a PrinterJob method is called by
PrinterJob job = PrinterJob.getPrinterJob(); the printing system,
job.setPrintable(new HelloWorldPrinter());
if (job.printDialog()) { just as the
job.print(); Component.paint()
}
● Some Swing components are printing-aware
(JTable, JTextComponent)
 Java Tutorial
● Trail: 2D Graphics
http://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/2d/index.html
● Lesson: Full-Screen Exclusive Mode API
http://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/extra/fullscreen/index.html
● Trail: Sound
http://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/sound/index.html
● Java Demos → Java2D application