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Multiplier Bits and Shifting of The Partial Product. Prior To The Shifting, The

The Booth's algorithm allows for efficient binary multiplication of signed two's complement integers using fewer additions and subtractions than standard multiplication algorithms. It operates by treating strings of 1s in the multiplier as powers of two and handling strings of 0s by selectively adding or ignoring the multiplicand. The hardware implementation uses registers to store the partial product, multiplier, and other values. It examines two multiplier bits at a time to determine whether to add, subtract, or ignore the multiplicand before shifting the partial product and multiplier bits. An example calculation demonstrates the step-by-step application of the algorithm.

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50 views

Multiplier Bits and Shifting of The Partial Product. Prior To The Shifting, The

The Booth's algorithm allows for efficient binary multiplication of signed two's complement integers using fewer additions and subtractions than standard multiplication algorithms. It operates by treating strings of 1s in the multiplier as powers of two and handling strings of 0s by selectively adding or ignoring the multiplicand. The hardware implementation uses registers to store the partial product, multiplier, and other values. It examines two multiplier bits at a time to determine whether to add, subtract, or ignore the multiplicand before shifting the partial product and multiplier bits. An example calculation demonstrates the step-by-step application of the algorithm.

Uploaded by

MAHESH S
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Booth algorithm gives a procedure for 

multiplying binary integers in signed


2’s complement representation in efficient way, i.e., less number of
additions/subtractions required. It operates on the fact that strings of 0’s in the
multiplier require no addition but just shifting and a string of 1’s in the multiplier
from bit weight 2^k to weight 2^m can be treated as 2^(k+1 ) to 2^m.
As in all multiplication schemes, booth algorithm requires examination of the
multiplier bits and shifting of the partial product. Prior to the shifting, the
multiplicand may be added to the partial product, subtracted from the partial
product, or left unchanged according to following rules:
1. The multiplicand is subtracted from the partial product upon encountering
the first least significant 1 in a string of 1’s in the multiplier
2. The multiplicand is added to the partial product upon encountering the
first 0 (provided that there was a previous ‘1’) in a string of 0’s in the
multiplier.
3. The partial product does not change when the multiplier bit is identical to
the previous multiplier bit.
Hardware Implementation of Booths Algorithm – The hardware
implementation of the booth algorithm requires the register configuration shown
in the figure below.

Booth’s Algorithm Flowchart –


.
We name the register as A, B and Q, AC, BR and QR respectively. Qn
designates the least significant bit of multiplier in the register QR. An extra flip-
flop Qn+1is appended to QR to facilitate a double inspection of the
multiplier.AC and the appended bit Qn+1 are initially cleared to 0 and the
sequence SC is set to a number n equal to the number of bits in the multiplier.
The two bits of the multiplier in Qn and Qn+1are inspected. If the two bits are
equal to 10, it means that the first 1 in a string has been encountered. This
requires subtraction of the multiplicand from the partial product in AC. If the 2
bits are equal to 01, it means that the first 0 in a string of 0’s has been
encountered. This requires the addition of the multiplicand to the partial product
in AC.
When the two bits are equal, the partial product does not change. An overflow
cannot occur because the addition and subtraction of the multiplicand follow
each other. As a consequence, the 2 numbers that are added always have a
opposite signs, a condition that excludes an overflow. The next step is to shift
right the partial product and the multiplier (including Qn+1). This is an arithmetic
shift right (ashr) operation which AC and QR ti the right and leaves the sign bit
in AC unchanged. The sequence counter is decremented and the computational
loop is repeated n times.
Example – A numerical example of booth’s algorithm is shown below for n = 4.
It shows the step by step multiplication of -5 and -7.
MD = -5 = 1011, MD = 1011, MD'+1 = 0101
MR = -7 = 1001
The explanation of first step is as follows: Qn+1
AC = 0000, MR = 1001, Qn+1 = 0, SC = 4
Qn Qn+1 = 10
So, we do AC + (MD)'+1, which gives AC = 0101
On right shifting AC and MR, we get
AC = 0010, MR = 1100 and Qn+1 = 1

OPERATION AC MR Qn+1 SC

0000 1001 0 4

AC + MD’ + 1 0101 1001 0

ASHR 0010 1100 1 3


OPERATION AC MR Qn+1 SC

AC + MR 1101 1100 1

ASHR 1110 1110 0 2

ASHR 1111 0111 0 1

AC + MD’ + 1 0010 0011 1 0

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