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Optimum Detection of Binary PAM in Noise: PAM: Pulse Amplitude Modulation

This document discusses binary pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) in noise. It describes how PAM represents bits using rectangular pulses of different amplitudes and how a matched filter receiver works. It then analyzes the bit error rate (BER) performance of the system. The receiver uses an integrate-and-dump detector and a threshold-based decision rule. Expressions are derived for the BER in terms of the signal-to-noise ratio and energy per bit. Finally, it notes that non-rectangular pulse shapes like raised-cosine are more practical as they limit bandwidth while avoiding intersymbol interference.

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Georges Chouchani
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477 views

Optimum Detection of Binary PAM in Noise: PAM: Pulse Amplitude Modulation

This document discusses binary pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) in noise. It describes how PAM represents bits using rectangular pulses of different amplitudes and how a matched filter receiver works. It then analyzes the bit error rate (BER) performance of the system. The receiver uses an integrate-and-dump detector and a threshold-based decision rule. Expressions are derived for the BER in terms of the signal-to-noise ratio and energy per bit. Finally, it notes that non-rectangular pulse shapes like raised-cosine are more practical as they limit bandwidth while avoiding intersymbol interference.

Uploaded by

Georges Chouchani
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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3.

Optimum Detection of Binary PAM in Noise

PAM: Pulse Amplitude Modulation

Representation:
h(t)
1

0 T t
where bk represents the kth bit: bk= 0 or 1
h(t) is a rectangular pulse of length T centered at t=T/2.
Advantage of rectangular pulses:
No interference between pulses in the adjacent intervals. 1
Binary PAM in Noise
The matched filter for each pulse h(t-kT) in the interval (k-1)T< t < kT is:

gk(T-t)=h(t-kT)

Consider the received signal: r(t)=s(t)+w(t)

=> The output of the matched filter receiver at the end of the kth symbol
interval is:
+∞

Integrate and-dump detector.


This device simply integrates the received signal over the symbol interval, samples the
output, and then starts for the next interval.

2
BER PERFORMANCE

The receiver role:


must make a decision between two hypotheses:

A simple and efficient decision rule for deciding between the two
hypotheses is to choose H0 that is to choose 0 if y is less than some
threshold γ and choose 1 if not.

Ex: If 1 is transmitted, the Prob. of error is: : 3


BER PERFORMANCE

r(t) = s(t) + w(t) = +w(t)

As symbols are separated in time, consider the detection of the first symbol
(k=0).
T
Matched filter output: Y = ∫ r ( t )dt = S + N
0

T
 AT if H1 ( b 0 = 1)
=> Output signal: S = ∫ Ab0dt = Ab0T ; S=
0  0 if H 0 ( b 0 = 0)
T
Output noise: N = ∫ w ( t )dt
0

N is Gaussian; mean E[N]=0;


TT TT T
N N N
var: E[ N ] = ∫ ∫ E[ w ( t ) w ( τ)]dtdτ = ∫ ∫ 0 δ( t − τ)dtdτ = ∫ 0 dτ = 0 T
2

00 00
2 0
2 2

=> Y: N(AT, N0T/2) if H1 and Y: N(0, N0T/2) if H0 4


BER PERFORMANCE

p(y/H1)

The probability of a Type I error ( 1 is transmitted) is the probability that


the output Y falls in the shaded area of the Figure.

Pe1=

5
BER PERFORMANCE

p(y/H0)

Similarly , The probability of a Type II error, is the probability that the


output Y falls in the shaded area of the above Figure.

Pe0 =
6
BER

Over all BER?

Typically: (the transmitted bits are equiprobable)

=>

The two types of error are equal if γ=µ/2 (optimal choice).


In this case :
7
BER
(1)
In terms of Eb/N0?
It was shown that σ2=N0T/2 => σ = N 0T / 2 (2) and µ=AT (3)

As for the signal:

The average energy per bit Eb at the receiver input can be computed from the
first bit as:

=> (4)

8
NONRECTANGULAR PULSE SHAPES

Rectangular pulses have spectral limitations


(Sinc function in the frequency domain)

⇒ Practical pulse shapes :


- Raised-cosine pulses
- Root-raised-cosine pulses
Advantages: - limited in bandwidth while offering zero intersymbol interference (ISI)

- BER performance is the same as with rectangular pulse shaping

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