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Java Graphics: Chris North cs3724: HCI

This document discusses graphics and painting in Java. It covers the following key points: 1. Components in Java have their own subwindows that define their coordinate system and clipping area. 2. To paint graphics, a component overrides the paintComponent() method and draws using the Graphics context. 3. Components receive repaint events when their display needs to be redrawn, such as after being covered or resized. They redraw their contents in response. 4. Common graphics primitives include drawing lines, shapes, text and images. Attributes like color, font and transforms can be set on the Graphics context. 5. Double buffering prevents flickering by drawing to an off-screen image first before painting to the

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Joel Hubahib
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43 views

Java Graphics: Chris North cs3724: HCI

This document discusses graphics and painting in Java. It covers the following key points: 1. Components in Java have their own subwindows that define their coordinate system and clipping area. 2. To paint graphics, a component overrides the paintComponent() method and draws using the Graphics context. 3. Components receive repaint events when their display needs to be redrawn, such as after being covered or resized. They redraw their contents in response. 4. Common graphics primitives include drawing lines, shapes, text and images. Attributes like color, font and transforms can be set on the Graphics context. 5. Double buffering prevents flickering by drawing to an off-screen image first before painting to the

Uploaded by

Joel Hubahib
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Java Graphics

Chris North
cs3724: HCI
Review
• 3 kinds of elements in components API?
• Layout managers
• Events
• Extend vs. Implement
Useful Java DataStructures
• Vector (dynamic array)
• V = new Vector( );
• V.add(item);
• V.elementAt(5);
• HashTable (maps keys to items)
• H = new HashTable( );
• H.add(key, item);
• H.get(key);
• Iterators (automatic FOR loops)
• I = V.iterator( );
• While (I.hasNext( ))
• dosomething(I.next( ));
Graphics
• Window is like a painter’s canvas
• App must paint its window contents
• Java components paint themselves
• Anything else: Programmer

• When to paint?
• How to paint?
JButton
How to Paint?
Pixels
Coordinate System
• Upside-down Cartesian
(0,0) (width,0)

(0,height) (width, height)

• Ywindow = height - Ycartesian


Component Hierarchy
• Each component has its own subwindow
• Subwindow = rectangular area within parent component
• Has own coordinate system
• Clipping:
• Can’t paint outside its subwindow
• Can’t paint over child components?
(0,0) JPanel

(0,0) JButton
JButton
(wb, hb)

(wp, hp)
Painting Components
• Can paint any component
• JPanel is good for custom graphics area

JButton
JPanel
Painting in Java
import java.awt.Graphics
import java.awt.Graphics2D // Java2

1. Get the “graphics context” of component

Graphics g = myJPanel.getGraphics( );
Graphics2D g2 = (Graphics2D) g;

2. Paint in it

g2.drawLine(x1,y1, x2,y2);
Graphics Primitives
Draw Fill
• Point (x,y)
• Line (pt1,pt2)
• PolyLine (pt list)
• Arc
• Oval (pt, w,h)
• Rectangle (pt, w,h)
• RoundRectangle

• Polygon (pt list)


• Image (file, x,y)
• Text (string, x,y) label
Graphics Attributes
• Color
• Font
• Stroke attributes:
– Line width, dash, end caps, joins, miter
• Paint attributes:
– Color, gradient, texture
• Composite:
– Blending
• Transforms:
– Translate, rotate, flip, shear, scale
Color
• Combinations of Red, Green, Blue
• Each [0, 255]

• Java: new Color(255, 150, 0)

Hokie Orange
in Java
• Drawing primitives:
• g2.drawLine( ), .drawRect( ), …
• g2.fillRect( ), …

• Object oriented:
1. Create shape:
• import java.awt.geom.*
• shape = new Point2D.Float(x, y);
• Line2D, Rect2D, CubicCurve2D, …
2. Draw the shape:
• g2.draw(shape);
• g2.fill(shape);
in Java
• Color and font:
• g2.setColor( new Color(r,g,b) );
• g2.setFont( new Font(…) );
• Advanced:
• g2.setStroke(…);
• g2.setPaint(…);
• g2.setComposite(…);
• g2.setTransform(…);

1. Set graphics attributes


2. Draw graphics
When to Paint?
Re-Paint
• Screen is like a painter’s canvas
• All windows paint on the same surface!
• Windows don’t “remember” whats under them
• Need to re-paint when portions are newly
exposed

• Receive Repaint events


• Open, resize, bring to front
• When other windows in front move, resize, close
MyApp
Open WinExp, Notepad
Close WinExplorer

Repaint event sent to: MyApp, Desktop


Desktop gets repaint event
MyApp gets repaint event

MyApp JPanel gets repaint event


MyApp gets repaint event

MyApp JPanel forwards repaint event to JButton


Repainting Static Graphics

• Repaint event:
• Erase subwindow (fill with background color)
• Draw subwindow contents
In Java
• Repaint event:
• Java Swing components catch repaint event,
and call their paintComponent( ) method
• Default paintComponent( ) method paints component
– E.g. panel background color

• Sub-class the component (typically JPanel)


• Over-ride paintComponent( ) method
• Custom graphics here

• Can call repaint( ) to invoke paintComponent( )


Code
public class MyPanel extends JPanel {

public void paintComponent(Graphics g){


super.paintComponent(g); // erases background
Graphics2D g2 = (Graphics2D)g; //cast for java2

// my graphics:
g2.setColor(new Color(255,0,0));
g2.fillRect(10,10,200,50);
g2.setColor(new Color(0,0,0));
g2.drawString("Hello World", 10, 10);
}
}
Hello World
Typical program structure for
Dynamic Graphics
• Store data structure of window contents
• E.g. user drawn picture in paint program

• Repaint event:
• Erase window (draw background color)
• Draw window contents using data structure

• Other event that alters window contents:


• modify the data structure
• send repaint event
In JBuilder
• Subclassing JPanel
• Overriding paintComponent( )
• Using subclassed JPanel in a JFrame
Storing window contents
• 2 approaches:
• Store logical contents in a data structure
» E.g. drawing program: lines, shapes, colors, …
»
• Store visual contents as an off-screen image (bitmap)
» E.g. pixels
» Then use g2.drawImage( ) in paintComponent( )
»
Problem: Flashing

• Ugly flashing when repaint:


• Paint background
• Redraw shapes
Solution: Double buffering
Solution: Double buffering
• Double buffered repaint:
• Draw all graphics in temporary off-screen image
» Paint background color
» Paint shapes
• Then paint image to JPanel

• Bonus: Swing does this for you!


• Draw graphics on JPanel
• JPanel maintains off-screen image
What Subwindows Do
• Directs mouse input to correct component
• Determines repaint events
• Own coordinate system
• Don’t need repaint when moving
• Clipping: hides drawing behind a subwindow

• Some subwindows remember what’s under them:


• Popup menus

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