HỌC VIỆN TÀI CHÍNH

KHOA NGOẠI NGỮ

BỘ MÔN LÝ THUYẾT TIẾNG & DỊCH

EXERCISES ON
ENGLISH GRAMMAR
TÀI LIỆU DÀNH CHO CÁC LỚP TIẾNG ANH
CHUYÊN NGÀNH TÀI CHÍNH KẾ TOÁN

(LƯU HÀNH NỘI BỘ)

HÀ NỘI - 2020
 1. Elements of grammar
Operators
Exercise 1
Identify the whole of the subject of each of the sentences below. Then transform
each sentence so as to form a yes-no question on the model:
Operator +subject +rest of the predicate, and answer the question on one of the
following models:
Yes + subject (pronoun) + operator;
No + ‘’ ‘’ + ‘’ + n’t:
1. Computers are fairly commonplace today.
2. We have a computer here. (Give two different transforms)
3. Full-scale computers use a large number of programs.
4. These programs have to be changed from time to time.
5. A special period will need to be set aside for this operation.
6. Thinking about this led us to an interesting conclusion.
7. Someone having a dream could be performing a similar operation.
8. Most people have had the experience of dreaming in a feverish state.
9. Then the sleeper sees dreams as a jumbled sequence of unimportant detail.
10. This jumbled sequence of detail keeps dancing in front of his eyes.
11. The speaker is seriously comparing dreams with what happens in a
computer.
12. The process of changing a computer program can be compared with human
dreams.

Constituent parts of a sentence

Exercise 2
Divide each of the sentences below into its constituent parts, and label each part
S, V, C, O or A. as in models a and b:
S V C A
a. Computer/are/fairly commonplace/today.
V- S A -V O /
b. Did/you/ever/eat/chicken?
1. Full-scale computers have a large number of programs.

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 2. We must change all the programs tomorrow.
3. Tomorrow will be a holiday here.
4. These bookshelves are becoming very popular in Sweden.
5. We have recently added an extra unit to them.
6. Will you give it a try?
7. On July 7, DDT was sprayed on the marsh from a helicopter.
8. We all read too many books too quickly.
9. The young man grew restless in his mother-in-law's house.
10. They had made him their son-in-law despite his objections.
11. He found his mother-in-law greedy.
12. They had found him a charming young wife.

Subordinate or dependent clauses

Exercise 3
Pick out the subordinate or dependent clause in each of the sentences below.
Label the constituent parts, both of the main clause and of the subordinate clause,
and indicate the relationship between the two clauses, thus:
S V О S V O A
/You/ must add/ the raisins/ [after/you/'ve poured/ the syrup/ over the crumbs/](A)
1. I don't believe that those bookshelves are popular anywhere yet.
2. What that advertisement says is not true.
3. What that advertisement says, I simply don't believe.
4. I’ll believe it when I see the results.
5. Can you tell us when we shall see the results?
6. I was saying could you come next Saturday?
7. I guess I've eaten chicken six or seven times.
8. You didn't leave the tap open after you shut off the water supply.
9. Where the plane crashed, the snow is still falling heavily.
10 Where the plane crashed is still not known.

Objects and complements

Exercise 4

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Indicate, by Od. Oi. Cs or Co whether the parts underlined in the sentences
below are the direct object (Od), the indirect object (Oi), the subject complement
(Cs) or the object complement (Co):
1. Will someone get a doctor, quickly!
2. George and Paul both became famous doctors.
3. Do you call ayourself a bdoctor?
4. May I call ayou bJenny?
5. May I call a you ba taxi or something?
6. Call me anything you like.
7. It's aso cold. I can't get bwarm.
8. I can't get amy hands bwarm.
9. Keep aquiet. Keep bthose children cquiet.
10. Can't you give athem bsomething to keep cthem quiet?
11. The young man was slowly going mad.
12. His mother-in-law was driving ahim bmad.
13. The driver turned the corner too quickly.
14. The weather is turning warmer.
15. The hot weather turned aall the milk bsour.
16. The young man grew very depressed.
17. He grew ahis hair blong.
18. He had made a great mistake.
19. His in-laws had simply made ahim btheir servant.
20. His wife sometimes made ahim bcurry.
21. But this only made ahim bmore miserable.
22. Show ame byour passport. Show cme.
23. Did you see aanyone? Did you say banything?
24. I didn't tell aanybody banything.

Categories of verbs
Exercise 5
The following terms can be used with reference to verbs:
a. intensive e. intransitive
b. extensive f. monotransitive
c. stative g. ditransitive
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d. dynamic h. complex transitive

Indicate, by the letters a, b, c, etc., which of those terms could be applied to the
verbs as they are used in the sentences below. Note that more than one label
could be used in every case.
1. Do you understand the question?
2. English and German are separate languages.
3. He appeared rather worried.
4. The mist is disappearing slowly.
5. I see1 what you mean2.
6. You aren't looking in the right direction.
7. He offered her his hand hesitatingly.
8. Bertrand is becoming rather a bore.
9. Susan chooses her clothes sensibly.
10. Her mother made her that dress well,
11. We elected him President unanimously.
12. His election made him very conceited.

Sentence structure
Exercise 6
Read the following passages:
a The Great Fire of London occurred in 1666. It started in a bakery in Pudding
Lane, near London Bridge It burnt furiously, and in four days it destroyed
four-fifths of the city. It left about 100,000 people homeless. Samuel Pepys,
the-diarist, saw the fire from his home and has given us a vivid account of it.
b London's Big Ben, by the River Thames, has become famous throughout the
world. It is not a clock, as many people think, but a huge bell inside the clock-
tower. The Government awarded the contract for making it to Frederick Dent.
In 1858, the bell was finished, and members suddenly decided to christen it
Big Ben after Sir Benjamin Hall, one of their colleagues who was growing
very stout and who had just made a long and witty speech

Then, only using information contained in those two passages, form two
sentences on each of the following structured patterns:
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 1. S + V stat.. int.+ Cs + A time.
2. S + V stat. int.+A place +A place.
3. S+V stat. trans. +Od + A place.
4. S+V dyn. int.+Cs +A place or time.
5. S+V dyn. monotrans. + Od + A time.
6. S+V dyn. ditrans. + Oi + Od.
7. S+V dyn. complex trans.+ Od +Co.

Linguistic structures
Exercise 7
A part of each of the sentences below is underlined. Indicate by which of the
following linguistic structures -the underlined part is being realized:
a. simple (=one-word) finite verb phrase
b. complex finite verb phrase
с. simple non-finite verb phrase (including infinitive with to)
d. complex non-finite verb phrase
e. finite clause
f. non-finite clause
g. prepositional phrase
h. noun phrase
i. adjective phrase
j. adverb phrase

1. Fire can cause great damage to any city

2. The Great Fire of London started in a bakery.
3. It burnt furiously for four days.
4. Pepys has given us a vivid account of it
5. Who has given a vivid account of it?
6. The man who has just spoken is Benjamin НаИ.
7. They suddenly decided to christen the bell Big Ben.
8. The idea occurred to them while Hall was speaking.
9. The man who won the contract was Dent.
10. The next day we were sitting in the car.
11. Leaving us at the gate, they disappeared.
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12. Leaving us at the gate like that was very thoughtless.
13. Hand the man at the gate your ticket.
14. I never imagined that such a thing could happen.
15. The strange thing is that we never heard of him again.
16. I thoroughly enjoyed meeting June again.
17. Meeting her again has left me very happy,
18 . There were the cakes, burnt to a cinder.
19. GRAVE DOUBTS WHETHER PEACE WILL LAST
20. Graves doubts whether agreement can be reached.

Parts of speech
Exercise 8
Classify the underlined words as parts of speech. If a word is underlined more
than once, eg right, refer to the first occurrence as right (I), the second as right
(2), and so on.
1. Is it right to say that right wrongs no man?
2. One cannot right all the wrongs in the world.
3. Cure that cold with a drink of hot lemon before you go to bed.
4. Drink this quick! Don’t let it get cold.
5. Before the Fire, there had been a plague, the like of which had not been known
before and has not been seen since.
6. It is a common failing to suppose we are not like other men, that we an not as
other people are.
7. As your doctor, I must warn you that the results of taking this drug may be very
serious.
8. Growth in weight results in the development of muscles and fat
9. Warm pan, sift dry ingredients and stir well.
10. Dry hair thoroughly with warm towel and comb.

Stative and dynamic

Exercise 9
Indicate whether the underlined verb phrases are stative or dynamic in the
context given:
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 1. This tank holds precisely 10 litres.
2. Hold the handle very firmly.
3. Answer the question more precisely.
4. He’as a fool. bDon’t listen to him.
5. I awas a fool. I bwas driving too fast.
6. I'd like three tickets immediately.
7. We ahave only two tickets, I’bm afraid.
8. I was having my coffee quietly.
a
9. Smell this meat. bDoes it smell bad?
10. I athink I bhear someone ccoming.
11. I aconsider you bacted very wisely.
12. We shall consider your application.

Pro-form
Exercise 10
Replace each underlined part by a pro-form (which may consist of more thn
one word) which can be used when the information contained in the sentence is
replaced:
1. The man who has just spoken is Benjamin Hall.
2. I never imagined that such a thing could happen.
3. An idea suddenly occurred to the Members present.
4. It occurred to them while Benjamin Hall was speaking.
5. Hand the man at the gate your ticket.
6. I said, 'The man at the gate!'
7. I'm afraid I haven't a ticket.
8. They'll be issuing some new tickets tomorrow.
9. They'll be issuing some new tickets tomorrow.
10. Ferguson saw the fire and Parkinson saw it too.
11. Are you sure the baker started it?
12. A: Are we on the right road?
В: Yes I think we're on the right road.
13. Well, I think we're not on the right road.
14. Do you enjoy walking in the rain?
15. Do you really want to get soaked through?
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16. I would hate you to think that of me.
17. I believe he wants to be left alone.
18. You think you can't answer this question, but you can answer it.
19. If you haven't renewed your licence, you should renew your licence without
delay.
20. If you haven't renewed it, you should renew it.

Wh-questions
Exercise 11
Form Wh-questions which will precisely elicit, as answers, the underlined parts
of the following questions.
1. DDT was sprayed over the area.
2. Samuel Pepys wrote an account of the fire.
3. He wrote an account of the fire.
4. He wrote an account of the fire.
5. The fire started in a bakery.
6. It burnt furiously.
7. It burnt for four days.
8. That happened in 1666.
9. Pepys’ account of it is the best.
10. Fires broke out every night during the war.
11. Twenty people were killed on the roads yesterday.
12. Three inches of rain fell last night.
13. It is four miles from here to the station.
14. It will only take you ten minutes to get there by car.
15. This castle was built during the fifteenth century.
16. The Aswan Dam was built to provide a reservoir for the Nile valley.

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 2. Nouns, pronouns, and the basic noun phrase
Determiners
Exercise 1
Complete the table below

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Determiner Count, singular Count, plural Non-count Pronominal

a(n) book

any books money any

(unstressed)

any (stressed)

each

either

enough

every

my

neither

much

no

some
(unstressed)

some
(stressed)

that

the

this

these

those

what

which

who

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 zero

Predeterminers
Exercise 2
Which of the three determiners all, both, and half could acceptably replace X
as determiners? Note that more than one correct answer may be acceptable.
1. I have read X of this book already.
2. I have read X of these books already.
3. X the students were away.
4. X students were too ill to get up.
5. X had influenza.
6. They X had a high fever.
7. X of them had to go to the hospital.
8. X the medicine they took was no use.
9. Once or twice he was up X night.
10. The patients have X recovered.

Quantifiers
Exercise 3
Complete the table below to illustrate the co-occurrence of quantifiers with
count nouns, singular and plural, and with non-count noun.

Quantifiers Count, plural Non-count Pronominal

A large amount of
A great deal of
Enough books money enough
(a) few
(a) little
A lot of
Much
A large number of
Plenty of
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several

Generic or specific reference

Exercise 4
Write gen. or spec. to indicate whether the noun underlined has generic or
specific reference
1. The pen a is mightier than the sword.b
2. The pen I bought yesterday has broken already.
3. There is a cat on the roof.
4. A cat is a small domestic animal.
5. Cats have been domesticated for centuries.
6. There were cats everywhere..
7. The Japanese work very hard.
8. The Japanese were listening patiently.
9. The Welsh love to sing in the chorus.
10. The Welshmen were singing lustily.

Articles
Exercise 5
Write a, an, the, or 0 according to what article is required at the point indicated.
If there are two possible answer, give them both.
1. a…men used to live in b
…caves but c
…few people make homes in them
now.
2. a…beacon was b…light or fire used as c… signal to give warning of d…
danger.
3. a…beacons are now placed on b…. Top of c… mountains or on d…rock in
e
…sea to guide f…planes or g….ships.
4. To grow a…corn b…farmers sow c…seeds in d…spring. That is e
…
season when many trees are in f… flower.
5. a….fruit ripens in b…autumn and then c
…leaves of d…certain trees fall.
6. a…summer is b… warmest season, but c… summer of 1971 was unusually
cool.

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 7. a…chief occupation of b… population of c… India is d…agriculture. e…
India’s population is enormous, and f…large part of it stills works in g
…
fields.
8. a…last week we performed b… experiments to see how c… rust forms on
d
…metal. We dipped e… pieces of f…iron in g…water and left them for
h
…half i…hour. Then we examined them under j…microscope. After k
…
few days l…rust had become quite thick.
9. a…wild animals never skill for b…sport. c…man is d…only animal to
e
whom …torture and f…death of his fellow creatures is amusing.
10. a…half of b.
... world cannot understand c…pleasures of d…other.
11. I want a…information about b …latest developments in c…cancer
research.
12. a…first article in b…English Journal is interesting, c…arguments in it are
sound but d…..statements in e… third paragraph are not entirely accurate,
and f…figures are out of g…date.
13. What would you like for a…breakfast? b
…eggs and c…beacon? d…tea
or e…coffee?
14. I don’t eat much in a…morning. If I have b ….
big breakfast, all I need for
c
…lunch is d…salad and e…glass of f … milk.
15. If I have a…big supper I cannot sleep at b…night.

Plural of nouns
Exercise 6
Put into the plural as many of the nouns in the following sentences as will take
a plural form, and make other changes that then become necessary.
1. A crisis often occurs in the best regulated family.
2. Another criterion is needed in analyzing this phenomenon.
3. The anonymous workman was the real hero on the campus.
4. The runner-up was given a pound note.
5. The skeleton found in the lower stratum was taken at once to the museum.

Gender
Exercise 7

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Replace X in the following sentences by either who or which, Y by either he,
she, or it, and Z by either his, her, its, or their. If two (or more) answers are
possible, give them both (or all).
1. I know a man X could help you. Y is very kind.
2. I have a friend X could help you. Y is very kind.
3. I have an aunt X could yell you, but Y is rarely a bore.
4. My neighbor, X is an expert on such matters, will tell you, but Y is out at the
moment.
5. The committee, X meets every Wednesday, has not yet made up Z mind.
6. The committee, X are very sympathetic, are giving the matter Z carefully
consideration.
7. The group X dominated society then was the family Y continued to do so for
centuries.
8. The family, X were seriously worried, met to discuss the scandal. Y decided to
try to hush it up.
9. The baby, X had fallen out of Z perambulator, continued to scream as loudly as
Y could.
10. The poor bitch, with Z five puppies, lay shiverin in the corner. Y showed no
inclination to move.
11. The majority, X are in favor of the new measures, want to make Z voices
heard.
12. Japan, X was isolated from the rest of the world for nearly three hundred
years, has now taken Z place as a member of a world community.

Exercise 8
Make the right concord between subject and verb by selecting one member of
each of the pair of verbs in the following sentences:

is
1. There people waiting to see you.
are

support
2. The people wholeheartedly supports you.

is isn’t it
3. Ours a great people, aren’t they ?
are

has 14
have
4. The police an unenviable task.

5. You old folk don’t know anything about us.

doesn’t

was
6. Splendid cattle grazing on hillside.
were

is
7. The youth more serious than my generation was.
are

8. The youth was more serious than his uncle.

were

9. The news, I’m afraid, has got much worse.

have

is
10. Mumps an unpleasant ailment.
are

has
11. Linguistics developed rapidly in modern times.
have

is
12. The acoustics of this hall are excellent.

13. The archives of this society is kept in the basement.

are

14. Do people always believe what you say?

Does

cause
15. Bacteria of the harmful kind disease.
causes

Exercise 9
Paraphrase the phrases below by means of a noun modified by a relative clause,
as in the model.
Model: John’s hat – the hat that John has.
1. John’s story 6. His father’s consent
2. John’s present 7. His father’s interest
3. John’s mistake 8. His father’s conclusion
4. John’s punishment 9. His father’s influence
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 5. John’s supper 10. His uncle’s murder

Exercise 10
Write the form of the genitive (i.e. with ‘s or of) which could be related to the
following sentences. If two forms are possible, give them both. One example is
given as a guide.
Genitive
1. John has a brother. John’s brother
2. Thomas has a sister.
3. Sophocles wrote plays
4. Keats wrote poetry.
5. The cow gives milk.
6. The captain made an error.
7. The ship has a siren.
8. The siren made a noise.
9. Somebody has a hat.
10. Something has a name.
11. The school has a history.
12. The world has problems.
13. Europe has art treasures.
14. The holiday lasted a week.
15. The work took a year.
16. My brother-in-law has a house.
17. My parents gave their consent.
18. The man over there has a name.
19. This book has pages.
20. The newspaper published this evening.

Exercise 11
Supply a personal, reflexive or possessive pronoun to replace each of the dashes
in the passages below. Each passage is a continuous context.
1. This is my property. a-------- is b-------- own. c-------- bought d--------. e-------
paid for f-------- out of g-------- own money, so h-------- is i--------.
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2. One must take care of a-------- own property and look after b-------- c-------. If
you keep an animal, d-------- must look after e------- properly: f-------- can not
always look after g--------.
3. a-------- think of my self too much. My mother thinks of b-------- as well and
often forgets to think of c--------.
4. They must do a-------- duty, as we must do b--------. We have kept c--------
promise: let them keep d--------.
5. She knows a-------- own mind but he doesn’t know b-------- own at all. He loses
c -------- temper, while d-------- always keeps e-------. She keeps f------- under
perfect control; but g-------- can’t control himself.
6. Every country has a-------- own traditions, and prides b-------- on c--------. We
must all maintain those traditions and pass d-------- on to e------- children.
7. Do you see that flower in front of a--------? You recognize b--------? Then tell
c -------- d-------- name.
Exercise 12
Replace each of the bracketed parts of the sentences below by an appropriate
personal or reflexive pronoun:
1. John and Mary said they would go out by (John and Mary).
2. Mary assured John that she could look after (Mary).
3. John told Mary that he would look after (Mary).
4. You, Mary, will have to look after (Mary).
5. Can you and Mary look after (you and Mary).
6. Can you and Mary get supper for (you, Mary and me).
7. Can you, Mary and I get supper for (you, May and me).
8. One must learn to look after (one) these days.
9. No one should deceive (no one) about that.
10. I have just been out to get (me) a cup of coffee.
11. Many people believe (many people) to be chosen vessels.
12. Everybody clings to this illusion about (everybody).
13. The Romans eventually had enemies all about (the Romans).
14. If we look around (we), we see that we are just as other men are.
15. Alexander always kept a faithful friend beside (Alexander).
16. When he found that he had been betrayed, he was beside (him) with fury.

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Relative pronouns
Exercise 13
Indicate whether the pronoun at X can be that, which, what, who, whom, whose
or 0 (zero). If two or more answers are possible, give them both or all.
1. The world X he entered was a strange one.
2. He took two rooms for X he paid $5 a week.
3. The theatre X he usually went to was the Royal.
4. He wrote several novels, only one of X had any merit.
5. The man X spoke to me just now is an astronaut.
6. The man X you were just speaking to is his brother.
7. He is the man about X very little is known.
8. The man X brother is an astronaut is leaving.
9. X was discovered was an almost impregnable city.
10. The people X built such a refuge must have been ingenious.

Exercise 14
Terminology
Give a brief explanation, supported by two illustrations, of each of the following
terms as used in A University Grammar of English.
1. a determiner
2. a pre-determiner
3. cardinal numerals
4. ordinal numerals
5. closed-system quantifiers
6. generic reference
7. specific reference
8. summation plurals
9. pluralia tantum in –s
10. vocing +s plural
11. dual gender
12. common gender
13. double genitive
14. partitive pronouns
15. universal pronouns
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 16. replacive one

Exercise 15
Indicate whether the interrogative word at X can be what, which, who, whom or
whose. If two answers are possible, give them both.
1. If you had to live alone on a desert island, X would you take with you?
2. If you had to choose between a flute and a violin, X instrument would you
prefer?
3. X was it that said, “To be, or not to be”?
4. X of Shakespeare’s plays have you read?
5. X of the characters in War and Peace do you find the most interesting?
6. X modern novels have you read recently?
7. If that is not your essay, then X is it?
8. X man could possibly behave like that?
9. X have I the honour of addressing?
10. To X and to X department should my application be submitted?

Exercise 16
Choose one item from the left-hand column to replace each dash in the sentences below:
all 1. I haven’t read all of this book but I’ve read a-------- of it. At least
any I know b-------- about the subject.
anyone 2. I haven’t read a-------- of the last four chapters yet, so I know
anything b -------- about them, I’m afraid.
anywhere 3. It is a big book, but we’re expected to read a-------- during the
each year. We can’t leave b-------- out.
either 4. A I can’t find my pen a--------. I’ve looked b-------- for it.
every 5. B But it must be a--------. Where haven’t you looked? A
everyone b --------.
everything 6. Has smoking a-------- to do with cancer? b-------- people believe
everywhere smoking has c-------- to do with cancer at all. Others feel that it
it all might have d-------- to do with it, but they don’t know what.
neither 7. Is a-------- of the increase due to better diagnosis? Yes,
no b -------- of it undoubtedly is: one could not pretend that c--------
no one of it is.
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none 8. a-------- doctors insist that b-------- should give up smoking. Do
nothing you think that c-------- need give it up? I think that d--------
nowhere people ought to, but not e--------.
some 9. A Here are two keys. Will a-------- of them fit this drawer?
someone B No, b-------- of them will. There is in fact c-------- key for that
something drawer.
somewhere 10. a-------- man in the village assembled to hear the verdict.
them all b -------- came; and the verdict was announced to c--------.
they all

Exercise 17
Identify the non-assertive component in each of the following sentences:
1. There isn’t anything we can do.
2. We have scarcely any money left.
3. If you need any help, please let me know.
4. I do not believe your intervention will make any difference.
5. We seldom have any occasion for using this expensive machinery.
6. Is there anyone here who speak Arabic?
7. Before we go any further, we must agree on procedure.
8. Is there anywhere we can go to be really quiet?
9. Unless you have anything more to say, I shall consider the matter closed.
10. A curfew was imposed in an attempt to prevent any further violence.

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 3. The complex noun phrase
Noun modifiers
Exercise 1
Say which of the following noun modifiers are (a) restrictive, (b) non-restrictive
1. My poor old mother suffers from arthritis.
2. Her devoted elder daughter takes cares of her.
3. Where did you get that beautiful carpet in the hall?
4. George was wearing a sports shirt, light cotton lacks, open-toed scandals.
5. I often see men who went to school with me.
6. The great fire of 1666 started in the house of a baker.
7. Oh, you sensible man. Good old Henry.
8. An old proverb says: Ill news travels apace.
9. Cuzco is still a thriving city, its Inca buildings merged into the buildings of the
Spaniard.
10. A queue of long-haired, strangely-dressed youths formed up outside our
stately theatre.
11. A man who called here last night left this message for you.
12. Jeremy Taylor, who called here last night, left this message for you.
13. The theatre to which we were taken was the oldest one in Paris.
14. The theatre, to which we were taken every week, was the oldest one in Paris.
15. All these articles, which have been given to us by well-wishers, are to be sold
to raise money for the club.

Relative clause
Exercise 2
Replace relative pronouns that by who, whom, which or zero.
1. This is the house that Jack built.
2. He looks like a dog that lost its tail.
3. Danny, our dog that followed us all way from Scotland, has just died.
4. Don’t believe everything that you read in the newspapers.
5. Babies that were born prematurely had little chance of survival.
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 6. Children that disobey their parents should be punished.
7. Murray was sole survivor from a famous ship that sank on her first voyage.
8. Murray was the only person that survived the disaster.
9. The party that was responsible for the extraordinary piece of legislation is now
out of office.
10. The party that were responsible are now trying to repair the damage.

Post-modification by non-finite clause

Exercise 3
Convert the participle clause into relative clause in each of these sentences
1. At the station, we met a man carrying a copy of The Times.
2. He was accompanied by a porter weighting at least 150kilos.
3. A car, coming unexpectedly out of a side street, crashed into us.
4. We collided with car driven by a young man without a license.
5. Any driver not having a license ought to be sent to rail right away.
6. The train standing at platform 6 is for Brussels and Ostend.
7. Any article left in this bus was taken at once to the Lost Property office.
8. Any dutiable articles not declared to the Customs will be liable to
confiscation.
9. Presents costing less than ten pounds in all may be imported duty free.
10. Anyone not hearing that noise must have been stone deaf.
11. Everyone, hearing that noise, jumped up in alarm.
12. The castle, burnt down in the 16th century, was never built.

Post-modification by prepositional phrases

Exercise 4
Replace each prepositional phrase by a relative clause that will make the meaning
of the post-modification more explicit
1. A house by the church.
2. A picture by a famous artist

22
3. A plane for Moscow.
4. Warm clothes for Moscow.
5. A land for all reasons.
6. The man for the job.
7. The man with your wife.
8. The man with a gun.
9. The man without a hat.
10. A student from Portugal.
12. A quotation from Shakespeare.
13. Instructions in case of fire.
14. The pleasure of your company.
15. A man of strong will.

Pre-modification by participles
Exercise 5
Everything here depends on the potentiality of the participle to indicate a
permanent or characteristic feature.
Accepting that as a criterion, paraphrase the items underlined in the sentences
below
1. The commander was facing the quarter-deck with the navigating officer.
2. I read Edgar Allan Poe’s tales with a sort of shacked fascination.
3. I learned to climb the tree with a kind of absent-minded dexterity.
4. The paid servants had their specific position in the household.
5. Roses grew in great perfumed masses all over the garden.
6. I took a couple of furnished rooms in Vincent Square.
7. The French tutor was a charming young lady.
8. The outstanding discovery of sunspot activity was made by a German chemist.
9. He concluded that sunspots vary in a fairly well-defined cycle of about eleven
years.
10. Hong Kong is a mainly Cantonese-speaking country.
11. This writer makes his point with terrifying emphasis.

23
 12. Sheila is the adopted child of a well-known banker.
13. You have a standing invitation to come with us at any time.
14. The Chief felt thoroughly lost in the crowded streets of London.
15. A surprising factor has been the political energy of the Swiss.

Exercise 6
Explain the difference in function between the two words underlined in each of the
following pairs of sentences
1. a. Mary and John married quietly last year.
b. They were married when I first met them.
2. a. Mary is charming.
b. The snake-charmer is charming as a cobra.
3. a. That story is interesting.
b. The speaker is certainly interesting his audience.
4. a. The man painting that picture is a real artist.
b. He is painting it extremely well.
5. a. You are embarrassing the ladies.
b. Your stories are embarrassing.
6. a. John is promising you too much.
b. Nevertheless, he is a promising young man.

Pre-modification by nouns
Exercise 7
Convert each of the phrases below by using the pattern head = postmodifying
phrase, thus:
The cupboard door ~ The door of the cupboard

water supply graphite blocks

a motor-bus service ground-water possibilities
repair personnel surface hydrology
the life sciences storage capacity

24
fish protein production the dam foundation
a space probe a diversion canal
a radio signal landing-gear components
a power station the impact strength (of steel)
peak power the volume change
price rise rate accident prevention legislation

Multiple pre-modification
Exercise 8
Expand the following phases so as to make it clear what words are being modified
by what:
1. a short, red-haired man
2. short-haired fox terrier
3. a small, sparsely-furnished office
4. a totally committed, self-effacing man
5. pretty good entertainment expense
6. too attractive flat-roofed villas
7. attractive two-bed roomed apartment
8. elegant period town houses
9. school careers adviser
10. new, reasonably-priced leather jackets

Relative sequence of pre-modifiers

Exercise 9
From each of the following sets of data, form one phase composed entirely of
pre-modifiers + head word:
1. two chair; make of oak; beautifully-carved
2. your blue, old, scarf; the silk one that you bought in Japan
3. this pot-round, small, made of iron, used for cooking
4. the murder that took place in the villa by the side of the river
5. their marks to keep out the smog; neat, white
6. stamps for insurance, several thousand, unused, stolen recently
25
7. all these shells, walnut shells, shriveled, broken
8. a famous school, teaching medicine, in Scotland
9. the cultivator that sell best in the country
10. a cottage in the country, very picturesque though crumbling slightly; roof of
thatch

Exercise 10
The sentence There is the officer to whom I spoke can have four variation, viz:
a. There is the officer whom I spoke to.
b. “ “ “ “ who I spoke to.
c. “ “ “ “ that I spoke to.
d. “ “ “ “ I spoke to.
Give as many variations of that kind as possible for the following:
1. Here is the article about which I was speaking.
2. Here is a book which will tell you all about it.
3. Is this the book from which that quotation was taken?
4. Is Thompson the man to whom you were referring?
5. He is a man for whom I have he greatest respect.
6. Is this really the house in which Shakespeare was born?
7. That was the very day on which I first saw Mary.
8. I shall always remember the way in which you received us that evening.
9. It was a century during which the country suffered continually from wars.
10. This is a matter concerning which you would be well advised to consult a
lawyer.

Exercise 11

26
Identify the antecedent of the following relative clauses:
1. We were taken every week to the theatre, at which new plays were constantly
being produced.
2. We were taken every week to the theatre, which was a great delight to us.
3. We went to the theatre every week, which was our one relaxation.
4. The singer gave five encores, for which he received enthusiastic applause.
5. He gave five encores, all of which were quite new to the audience.
6. He gave five encores, which was a very generous acknowledgement of the
welcome he had received.
7. The climbers spent two nights on the mountainside, which was swept by biting
winds.
8. They spent two nights on the mountainside, which was an ordeal for the hardiest of
them.
9. We test every bottle of Buzz in our laboratories, which is why it is so reliable.
10. We apply a laboratory test to every bottle of Buzz, which is then hygienically
corked.

Exercise 12
Rephrase each of the sentences below, using a factice abstract noun + appositive
clause. Say whether the clause so formed is (a) restrictive or (b) non-restrictive:
1. It is still believed in some countries that the earth is flat.
2. It is true that the earth is round, and that has been evident to every astronaut.
3. Columbus assumed that the land he had discovered was the eastern extremity of
Asia, but this was soon proved wrong.
4. Columbus reported that there was a king in the south who owned great quantities
of gold and this lured many explorers to the search for EI Dorado.
5. People suspect that smoking has something to do with cancer: this rests on several
kinds of evidence.
6. When scientists argued that cigarette smoking may increase one’s chances of
developing cancer of the lung, this was not well received in certain quarters.

27
7. You may have gone to sleep during my lecture but that does not exempt you from
writing this essay.
8. You went to sleep during the lecture, and this fact suggests that you should go to
bed earlier.
9. You excuse yourself by saying people keep asking you out, but I can not accept
that.
10. I know that I can always call upon you for support, and that is a great comfort to
me.

Exercise 13
Convert the infinitive clause in each of these sentences into a relative clause:
1. The next train to arrive is from Edinburgh.
2. The first man to fly non-stop across the Atlantic was John Alcock.
3. Was Cortes the first European ever to see the Pacific Ocean?
4. The best man to see for your eye trouble is the Professor of
Ophthalmology.
5. The man for John to speak to first is the Director of the Museum.
6. The cheapest place to eat at is the cafeteria.
7. You’ll find the best time to get there is just after twelve.
8. The way to get to the head of the queue is to slip in through the kitchen.
9. Will you buy me a magazine to read on the journey?
10. Here is something for you to do while you’re waiting.
11. The only thing left to consider now is how to get away without being
seen.
12. The last problem, to be considered at our next meeting, is how to invest
the money.

Exercise 14

28
Rewrite these sentences, using a noun phrase with infinitive clause as
postmodifier.
1. We planned to cross the river at night but failed.
2. Our appeal for volunteers for another attempt was greeted with
enthusiasm.
3. We thought the idea that we should create a diversion upstream was a
good one.
4. We did not wish to waste lives in another frontal attack.
5. Our allies promised to send reinforcements but did not do so.
6. We felt they were cowardly to hesitate to come to our aid.
7. It was disgraceful that they should refuse to fulfill their promise.
8. This only made us more determined to succeed on our own.
9. Meanwhile, we were not disturbed when the enemy threatened to attack
us.
10. Nor were we deceived when they proposed that we should call a truce.

Exercise 15
The sentence This book interests people very much can be rephrased:
This is a very interesting book.
Indicate by Yes whether each of the sentences below can be rephrased with the
participle as premodifier, and add v if the participle can be modified by very:
1. This news has alarmed me very much.
2. George is a man who amuses me.
3. These people are very amused.
4. That story is most astonishing.
5. Those children behave themselves.
6. Those children behave themselves well.
7. Those students seem very bored.
8. There are many faces in the room that look bored.
9. That candle is burning.
10. That man is always drinking.

29
 11. This report encourages us.
12. This is an agreement that will last.
13. We have a supply of fuel but it is limited.
14. Those seats are reserved.
15. Those clients were very satisfied.
16. That man seems surprised.
17. This result is totally unexpected.
18. These circumstances worry me.

Exercise 16
Change the form of the phrases below so that the postmodifiers become
premodifiers:
1. A house that has been built well.
2. The article which was mentioned above.
3. An improvement that is needed badly.
4. A secret that has been kept closely.
5. Wealth that has never been told.
6. Cruelty such as we have never heard of before.
7. Central heating fired by oil.
8. Girls with blue eyes.
9. A man with a red nose.
10. A censor with a heavy hand.
11. A tiger with teeth like sabres.
12. A boat with a flat bottom.

30
 4. The verb and its complementation
Phrasal verbs, prepositional verbs, phrasal-prepositional verbs
Exercise 1
The structure of the verb phrase can be analysed in a number of ways, including
the following:
a. verb + particle sit down
b. verb + prepositional phrase ran across the road
c. verb + particle + prep.phrase set off on a journey
d. verb + prepositional adverb ran across
e. verb + prep.adv + prep.phrase go across to the baker’s
f. transitive phrasal V + object find out the truth
g. prepositional V + object looked at me
h. phrasal-prepositional V + obj put up with him

Indicate, by a, b, c, etc, in which of those eight ways the verb phrase in each of the
sentences below can be analysed:
1. I went into the dining room. 16. You must face up to your
responsibilities.
2. We went into the matter carefully. 17. You must come up to my office.
3. We must call in the police. 18. We must make up for lost time.
4. The police will call in a car 19. Will you come up for a cup of tea?
5. I rushed out of the house 20. The train has passed over the
bridge.
6. I rushed out. 21. It has passed over safely.
7. I drove out to my friends 22. The selection committee has passed
you over.
8. They all trooped off 23. My hat has fallen off.
9. They all set off down the road 24. The plane has taken off.
10. He flew across the Atlantic. 25. The actor took the President off
beautifully.
11. We flew across in no time 26. Go on to the platform.
31
12. How long can one do without water? 27. Go on to the next town.
13. Has anyone rung up? 28. You must cut down on cigarettes.
14. Has anyone rung me up? 29. Don’t give up.
15. Don’t come down 30. Don’t give me away.

Exercise 2
Replace the object in each of these sentences by the corresponding pronoun; then
give the whole new sentence:
1. Back up the bill 11. Step up this ladder.
2. Back up your friends 12. Step up production.
3. Call off the game 13. You take after your father.
4. Come off my bed 14. I took to John at once.
5. Get over the wall 15. You can take over my job.
6. Get this meeting over 16. Don’t turn on the light.
7. Swim across the river. 17. The dog turned on the stranger.
8. Put across this message 18. Turn down this street.
9. Run in the race 19. Turn down his proposal.
10. Run in the engine 20. Now wind up your watch.

Exercise 3
Say whether the adverb, in brackets, could fit into position a, b, c, or d. Note that
more than one position may be possible.
1. They looked (a) at (b) the picture (c) (carefully)
2. They turned (a) on (b) the gas (c) (slowly)
3. They turned (a) the gas (b) on (c) (slowly)
4. He’s catching (a) up (b) with (c) the leaders (d) (quickly)
5. Go (a) on (b) to the end (c) (right)
6. The negotiations have (a) broken (b) down (c) (completely)
7. The crowd made (a) for (b) shelter (c) (hurriedly)
8. The Spartans brought (a) their children (b) up (c) (strictly)
9. I’ll look (a) into (b) your complaint (c) (immediately)

32
10. He puts (a) up (b) with (c) any inconvenience (d) (patiently)

Exercise 4
Change the position of the word underlined, if it is moblie:
1. The Spartans brought up their children strictly.
2. Lester gradually caught up with the leaders.
3. I don’t want to break up the party.
4. The meeting broke up in disorder.
5. We must hurry to make up for lost time.
6. Please send this telegram off urgently.
7. Please get that parcel off at once.
8. Why don’t you take off your coat?
9. We must find out the answer somehow.
10. Be careful. Don’t run over that child.

Complementation of the adjective phrase

Exercise 5
Supply an accetable preposition to fill each of the gaps. If an adjectival
complement is structurally optional in the context, put brackets round it, eg.
Most people are afraid (of snakes)
If the complement is structurally obligatory in the context, omit the brackets:
1. We’re accustomed……of……..noise. 26. He’s not expert………anything.
2. George is ahead……of…..me. 27. Have you been faithful……me?
3. Are you angry………us? 28. I’m not familiar………this town.
4. I’m not answerable to anyone. 29. Fred is not fit………this job.
5. John is anxious……for…Mary. 30. John is fond………Mary.
6. Aren’t you ashamed… of yourself? 31. I’m glad………your prize.
7. Jack is averse……to…hard work. 32. I’d be glad……..a rest.
8. I’m well aware……of…that. 33. John is good……….chemstry.

33
9. Now we’re bound……..home. 34. We’re grateful………your help.
10. I’m busy……….my accounts. 35. We’re grateful………you.
11. George is capable…of……anything. 36. Don’t be too hard……….me.
12. Are you certain……of….success? 37. He’s hungry……….knowledge.
13. We’re not clear………this sentence. 38. I’m ignorant………those facts.
14. John is concerned……….Mary. 39. Be independent……….others.
15. Who is concerned……….this project? 40. Don’t feel inferior………anyone.
16. We’re concious………the danger. 41. John is intent……….his work.
17. Jane is crazy………dancing. 42. Are you jealous………her?
18. The judge was deaf……..our appeal. 43. I’m not keen………swimming.
19. Mary is very dear……….us. 44. Be loyal……….your friends.
20. She is so dependent……….us. 45. That story is new……….me.
21. Chalk is different……….cheese. 46. We’re very proud………you.
22. When is John due………promotion? 47. Are you ready………..a meal?
23. He is eager……….more responsibility. 48. You’re safe……….danger now.
24. Don’t be envious………..anyone. 49. John is not strong……languages.
25. He is not equal………the task. 50. We’re tired……….this exercise.

Participal adjectives + complement

Exercise 6
Transform each of the sentences below so as to produce a subject complement
consisting of a participal adjective + prepositional phrase, avoiding by whenever
possible:
1. The young man’s discomfiture amused the Countess.
2. The way she treated her servants annoyed him.
3. The young man’s outburst astonished everybody.
4. Etiquette obviously did not bother him.
5. The reception they gave him did not content him.
6. His presents, however, delighted the Countess.
7. You do not disappoint me.
8. Do not let your coming adventures excite you.

34
9. Roger found everything around him fascinating.
10. Hunting had already interested him.
11. The countess found his answer very pleasing.
12. His progress completely satisfied her.
13. At first, his rudeness had shocked her.
14. His conduct would have surprised his old father.
15. Now, his behaviour would not have worried his father at all.
Adjective + finite clause
Exercise 7
Combine each of the pairs of sentences below so as to produce one single sentence
containing an adjective complemented by a finite clause, omitting what is in
brackets:
1. You must resign. We are adamant (on that point).
2. You have made a serious error. We are afraid that (that is so).
3. Why did you behave in that way? I’m ashamed.
4. There will be a public inquiry. I am certain (of it).
5. Why do you feel so offended? We are concerned (about that).
6. You will understand. We are fully confident (of it).
7. Why do you say that? It is curious.
8. You see our point of view at last. We’re delighted.
9. You must have completed the truth in us. It is essential.
10. You revealed the secret. The Captain is furious.
11. You have received us so magnificently. We feel greatly honoured.
12. We are happy. You feel at home in our country.
13. You must prolong your stay. Everyone insists (on it).
14. We shall have no more travelling. That is a great relief to us.
15. You were kept waiting at the gate. I am deeply shocked.
16. My husband will not be able to attend your meeting. He is very sorry.
17. I may not be able to come with you. I’m not sure yet.
18. Did you really say that? Is it true?
19. Don’t you know your programme? I’m surprised.

35
20. Everyone should vote on Thursday. It is vital.

Adjective +to-infinitive clause

Exercise 8
Rephrase the following sentences:
1. I am very anxious to meet you.
2. We were delighted to receive your telegram.
3. You were sensible to stay indoors.
4. The clerk was prompt to answer the call.
5. This rule is easy to remember.
6. We are reluctant to leave this neighbourhood.
7. Our house is not difficult to heat.
8. Unfortunately, it isn’t easy to find.
9. Are you ready to leave?
10. You would be foolish to go out in this weather.
11. John is quick to see the point.
12. He is very keen to get on.
13. We are proud to have him as a friend.
14. I was rude not to answer your letter.
15. We are happy to have you with us this evening.

Transitive complementation
Exercise 9
A direct object may be:
a. a noun phrase d. a finite wh-clause
b. a noun phrase + obligatory adverbial e. an infinitive clause
c. a finite that-clause f. a participle clause
Indicate, by a, b, c, etc. and with examples, which of those forms of direct object
could occur after the following verbs:
ask explain lay remember
believe feel mind approve of

36
 consider gather need depend on
deny hope owe make up
enjoy keep place point out

Finite clause as direct object

Exercise 10
Combine each of the following pairs of sentences so as to produce one single
sentence with a finite clause as object, omitting what is in brackets:
1. I have made a mistake. I admit (it).
2. Have I made a mistake? I wonder.
3. Have I given the right figures? I doubt (it).
4. You have checked the figures carefully. I don’t doubt (it).
5. You wrote me a cheque. I agree.
6. You pay me next week. I agree (to that).
7. You were going to pay me half the money today. We agreed (on that).
8. We decided (on one thing). We had gone far enough.
9. Should we continue next day or not? We could not decide.
10. How could we find the way? We had to decide (that) quickly.
11. You go ahead to get help. We have all decided (on that course of action).
12. Help will arrive at any moment. (At least), I expect (so).
13. What do you intend to do next? May I ask (that)?
14. Are we to stay here all night? May I ask (that)?
15. Please tell us the truth. All I ask is that.
16. Why not divide ourselves into two groups? (That is what) I suggest.
17. This is where we were two days ago. I remember.
18. Did we take the upper path or the lower one? Do you remember?
19. Where did we go wrong? Ah, now I know.
20. You no longer trust your leader. I sincerely regret that.

Non-finite clauses as direct object

Exercise 11

37
Look at the example:
He likes to talk.
To talk is a non-finite infinitive clause, without a subject, acting as object of likes.
Give a corresponding explanation of the italicized parts of the following sentences:
a. We wanted to go home d. I heard them leave
b. We enjoyed walking e. I saw them waiting
c. I expected you to be here f. I found my seat occupied.

Exercise 12
Indicate, by a, b, c, etc., which of the finite verbs in the six sentences in Exercise
11 could be replaced by:
1. ask 6. finish 11. keep 16. suggest
2. avoid 7. have 12. prefer 17. tell
3. begin 8. help 13. promise 18. threaten
4. dare 9. hope 14. refuse 19. watch
5. discover 10. imagine 15. stop 20. wish

Complex transitive complementation

Exercise 13
Say whether each of these sentences is (a) monotransitive or (b) complex transitive.
Then put each main clause into the passive:
1. We admitted that a mistake had been made.
2. Everyone considered the mistake to be very serious.
3. We consider you to be one of our most loyal supporters.
4. We fully recognized that you have had great difficulties.
5. We find you innocent of all the charges.
6. We know your companion to be a trouble maker.
7. We have proved your story completely accurate.
8. However, we think you, at times, indiscreet.
9. We expect you to show a little more tact.

38
10. We regret that we must make this criticism.
11. The Air Force has reported two planes missing.
12. The authorities meant you to complete this form, and return it to the Town Hall.

Gerunds as objects of prepositions

Exercise 14
Complete the sentences with prepositions followed by gerunds. Use the verbs in the
given list. Use each verb only once.

ask have make see

break kill open talk
finish lock practice wash

1. Instead of asking for help on each arithmetic problem, you should use your book
and try to figure out the answers yourself.
2. I look forward _______________ you next time I’m in town. I’ll be sure to let you
know ahead of time so that we can plan to get together.
3. Alice told us that she was tired _______________ the dishes every night.
4. The four-year-old was blamed ________________ the glass candy dish.
5. Because of the bomb scare, no one was allowed in the building. People were
prevented _________________ the front door by a guard who was stationed there.
6. You should listen to other people instead _________________ about yourself all
the time.
7. What do you feel __________________ for dinner? Does chicken and rice sound
good?
8. Frank is an environmentalist who believes animals should be protected from
hunters. He objects ___________________ wild animals for sport.
9. Please don’t argue __________________ your homework. Just do it.
10. Marie is responsible ___________________all the doors and windows and
___________________ sure all the lights are turned off before she leaves work in the
evening.

39
11. Mario spent all month preparing for the tennis match, but in spite ________ for
many hours each day, he lost the match to Ivan.

Gerunds as objects of prepositions

Exercise 16
Complete the sentences in column A with the ideas in column B. Be sure to link
them with an appropriate preposition.
Example: I thanked my classmate …………….
I thanked my classmate for helping me with my homework.
1. I thanked my classmate….. A. answer students’ questions
2. The treasurer is responsible…. B. get a new doll for her birthday
3. The students complained …. C. help me with my homework
4. I apologized …. D. lift heavy weights
5. A bodybuilder is capable …. E. get me a pillow
6. A teacher is used …. F. step on my friend’s toe
7. The rainy weather prevented us …. G. enter a military base
8. All of the children participated …. H. balance the checkbook
9. Unauthorized persons are prohibited …. I. be forced to work overtime
10. The little girl was excited …. J. go on a picnic
11. I thanked the flight attendant …. K. have too many tests
12. The employees objected ….. L. make decorations for their classroom

Verbs followed by gerunds

Exercise 16
Make sentences using the given verbs
Examples: enjoy + watch Do you enjoy watching old movies on television?
mind + have to be I don’t mind having to be in class at 8:00 am.
1. avoid + eat
2. go + jog
3. finish + do

40
 4. suggest + change
5. stop + cry
6. mention + have to go
7. delay + put
8. mind + take
9. keep + ask
10. postpone + take

Gerund vs. infinitive

Exercise 18
Choose the best answer or answers. In some cases, both answers are correct.
1. John was trying B the door with the wrong key.
A. unlocking B. to unlock
2. The audience began A, B before the curtains closed.
A. clapping B. to clap
3. The soccer teams continued _________ even though it began to snow.
A. playing B. to play
4. We like ________ outside when the weather is warm and sunny.
A. eating B. to eat
5. We began ________ to the news when we heard the Olympics mentioned.
A. listening B. to listen
6. I was just beginning ________ asleep when the phone rang.
A. falling B. to fall
7. I really hate ___________ late for appointments.
A. being B. to be
8. The cake was starting __________ when I took out of the oven.
A. burning B. to burn
9. She’s so impatient! She can’t stand __________ in line for anything.
A. waiting B. to wait
10. I prefer ___________ my bicycle to work because the automobile traffic is too
heavy.

41
 A. riding B. to ride
11. Lillian prefers __________ to taking the bus.
A. walking B. to walk
12. Tim prefers ___________ than to jog for exercise.
A. walking B. to walk
13. The baby loves __________ in the car.
A. riding B. to ride
14. Near the end of performance, the audience began _________ their feet on the
floor.
A. stamping B. to stamp
15. The audience began to clap and __________ their feet on the floor.
A. stamping B. (to) stamp
16. The audience began clapping and _________ their feet on the floor.
A. stamping B. (to) stamp
17. My son sometimes forgets __________ the stove when he is finished cooking.
A. turning off B. to turn off
18. Alex will never forget __________ his first helicopter ride.
A. taking B. to take
19. Would you please remember ___________ away all the tapes when you’re
finished listening to them?
A. putting B. to put
20. I remember ___________ them away when I finished with them last night.
A. putting B. to put
21. I remember ___________ Bolivia for the first time. It’s beautiful country.
A. visiting B. to visit
22. What am I going to do? I forgot ___________ my calculus text, and I need it for
the review today.
A. bringing B. to bring
23. My boss regrets ____________ his secretary now that she is gone.
A. firing B. to fire
24. The letter said, “I regret __________ you that your application has been denied.”

42
 A. informing B. to inform
25. I haven’t been able to get in touch with Shannon. I tried __________ her. Then I
tried __________ her a letter. I tried ___________ a message with her brother when I
talked to him. Nothing worked.
A. calling… writing… leaving B. to call… to write…to leave
26. I always try ___________ my bills on time, but sometimes I’m a little late.
A. paying B. to pay

Gerund vs. infinitive

Exercise 18
Complete the sentences with the correct form, gerund or infinitive, using the words
in brackets.
1. The doctor was forced to operate immediately to save the patient’s life.
(operate)
2. The newspaper hired Bill ____________ pictures of championship match between
the two boxers. (shoot)
3. Most passengers dislike ____________ to sit in small, uncomfortable seats on
transoceanic flights. (have)
4. I choose _____________ to Stanford University for my undergraduate studies.
(go)
5. I must drive more carefully. I can’t risk ____________ another speeding ticket.
(get)
6. All of the members agreed ______________ the emergency meeting. (attend)
7. Jack promised ______________ to the meeting. (come)
8. The sign warns you not _____________ right on a red light. (turn)
9. Did Dick mean ______________ Sue about the surprise party, or did it slip out
accidentally? (tell)
10. You must keep _____________ on the computer until you understand how to use
all of the programs. (practice)

43
11. Our class volunteered _____________ the classroom during the maintenance
workers’ strike. (clean)
12. When you get through _____________ the newspaper, I could use your help in
the kitchen. (read)
13. I think we should delay ______________ these reports to the main office. (send)
14. The judge demanded ______________ the original document, not the photocopy.
(see)
15. After hearing the weather report, I advise you not _____________ skiing this
afternoon. (go)
16. George is interested in ____________ an art class. (take)
17. I was furious. I threatened never _____________ to him again. (speak)
18. My parents appreciated ______________ the thank-you note you send them.
(receive)
19. The committee is planning _____________ next Friday. (met)
20. If I don’t leave on the 15th, I will miss _______________ home in time for my
mother’s birthday party. (get)
21. I know you’re anxious to get out of here and get back home, but you should
seriously consider _____________ in the hospital a few more days. (stay)
22. Alex refuse ______________ for his rude behavior. (apologize)
23. When I was in the army, I had to swear _____________ my senior officers’
orders. (obey)
24. I don’t recall ______________ your dictionary anywhere in the apartment.
Maybe you left it in the classroom. (see)
25. Mrs. Lind required the children _____________ off their muddy boots before
they came into the house. (take)

-ed participle clauses with subject

Exercise 20
He got the watch repaired
Can be paraphrased as He got someone to repair the watch.

44
Paraphrase the following:
1. I want this work done at once.
2. I want to see this work done properly.
3. We found the work done already.
4. I have heard this story repeated too often.
5. Can you have these notes copied before tomorrow?
6. I’m afraid we must have those trees cut down.
7. I’m afraid George has had his leg broken.
8. I think I’ll have my egg fried, please.
9. Six thousand pounds was reported stolen.
10. Didn’t you hear your name called?

Object complement
Exercise 21
a. Move the object complement, if it is mobile
b. Replace the object by the corresponding pronoun, then write out the new
sentence:
1. George’s conduct made Mary very angry.
2. He had broken open her wardrobe.
3. Let us set free all the prisoners.
4. Will this agreement make the end of all the fighting possible?
5. Can you have ready for tomorrow the minutes of our last two meetings?
6. I would like you to leave clear those two cupboards over by the window.
7. We shall not appoint officers of the society those members who do not attend
regularly.

Ditransitive complementation
Exercise 22
Rephrase each of the following sentences using the pattern
(Subject) + verb +direct object + prepositional phrase
but only when such rephrasing is admissible:

45
1. I have asked you a great favour.
2. We booked you a double room with bath.
3. Bring me your essay this afternoon.
4. Someone has brought us some grapes.
5. Call me a taxi right away.
6. Can anyone cash me a cheque?
7. We have caused you so much trouble.
8. This suit only cost me forty dollars.
9. These pills haven’t done me much good.
10. I will give you all the necessary information.
11. Someone has just handed me this message.
12. I’ll leave you your dinner in the oven.
13. An uncle left her a small fortune.
14. Do we owe the milkman anything?
15. I have paid George the whole sum.
16. You must show me your ticket.
17. I have told you the truth.
18. Throw me that towel, will you?
19. I wish you good luck.

Exercise 23
a. Supply the missing prepositions
b. Read the sentences, ellipting the prepositional phrase where possible
c. Give the passive transformation of the whole original sentences
d. Form a question for each sentence, on the following model:
What example can this one be compared with?
1. They accused Barlow………..a certain crime.
2. People admired Asquith………..certain qualities.
3. We have assigned you…………a particular task.
4. Everyone blames you………….a certain mistake.
5. Everyone blames the mistake………..somebody.

46
6. The police charged Manson………….the murder.
7. We can compare this writer…………a well-known novelist.
8. I am confining you……………certain limits.
9. They congratulated Henry………….his medal.
10. They will consult us………….the plan.
11. We have credited you………….a fixed amount.
12. The guards deprived the visitors………….certain weapons.
13. This card entitled us………….certain privileges.
14. I shall exempt them………….certain duties.
15. We have freed you………….a great anxiety.
16. We have already informed them………….the decision.
17. The treasuer has invested our money…………stocks.
18. I have only mentioned this matter………….one of the professors.
19. They have provided blankets…………..some of the refugees.
20. They have provided some of the refugees……………blankets.
21. We have supplied food………….certain families.
22. We have supplied those families………….food.
23. I am thanking you…………...your kindness.

Exercise 23
Rephrase the sentences below, where possible, by using the pattern:
I persuaded John that he should see a doctor.
→I persuaded John to see a doctor.
1. I persuaded him that his wife should take a holiday.
2. I convinced him that he should be more careful.
3. I advised him that he should stay in bed.
4. I warned him that he should not go out.
5. I assured him that he would get pneumonia.
6. I reminded him that he should take his medicine.
7. I reminded him that he had been overworking.
8. I requested him that he should keep me informed of his condition.

47
9. I assured him that he would have proper care.

Using it + infinitive
Exercise 24
Restate the sentences by changing a sentence with a gerund as the subject to a
sentence with it + an infinitive phrase, and vice-versa.
1. Teasing animals is cruel. It is cruel to tease animals.
2. It wasn’t difficult to find their house
3. Voting in every election is important.
4. It was exciting to meet the king and queen.
5. Hearing the other side of the story would be interesting.
6. It is unusual to see Joan awake early in the morning.
7. If you know how, it is easy to float in the water for a long time.
8. Mastering a second language takes time and patience.
9. Driving to Atlanta will take us ten hours.
10. It takes courage to dive into the sea from a high cliff.

Phrasal verbs
Exercise 26
Supply appropriate prepositions for these two-word and three-word verbs.
1. A: Where did you grow up ?
B: In Seattle, Washington.
2. A: I’m trying to find yesterday’s newspaper. Have you seen it?
B: I’m afraid I threw it ____________ . I thought you had finished reading it.
3. A: Don’t forget to turn the lights ______________ before you go to bed.
B: I won’t.
4. A: I have a car, so I can drive us to the festival.
B: Good.
A: What time should I pick you ____________ ?
B: Any time after five would be fine.

48
5. A: Thomas looks sad.
B:I think he misses his girlfriend. Let’s try to cheer him _____________ .
6. A: I would like to check this book ______________ . What should I do?
B: Take the book to the circulation desk and give the librarian your student I.D.
7. A: What brought _____________ your decision to quit your present job?
B: I was offered a better job.
8. A: How many people showed ______________ for the meeting yesterday?
B: About twenty.
9. A: When do you have turn _______________ our assignments?
B: They’re due next Tuesday.
10. A: how does this tape recorder work?
B: Push this button to turn it ______________ , and push that button to shut it
______________ .
11. A: May I borrow your dictionary?
B: Sure. But please be sure to put it _____________ on the shelf when you’ve
finished.
12. A: I’m going to be in your neighborhood tomorrow.
B: Oh? If you have time, why don’t you drop _____________ to see us.
13. A: Look _____________ ! A car is coming!
14: A: I need to talk to Karen.
B: Why don’t you call her _______________ ? She’s probably at home now.
15. A: Oh-oh. I made a mistake on the check I just wrote.
B: Don’t try to correct the mistake. Just tear _______________ the check and
throw it.
16. A: Do you have a date for Saturday night?
B: Yes. Jim Brock asked me ________________. We’re going bowling.
17. A: Did you hand ______________ your composition?
B: No. I didn’t like it, so I decided to do it _______________ .
18. A: I need to get more exercise.
B: Why don’t you take _______________ tennis?

49
19. A: The radio is too loud. Would you mind if I turned it ________________ a
little?
B: No.
20. A: What are you doing Saturday night, Bob?
B: I’m taking Virginia _______________ for dinner and a show.

50
 5. The simple sentence
Clause types
Exercise 1
Indicate, by a, b. c, etc., to which of the following clause types the sentences below
belong:
a. S V intens. Cs
b. S V intens. A place
c. S V intrans.
d. S V monotrans. Od
e. S V complex trans Od Co
f. S V complex trans. Od A place
g. S V ditrans. Oi Od
1. George's father greeted the headmaster.
2. The headmaster put George into the second class.
3. That made Stanley angry.
4. His annoyance did not last.
5. He was really a lawyer.
6. But he proved himself a great soldier.
7. The manager is not in.
8. May I offer you a cup of coffee?
9. After the war, M. gave him back his saddle-bags.
10. He threw himself from his horse.
11. I remember the reasonableness of my father's argument.
12. The parson's cat is an abominable animal.
13. We are in a bit of a mess.
14. I have always lived in the country.
15. Could you call me a porter, please?
16. Do you call yourself a porter?
17. Finding peace and quiet has become very difficult.
18. Every increase in knowledge augments our capacity for evil.
19. The police laid the bodies by the side of the road.
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 20. Travel nowadays is fraught with disillusion.
21. You must keep calm.
22. Keep out of sight.
23. You can keep the change.
24. Keep your hands off me!
25. I can't keep my hands warm.
26. Keep me a seat, will you?

Exercise 2
Say whether the items underlined in the following sentences are grammatically
obligatory or optional:
1. George's father greeted the headmaster warmly.
2. He greeted us warmly.
3. That made me very annoyed.
4. It made me thoroughly annoyed.
5. George's work was always thorough.
6. Let me give you a drink.
7. Let me explain the difficulty.
8. The burglar stood the ladder against the wall.
9. I don't enjoy loud music. .
10. You are being rather stupid.
11. I get impatient with stupid people.
12. He convinced us of his innocence.
13. I always regarded him as innocent.
14. A difficult problem arises in this sentence.
15. Airmen fly aeroplanes.
16. The old lady grew bitter.
17. The luggage weighed twenty kilos.
18. May I suggest a different approach?
19. Please answer this lettei by return of post.
20. It gets dark earlier in winter.

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Clause types transformed
Exercise 3
Indicate, by a, b. c, etc., of which clause types listed in Exercise 1 the following
sentences are transformations:
1. People are killed on the roads every day.
2. We were each handed a leaflet.
3. The walls were painted bright pink.
4. He has often been looked upon as slightly mad.
5. All my cards have been laid on the table.
6. Has all this food been paid for?
7. The prisoner was found guilt y.
8. His children were found a suitable school.
9. This house has been lived in Tor two hundred years.
10. Surely I cannot be refused a proper hearing?

SVOO → SVOA
Exercise 4
Supply a prepositional phrase which could replace the indirect object in each of
the following sentences:
1. May I ask you a great favour?
2. Listen! I'm going to play you a new record.
3. Can I play yon a game of chess?
4. I can change you a cheque if you like.
5. Will you choose me an interesting book?
6. We wish all our friends a very happy New Year.
7. I have left you some soup on the stove.
8. An uncle of mine left me a thousand pounds.
9. Would you throw me that rubber, please?

53
10 . Would you mind bringing me a towel?

Clause elements semantically considered

Exercise 5
Indicate, by a, b, c, etc., whether the element underlined is

a. S agentive e. O affected
b.S agent./instrumental f. O recipient
c. S affected g. C current
d. S recipient h. C resulting
1. It feels cold today. 11. They left the house empty.
2. The cold affects me badly. 12. I don't like toast burnt.
3.The cold killed the trees. 13. I had those books burnt.
4. It is turning quite cold. 14. Who owns this hat?
5. The bell rang loudly. 15. The table is shaking.
6. I heard it ring, too. 16. Who is shaking it?
7. You've got brains. 17. We laid him on die sofa.
8. Use your brains. 18. We made him some tea.
9. She lay in his arms. 19. These shoes cut my feet.
10. We found the house empty. 20. I’ll give you the answer.

Exercise 6
Rephrase the sentences so that O affected becomes S affected:
I. Terrorists blew up the dam. 6. We rolled the car down the hill.
2. I’ve broken my glasses. 7. The doctor set my broken arm easily.
3. The frost has killed my roses. 8. The guard shut the gate quickly.
4. Someone has moved that picture. 9. The driver stopped the train.
5. A visitor rang the bell. 10. I can't turn this screw.

Exercise 7
Indicate, by a, b or c, whether the object underlined is
a. affected b. effected с. locative
1. Has anyone touched the television today?
2. Who is making all that noise?
3. We are just passing the Eiffel Tower.
4. Take a deep breath.
54
5. Somebody took my coat by mistake.
6. I climbed the hill as light fell short.
7. A gas leak can cause a serious explosion.
8. We have fought a good fight - and lost.
9. Have you dropped your handkerchief, my dear?
10. After that I paid her a visit every evening.

Negation
Exercise 8
Negate the finite verb in each of the following sentences and make other changes
that then become necessary:
1. We have enough evidence already.
2. There is someone doing research in this field.
3. Smoking has something to do with cancer of the lung.
4. Tar from cigarette tobacco, painted onto the skin of mice, produced skin
cancer on some of them.
5. This applies to some of the people here already.
6. This experiment has revealed something of importance.
7. It helps us in our daily work, to a certain extent, too.
8. We must go a long way to find someone as good as this.
9. Robertson is still living at this address.
10. He has been away from home a very long lime.
11. Hundreds of students can find somewhere comfortable to live.
12. The doctor has sometimes given me some useful advice.
13. There are a lot of people in the auditorium already.
14. I can understand both of these two sentences.
15. I can understand all of these ten words.

Exercise 9
Note the following model:
A. There are some people in the auditorium already.

55
В. Oh, I'd say there are very few.
С. I agree. There are very few people in the auditorium. Then, from each of the
statements below made by A, produce a suitable comment by C, on the lines of the
model above, agreeing with B's rejoinder:
1. A. Smoking has something to do with cancer.
В. Ferguson denies that.
2. A. We must always go a long way to find someone interested.
В. Oh, I would say seldom.
3. A. The experiment has revealed something of importance.
В. Hm, scarcely. .
4. A. We have all had some experience of real hunger.
В. Surely only two of us have.
5. A. I am in favour of making some concessions to the other side.
В. Well, I am against it.
6. A. I always see something good on television.
В. You' re fortunate. I rarely do.
7. A. People have sometimes given an honest answer to that question.
В. I say that few people have.
8. A. I remembered to bring some food with me.
В. Oh, I forgot to.
9. A. There is surely hope of finding some of the passengers alive.
В. I am afraid there is very little hope.
10. A. There is certain opposition to our proposal.
В. I am unaware of it myself.

Exercise 10
Rephrase each of the following sentences, beginning it with the words underlined:
We have never heard a more distinguished performance.
We seldom receive such generous praise.
This nation scarcely ever in the past faced so great a danger.
We were never before asked to make a sacrifice of this magnitude.

56
 There is rarely an opportunity for us to serve the community in this way.
We shall only then begin to realize the appalling danger before us.

Exercise 11
Negate each of the following sentences in two ways, explaining what difference
there is, if any, between one way and the other:
1. Many people attended the meeting.
2. All the people were at work.
3. Everyone here agrees with you.
4. Much of the food was bad.
5. One of the runners heard the starting pistol.
6. Another reason for the delay was given.
7. A little of the money was spent on this project.
8. A few of you will have noticed the warning.
9. Half of the work has already been completed.
10. The least of our problems has been solved.

Exercise 12
Note that I may mot go can have two different meanings illustrated as follows:
Auxiliary Main Verb
1. I am not allowed to go
2. I probably will not go
In 1, the auxiliary is negated; in 2 the main verb is negated. Analyse each of the
following unambiguous sentences in one of those ways, and paraphrase each
sentence so as to make its meaning quite clear.
1. Susan can't type very fast. 6. You oughtn't to behave like that.
2. She can't use my typewriter tomorrow. 7. You needn't be alarmed.
3. They can't be far away now. 8. They won't be very pleased.
4. I may not be very late. 9. He won't listen to a word I say.
5. They can't have arrived yet. 10. You mustn't leave your coat there.

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Questions
Exercise 13
Indicate whether the following questions have positive or negative orientation. And
paraphrase them so as to make the orientation clear.
1. Are there some letters for me?
2. Is the any reason for staying here longer?
3. Do you have something to tell me?
4. Have you anything to say in your defence ?
5. Will you have some sugar in your coffee?
6. Is there somewhere where we can talk quietly?
7. Will you have any more to eat?
8. Haven't we dealt with this question already?
9. Haven’t you finished your essay yet?

Questions with modals

Exercise 14
Say whether reference is being made to a the speaker's authority or b the
listener's:
1. Shall I start? 6. Can we stay and watch the show?
2. They shall not pass. 7. Yes, you can if you want to.
3. May I borrow your typewriter? 8. Will you wait a minute please?
4. Might I have a look at your paper? 9. Do I have to wait?
5. You must let me have it back. 10. I shan't keep you long.

Wh-questions
Exercise 15
Form questions to which the word or words underlined would be exact answers:
1. To see Inca architecture at its most impressive, one must go to Macchu
Picchu.
2. Europeans knew nothing about this ancient city before 1911.
3. It was rediscovered in 1911.

58
 4. An American, Hiram Bingham, discovered it.
5. His name was Bingham.
6. He was as American.
7. The city had been buried for hundreds of years.
8. It was protected by a canyon 2,000 feet deep.
9. Its temples had been built from huge granite stones.
10 . The stones were fitted together without mortar.
11 . The world Somerset Maugham entered when, at the age of eighteen, he became a
medical student, was a strange one.
12 . Somerset Maugham became a medical student at the age of eighteen.
13. It was a world that knew nothing about planes.
14. It also knew nothing about radio.
15. He paid eighteen shillings a week for two rooms.
16. He paid eighteen shillings for two rooms.
17. He paid eighteen shillings for two rooms.
18. He was an unsatisfactory medical student for his heart was not in it
19. His first novel was called Liza of Lambeth.
20. The producer thought Somerset Maugham's play might just run for the six
weeks till the play he had in mind to follow it with could be produced.

Various types of question

Exercise 16
Give two examples of each of the following:
a. a yes-no question with positive orientation
b. a yes-no question with negative orientation
c. a declarative question
d. Wh-qoestion ending with a preposition
c. an alternative question
f. an exclamatory question
g. a rhetorical question

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Exercise 17
Name the subject, if any, in each of the following sentences:
1. Waiter, bring me the menu plese.
2. You read me the next sentence, John.
3. All the men over twenty-one please stand up.
4. Somebody fetch a doctor quickly.
5. Don’t move the patient yet.
6. Oh, do be careful of my broken leg.
7. John, you go and look out for the ambulance.
8. George, take the other end of the stretcher.
9. Let each man decide for himself.
10. Don’t let anyone shirk his responsibility.

Miscellaneous categories
Exercise 18
Paraphrase etch of the following stretches of language so as to make its
meaning quite clear.
1 What beautiful weather we're having!
2 How I have waited for this moment!
3 What about having some dinner with me?
4 Far be it from me to tempt you against your will.
5 In for a penny, in for a pound.
6 Waste not, want not.
7 Now for the crucial question!
8 The sooner the better.
9 What to see in Paris.
10 Road works ahead.

Newspaper headlines
Exercise 19

60
Identify the dements of clause structure (by S, V, Od, Oi, Cs, Co, A) in the
headlines below. Then expand each headline into a sentence such as would occur
in the report beneath the headline in a newspaper.
1. HOLIDAYS PRICE WAR STARTS
2. HUGHES TAKES SUNDERLAND INTO SIXTH ROUND
3. DRIVER ENTERED FOG AT 100 m.p.h.
4. FARMER IN VAN RAMS SUSPECT PLANE
5. IMMIGRATION RULES CRITICIZED
6. OIL POLLUTION MEASURES TO BE TESTED
7. EXTRA PARKS FOR VEHICLES
8. MOON DUST VANISHES
9. AIRPORT NOISE DROVE HUSBAND MAD
10. SCOTLAND CHAMPIONS AGAIN

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 6. The complex sentence
Questions and noun clauses that begin with a question word
Exercise 1
Identify noun clauses and questions. Look at the underlined part of each sentence,
the underlined part is a question, circle Q. If it is a noun clause, circle N.Cl. Add
the necessary punctuation.
1. Q N.Cl. I couldn’t hear him.What did he say?
2. Q N.Cl. I couldn’t hear what he said.
3. Q N.Cl. I need some information. Where does Tom live? I have to send him a
letter.
4. Q N.Cl. I need to know where Tom lives. I have to send him a letter.
5. Q N.Cl. There’s something I don’t understand. Why did Bard cancel her
vacation plan?
6. Q N.Cl. I don’t understand why Bard canceled her vacation plans.
7. Q N.Cl. I can’t tell you what they did. You’ll have to ask Jim.
8. Q N.Cl. What did they do? Please tell me.
9. Q N.Cl. Do you know that woman? Who is she? She looks familiar.
10. Q N.Cl. Do you see that woman over there? Do you know who she is? She
looks familiar.
11. Q N.Cl. Where did Ann go? Do you know?
12. Q N.Cl. Where Ann went is a secret.

Changing yes/no and information questions to noun clauses

Exercise 2
Complete each sentence by changing the question in blackest to a noun clause.
1. (will it rain) I wonder if/ whether it will rain.
2. (when will it rain?) I wonder ___________________
3. (Is Sam at home?) I don’t know _________________ at home.
4. (Where is Sam?) I don’t know ___________________
5. (Did Jane call?) Ask Tom ___________________
6. (What time did she call?) Ask Tom __________________
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7. (Why is the earth called “the water planet”?) Do you know
___________________ “the water planet”?
8. (How far is it from New York City to Jakarta?) I wonder _________________
from New York to Jakarta.
9. (Who did Ann play tennis with?) I wonder __________________ tennis with.
10. (Can birds communicate with each other?) Do you know _________________
with each other?

That-clauses
Exercise 3
Combine each pair of sentences into one that contains a noun clause. Begin the
new sentence with That or It.
1. The weather is not going to improve. That is apparent.
It is apparent that the weather is not going to improve. OR
That the weather is not going to improve is apparent.
2. Pollution diminishes the quality of our lives. That is hard to deny.
3. No one stopped to help Sam when he had car trouble. That is surprising.
4. People in modern cities are distrustful of each other. That is unfortunate.
5. People in my village always help each other. That is still true.
6. People need each other and need to help each other. That is undeniably true.
7. People have a moral duty to help others in need. That seems obvious to me.
8. People today are afraid to help strangers. That is a pity.
9. People in cities live in densely populated areas but don’t know their neighbors.
That seems strange to me.

Using the fact that

Exercise 4
Combine each pair of sentences into one sentence by using the fact that
1. I studied for three months for the examination. Regardless of that, I barely passed.
Regardless of the fact that I studied for three months for the examination, I barely
passed.

63
2. Jim lost our tickets to the concert. There’s nothing we can do about that.
3. We are going to miss one of the best concerts of the year because of Jim’s
carelessness. That makes me a little angry.
4. We can’t go to the concert. In view of that, let’s plan to go to a movie.
5. I couldn’t speak a word of Italian and understood very little. Except for that, I had
a wonderful time visiting my Italian cousins in Rome.
6. Many people living in Miami speak only Spanish. When I first visited Florida, I
was surprised by that.
7. Bobby broke my grandmother’s antique flower vase. That isn’t important.
8. He lied about it. That is what bothers me.
9. Prof. Brown, who had had almost no teaching experience, was hired to teach the
advanced physics courses. At first, some of us objected to that, but she has proven
herself to be one of the best.
10. That automobile has the best safety record of any car manufactured this year. I
am impressed by that and would definitely recommend that you buy that make.

Dependent clauses
Exercise 5
Isolate and label the dependent clause or clauses in each of the sentences below, as
in the following two models:
a. I think you can do it
You can do it : finite clause acting as O in the superordinate clause.
b. Leaving the room, he tripped over the mat.
Leaving the room : non-finite, -ing participle clause, acting as A in the
superordinate clause.
- Using the symbols S (= subject), O (= object), C (= complement), A (=
adjunct).
1. That you could do it I always knew.
2. That you can do it is still uncertain.
3. You can do it if you try.
4. If you can do it, I’ll give you ten dollars.

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5. Standing here all day, I see many strange faces.
6. Standing here all day is extremely tiring.
7. My greatest pleasure is to listen to chamber music.
8. To listen to chamber music is my greatest pleasure.
9. Exhausted after the long journey, I fell asleep at once.
10. The long journey over, we relaxed in the warm sunshine.
11. Glancing up at my tired face, she asked, in a rather grating voice, how I was
feeling.
12. Steinweg had a large room where we always breakfasted together.
13. He was a delightful companion, always cheerful and considerate.
14. She had not asked life to be thus.
15. She sang when allowed to do so.
16. She sang completely out of tune, so that permission was seldom granted.
17. What he saw both surprised and frightened him.
18. Since I have been especially invited to speak, for you now to tell me I can not
do so is quite unpardonable.
19. Having been invited to speak, and then being told to keep silent, I shall never
come here again as long as I live.
20. What I wanted to say was, as I didn’t know whether you were going to say
that you could come or you couldn’t, could you make it the following
Saturday?

Exercise 6
The non-finte clauses in the sentences below are open to more than one
interpretation. Illustrate this by expanding each dependent clause in two different
ways:
1. I ran over a dog crossing the square.
2. To see her alone would be very indiscreet.
3. Through shouting as loudly as possible, the rescuers could not hear us.

65
4. Dressed in white robes, we thought the visitors looked like priests in some
strange ceremony.
5. I regret speaking to you so bluntly.
6. Walking fast after breakfast could be fatal.
7. He was so ill as to be obliged to give up work altogether.
8. It will take several hours to finish this.
9. Wether here or not, his application will have to be considered.
10. Always afraid of snakes, we shut every door and window at night.

Exercise 7
Classify the words underlined in the following sentences as either prepositions or
subordinators:
1. I am speaking to you as your doctor.
2. You talk exactly as a doctor does.
3. Since leaving school, I have travelled round the world.
4. I haven’t been back to my old school since I came up to university.
5. Since the beginning of the year, I haven’t written a single essay.
6. Take two of the tablets before going to bed.
7. Take two more before braekfast nexk morning.
8. I will not go near her house until she sends me a written explanation.
9. With so many people chatting, it was impossible to hear what the speaker was
trying to say.
10. I can’t work in a room with so many other people.
11. He would never put himself out for anybody.
12. For anybody to pretend such a thing is nonsense.

Nominal clauses
Exercise 8
Which of the sentences below contain nominal that-clauses?
1. Everyone tends to think that he is not sufficiently appreciated.
2. Everyone that thinks so is not necessarily conceited.

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3. My opinion that you disagree with so strongly has not been properly
represented.
4. My opinion, that no action need be taken yet, is shared by most of us here.
5. The main difficulty lies in the fact that we have nobody properly qualified for
this work.
6. We are at a serious disadvantage in that we have nobody properly qualified for
this work.
7. I understand you have had some trouble with your telephone.
8. You’re had some trouble with your telephone, I understand.
9. That John actually took the money, I can’t believe.
10. John never actually took the money, I believe.

Exercise 9
Combine each of the pairs of the sentences below so as to form one sentence
containing a nominal that- clause. Say in each case whether the subordinator that
is optional or obligatory : and say what function the that-clause is fullfilling in the
superordinate clause:
1. We have only enough water for two more days. I told you so.
2. We have only enough for two days. I am very sorry.
3. We have only enough for two days. That is our conclusion.
4. In view of the drought, there is only enough water for two days. That is our
conclusion.
5. We have only enough for two days. I estimate that having taken very careful
measurements.
6. We have only enough for two days. That is very alarming.
7. We conclude that there is only enough for two days. Our conclusion has been
reached after very careful checking.
8. We can not stay here. We must face that fact.
9. I am convinced we can not stay here. The result will be disastrous if we do.
10. We have almost exhausted our supplies. How can I convince you of that?

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Exercise 10
Combine each of the pairs of sentences below so as to form one sentence
containing a wh-clause. Say what function the wh-clause is fulfilling in the
superordinate clause:
1. What caused the explosion? No one ever discovered.
2. What damage did the explosion cause? It took three weeks to estimate.
3. Where did the fire start? That was a complete mystery.
4. When did the fever begin? The seriousness of his condition depends on that.
5. When did the fever begin? I am not quite sure.
6. Which drawer does he keep his money in? I can never remember.
7. How can we reduce this high temperature? My problem is that.
8. Why did he say he was feeling ill? The question is irrelevant at this stage.
9. How often do these fevers occur? I cannot tell you that precisely.
10. How much will all this cost? I am concerned about that.

Exercise 11
Replace the finite wh-clause by an infinitive wh-clause whenever possible. Then
give a full and accurate statement of the restrictions on the formation of an
infinitive wh-clause:
1. I never know where I ought to put my coat.
2. Where I ought to put my coat I never know.
3. I can’t tell you where you can put your coat.
4. Can you tell me where the guests can put their coats?
5. I can’t remember where I put my coat yesterday.
6. Can anyone tell me what I must do now?
7. Does anyone know how one can open this safe?
8. Someone will tell us when we should start.
9. Someone will tell us when the concert will end.
10. Will somebody tell me why I must fill up this form?

Exercise 12

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Combine each of the pairs of questions below so as to form one question
containing a dependent yes-no clause. When both if and whether would be
acceptable:
1. Are you really enjoying yourself? I wonder.
2. Are you really enjoying yourself? He asked me.
3. Are you enjoying yourself or not? I don’t care.
4. Does it cost too much? That depends on how badly you want it.
5. Does it cost too much? My decision will depend on that.
6. Is it too expensive or not? That is the crucial question.
7. Can it be easily resold? I’m not interested.
8. Is it properly insured? I am not sure.

Nominal relative clauses

Exercise 13
Say which of the wh-clauses below are wh-interrogative clauses, and which are
nominal relative clauses:
1. What caused the fire remains a mystery.
2. What caused the fire was a cigarette end.
3. We never discovered what caused the fire.
4. Who first reported the fire is still uncertain.
5. Whoever reported the fire was only doing his duty.
6. Can you tell me where your friends are?
7. Home is where your friends and your family are.
8. Do you remember when Columbus discovered America?
9. Do you remember when we first came here, darling?
10. What we all need is a spell of warm sunshine.

Exercise 14
Illustrate, by paraphrase, the difference between a and b in each of the following
pairs of sentences:
1. a. I’ll give you what you want.

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 b. I’ll give you whatever you want.
2. a. Where I sit in the evening is very quiet.
b. wherever I sit in the evening is someone else’s chair.]
3. a. Come and see me when you can.
b. Come and see me whenever you can.
4. a. Tell me how much you need.
b. I’ll give you however much you need.
5. a. Who told you that, I wonder.
b. Whoever told you that was not telling the truth.

Nominal to-infinitive clauses

Exercise 15
Say (a) what function the infinitive clause fulfils in the superordinate clause below
; and (b) what is the subject of each of the two clauses:
1. I expect to be there this evening.
2. I expect everyone to be punctual this evening.
3. I promise you not to be late.
4. The plan is for us all to meet outside at eight.
5. The plan for us all to meet outside was absurd.
6. To speak in public for the first time can be a terrifying experience.
7. For Osbert to appear in public at such a time was rather couragerous.

Nominal –ing clauses

Exercise 16
Say what function the –ing clauses fulfil in the superordinate clauses below:
1. I always enjoy listening to chamber music.
2. Listening to chamber music is my greatest pleasure.
3. His greatest pleasure, climbing mountains, had to be abandoned.
4. Was he, then, so given to climbing mountains?
5. He was always happy scaling alnost perpendicular cliffs.

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Exercise 17
Rephrase these sentences, using an –ing participle preceded by a personal pronoun
or noun in the genitive case:
1. We all are surprised that he made that mistake.
2. He was an astronaut and that accounted for the size of the audience.
3. No one will object if you finish the lecture a little early.
4. Would you approve if I had this article copied?
5. We did not realize that Walker would cause so much trouble by speaking to
the press.
6. The fact that he has spoken to the press about this has caused us a good deal of
embarrassment.
7. Do you mind if I don’t come with you?
8. We had not been told of the meeting till yesterday and that meant that we did
not have sufficient time to prepare our case properly.

Adverbial clause : time

Exercise 18
Reduce the finite time clauses to non-finite or verbless time clauses whenever such
reduction would be acceptable without change of voice.
1. When I last saw you, you lived in Washington.
2. When you lived in Washington, did you ever meet Robert H. Davidson?
3. Since I met you, I have been reading your book.
4. Once your book is published, it will sell very rapidly.
5. When you are in Rome, do as Rome does.
6. Until you are asked to speak, you would be well advised to remain silent.
7. Before he served in the army, he was much too fat.
8. While he was in the army, he learnt a great deal about electricity.
9. When you enter the town, you will see the monument straight in front of you.
10. After he had travelled round the world. Forbes settled down peacefully in his
native village.

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Adverbial clauses: conditional and concessive
Exercise 19
Combine each of the pairs of sentences below so as to form a single sentence
containing a conditional or a concessive clause:
1. I stand up here. Then you can see the mountains clearly.
2. Stand up. Otherwise you won’t be able to see anything.
3. Stand up here. That is the only way you can see anything.
4. We strained our eyes. But we couldn’t see anything.
5. You can strain your eyes. But still you won’t be able to see anything.
6. You couldn’t have the best binoculars in the world. But still you wouldn’t be
able to see anything more.
7. I will let you come with me on one condition. You must do exactly what I tell
you.
8. I am sure this story is untrue. Otherwise, it would be an absolute scandal.
9. I am not sure that never really happened. Otherwise, we would all be deal by
now.
10. You might need some help at some time. Then you must let me know.
11. All you had to do was telephone me. Then I would have come round at once.
12. It doesn’t matter what I say. He always does something different.
13. You can tell me or not. But in any case I will find out the truth.
14. I have no idea what the solution is. But we shall certainly find it.]
15. His difficulties were very great indeed. But he always overcame them in the
end.

Adverbial clauses : reason, cause, circumstance

Exercise 20
Which of the dependent clauses in the sentences below are adjuncts, and which are
disjunts? Which of the adjunct clauses express (a) reason or cause, and which
express (b) circumstance:
1. They’ve lit a fire, because they’re so cold.
2. They’ve lit a fire, because I can smell smoke.

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3. Since you ask me, I think you’re being unwise.
4. We’d better start the meeting, as we have a quorum.
5. Because there was no quorum, the Chairman ruled that the meeting must be
reconvened.
6. Ther being no quorum, the meeting was postponed.
7. Since everyone appears to be present, the meeting can now begin.
8. Seeing that you live next door to Mr Roberts, you ought to be able to
recognize him.

Adverbial clauses : purpose and result

Exercise 21
If the infinitive clause in the sentences below are clauses of purpose, answer yes :
and in that case replace to by so as to or in order to :
1. The Minister continued to address his audience.
2. The Minister stopped to address the bystanders.
3. I wanted to ask him a question.
4. I waited to ask him a question.
5. He invited me to come to his office.
6. He invited me to keep me happy.
7. He left us to catch his plane.
8. He left us to go our own way.
9. He encouraged us to visit him again.
10. He encouraged us to win our support.

Exercise 22
Which of the dependent clauses below express (a) purpose, and which express (b)
rresult?
1.The police used a loud-hailer so that everyone in the building heard them.
2. They used a loud-hailer so that everyone could hear them.
3. So that everyone could hear, they used a loud-hailer.

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 4. We planted hundreds of roses, so that the garden should look beautiful at the
time of the wedding.
5. We watered the garden thoroughly, so that it smelt fresh when the guests
arrived.

Adverbial clauses : proportion and preference

Exercise 23
Supply a suitable subordinator :
1. ………..you sow, ………..you will reap.
2. The sooner we start, ……….we’ll get there.
3. ……….they drew nearer to the coast, they found the land less
barren, the air more humid.
4. ……….leave this paradise, they decided to settle there forever.
5. They preferred to build houses of stone, …………using wood from such trees
as there were.

Exercise 24
From each of the pairs of sentences below, form one single sentence containing a
clause beginning with one of the following subordinators:if unless when as soon
as after before in case
1. Perhaps you will arrive at your hotel before five o’clock. In that case, please
telephone me at my office.
2. I will leave a message for you with my secretary. It is possible that I will be
out when you telephone.
3. Perhaps I will have left my office when you arrive. In that case, please
telephone me at my house.
4. I will discuss your programme with you. Do not make any appointments before
that.
5. We will first agree on your programme. Immediately after that, you can start
making appointments.

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 6. I wish to approve of any appointments you make. You must not make any
otherwise.
7. You will be free to go sightseeing. However, you will have to finish all your
work first.
8. Perhaps you will not carry out all your programme. Then you will have to
come back next week.
9. You will perhaps run into difficulties. If that should happen, do not proceed,
but consult me first.
10. You will perhaps run into difficultties. Otherwise, I will not interfere.

The subjunctive
Exercise 25
Change the verb phrase in the dependent finite clause so as to use the subjunctive:
1. I propose, Mr Chairman, That the Committee should adjourn and should meet
again tomorrow.
2. We have already decided that this meating should be adjourned until
tomorrow.
3. If this report is true, then the situation is indeed very serious.
4. If this report was more accurate, it would be an invaluable document.
5. Though there may be some inaccuracies in this report, we must consider it very
seriously.
6. The author of this report has written it as if he alone was in possession of the
facts.
7. Suppose every word of this was true, what action would the Committee wish to
take?
8. If the truth is known to any of you, it must be told to us all.
9. If the truth was known, there would be a public outcry.
10. Whatever may be the difficulties before us, we must face them with courage
and determination.

Putative should

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Exercise 26
Rephrase the sentences below, using putative should whenever possible:
1. I gather that you are worried about the expense.
2. I am sorry that you have any doubts about our ability to keep expenditure
under control.
3. We deeply regret that we must take this action.
4. It is quite right for you to speak in your defence.
5. It is quite right that Jones stole the key.
6. I am surprised at your saying such a thing.
7. I can’t imagine why you insist on his innocence.
8. Isn’t it possible that somebody else stole it?
9. What I can not understand is why he refused to answer my question.
10. That stories of this kind are published in the press is a disgrace to our soceity.

Direct and indirect speech

Exercise 27
Change these sentences into indirect speech:
1. He said to her, ‘You are my friend’.
2. Johnny said to his mother, ‘I don’t know how to do this exercise’.
3. ‘Don’t come back before one o’clock’, advised my brother.
4. ‘Cook it in butter’, Mrs Brown said to her daughter.
5. The pupils said, ‘Teacher, give us better marks, please’
6. ‘Put as hard as you can’, she said to me.
7. ‘Who put salt in my coffee?’, he asked.
8. My friend said, ‘Are you going to leave tomorrow?’
9. ‘Have you done your homework?’, said mu mother.
10. I asked Bill, ‘What time did you go to bed last night?’
11. Paul said ‘I must go home now.’
12. ‘There’s been an accident and the road is blocked’, said the policeman.
13. ‘We are waiting for the school bus’, said the children.
14. Mary said, ‘My father died a year ago’.

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15. ‘Must you go now?’, said Mr Brown.
16. ‘Whose bicycle did you borrow yesterday?’, his mother asked him.
17. ‘It isn’t so foggy today as it was yesterday’, said the teacher.
18. ‘Be modest if you are a good pupil’, said my mother.
19. ‘Shut the door but don’t lock it’, she said to us.
20. Tom said, ‘New york is bigger than London’.
21. ‘Please help us,’ they said to us.
22. ‘Don’t foget to send your parents my regards’, she said to me.
23. The traveller asked, ‘How long does it take to get to London?’
24. John said, ‘I have finished studying my lesson.’
25. Mary said, ‘I can not go to the movies with you, John.’
26. He asked me, ‘Why didn’t you come to class yesterday?’
27. ‘Did you phone me yesterday ?’ Tom asked Mary.
28. ‘Do you like it?’ – ‘Yes’.
29. ‘I didn’t know them. Did you, Tom?’ she asked.
30. ‘Avoid the Marble Arch’ said the policeman ‘There’s going to be a big
demonstration her.’
31. ‘Don’t take more than two of these at once’, said the doctor, handing me a
bottle of pills.
32. They said to me, ‘Let’s go to the zoo.’
33. ‘I shouldn’t do that if I were you. Isn’t it very dangerous?’ He said.
34. ‘When we’ve finished this game we’ll have supper.’ They said to me.
35. ‘Hve you got any shampoo, Alice. I must wash my hair.’ Johny asked.
36. He said to me ‘Listen! Can you hear someone coming?’
37. ‘Do as I tell you or you’ll be punished. I’ll teach you who is master in this
house’, he said.
38. ‘When you have cleaned the sitting room, will you please light the fire there?
It’s rather chilly today’, my mother said to me.
39. ‘I shall expect to see you next Wednesday.’ Mary said to her friend.
40. The teacher asked ‘Which book are you taking, John?’
41. I asked the policeman ‘Do you know how far it is to the station?’

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 42. ‘What a dirty face you have!’ Ann said to her son.
43. ‘Don’t you know how to behave? There must be no talking in lessons’. The
teacher told to this pupils.
44. ‘I wonder who is coming on the excursion tomorrow. I do hope it won’t rain.’
She said.
45. ‘Do as you told. You are a naughty boy.’ Mrs Brown said.
46. ‘It’s a very nice evening. Why don’t we have for a walk? Jim suggested.
47. ‘You must decide what you want to do’, she said yo her daughter.
48. Mary asked me ‘ Can you tell me why you are so sad?’
49. Jane said to John ‘Who will come to the pictures with me?’
50. ‘Will you please find out when he last wrote to me? Jane said to her .

Direct and indirect speech

Exercise 28
Complete the sentences by changing the quoted speech to reported speech. Use
formal sequence of tenses as appropriate.
1. Tom said, “I am having a good time”.
Tom said that __________________________ a good time.
2. Tom said, “I will arrive at noon”.
Tom said that ___________________________ at noon.
3. Tom said, “I am going to be there at noon”.
Tom said that ___________________________ there at noon.
4. Tom said, “Stay here”.
Tom told ___________________________ here.
5. Tom said, “Don’t move”.
Tom told __________________________ .
6. Tom said, “Are you comfortable?”.
Tom asked me ____________________________ comfortable.
7. Tom said, “When did you arrive?”.
Tom asked me ____________________________ .
8. Tom asked Martha, “Are you planning to enter law school?”

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Tom asked Martha ________________________________ .
9. Tom asked himself, “Am I doing the right thing?”
Tom wondered _________________________________ the right thing. .
10. Tom asked, “Who should I give this message to?”
Tom asked me __________________________________ .
11. Tom said, “I have finished my work”.
Tom said that __________________________________ his work .
12. Tom asked, “Can you help me, John?”
Tom asked John ________________________________ him .
13. Tom said, “I ought to go to the library.”
Tom said that ________________________________ to the library.
14. Tom asked me, “What time do I have to be at the laboratory in the morning?”
Tom asked me _____________________________ to be at the laboratory in the
morning.
15. Tom said, “We’ll be leaving around 7:00 in the morning.”
Tom said that _____________________________________ around 7:00 in the
morning.

Exercise 29
Add the necessary punctuation and capitalization to these sentences. Do not
change the word order or add or delete any words.
1. The athlete said where is my uniform
The athlete said, “Where is my uniform?”
2. I can’t remember Margaret said where I put my purse.
3. Sandy asked her sister how can I help you get through this difficulty.
4. I’ll answer your question later he whispered I’m trying to hear what the speaker is
saying.
5. As the students entered the room, the teacher said please take your seats quickly.
6. Why did I ever take this job Barry wondered aloud.
7. After crashing into me and knocking all of my packages to the ground, the man
stopped abruptly, turned to me and said softly excuse me.

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8. Do you want four more years of corruption and debt the candidate shouted into the
microphone no the crowd screamed.
9. The woman behind the fast-food counter shouted who’s next
I am three people replied at the same time
Which one of you is really next she asked impatiently
I was here first said a young woman elbowing here way up to the counter I want a
hamburger
You were not hollered an older man standing next to her I was here before you
were give me a chicken sandwich and a cup of coffee
Wait a minute I was in line first said a young man give me a cheeseburger and a
chocolate shake
The woman behind the restaurant counter spotted a little boy politely waiting his
turn she turned to him and said hi, Sonny what can I get for you.

Using the subjunctive

Exercise 30
Complete the sentences, using the idea of the words in brackets.
1. (You should organize a camping trip.)
The girls proposed that their scout leader organize a camping trip.
2. (Ms. Hanson thinks that the director should divide our class into two sections.
Ms. Hanson recommended that our class be divided into two sections.
3. (You must call home every week.)
Dan’s parents insisted that he ____________________________ home every week.
4. (Someone must tell her the truth about her illness.)
It is essential that she _____________________________ the truth about her illness.
5. (Open your suitcases for inspection.)
The customs official demanded that all passengers _______________________ their
suitcases.
6. (Ann, you should take some art courses.)
The counselor recommended that Ann _____________________________ some art
courses.

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7. (All parts of the motor must work correctly.)
It is vital that all parts of the motor _________________________ in proper working
order.
8. (Please mail all packages at the central office.)
The director requests that all packages ________________________ at the central
office.
9. (Soldier must obey their officers.)
It is imperative that soldier __________________________ their officers.
10. (We must remember to give the babysitter certain phone numbers to call in case
of emergency.)
It is important that the babysitter __________________________ phone numbers to
call in case of emergency.

Using –ever words

Exercise 31
Complete these sentences by using –ever words.
1. As vice-president of international sales, Robert has complete control over his
travel schedule. He can travel whenever he wants.
2. Robert is free to decide which countries he will visit during his overseas trips. He
can travel _____________ he wants.
3. The English professor told us that we could write our papers on
__________________ subject we wanted as long as it related to the topics we
discussed in class this semester.
4. There are only two appointment time slots remaining. You may select
_________________ one you prefer.
5. To Ellen, the end justifies the means. She will do ____________________ she has
to do in order to accomplish her objective.
6. Linda is very amiable and gregarious. She makes friends with
___________________ she meets.
7. It doesn’t matter which class you take to fulfill this requirement. Just take
_________________ one fits best into your schedule.

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8. _________________ is the last to leave the room should turn off the lights and
lock the door.
9. I know that Norman will succeed. He’ll do ___________________ is required to
succeed.
10. My wife and I are going to ride our bicycles across the country. We will ride for
six to seven hours every day, then stop _____________________ we happen to be at
the end of the day.

Adjective clause patterns

Exercise 32
Combine the sentences, using all possible forms. Use (b) as an adjective clause.
1. (a) Louis knows the woman. (b) The woman is meeting us at the airport.
Louis knows the woman who is meeting us at the airport.
(that)
2. (a) Do you know the man? (b) His car is parked over there.
3. (a) The bench was wet. (b) I sat on it.
4. (a) The man finished the job in four days. (b) I hired him to paint my house.
5. (a) I know a woman. (b) Her name is May Day.
6. (a) The people were very hospitable. (b) We visited their home.
7. (a) I miss seeing the old woman. (b) She used to sell flowers on that street corner.
8. (a) The architect is brilliant. (b) Mario works with him.
9. (a) Mrs. Lake is the teacher. (b) I enjoyed her class the most.
10. (a) I took a picture of the rainbow. (b) It appeared in the sky after the shower.

Adjective clause: using where and when

Exercise 33
Begin your response with “That is …..”. Use where or when in an adjective clause.
1. You were born in that city.
That is the city where I was born.
2. We have class in that room.
3. We ate dinner at that restaurant.

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4. Anna works in that building.
5. I was born in that year.
6. You eat lunch at that cafeteria.
7. The monsoons arrive in that month.
8. Alex lives on that street.
9. You spent your vacation on that island.
10. You grew up in that town.
11. The space flight to Mars is scheduled to leave on that day.
12. The earthquake occurred in that country.
13. The examination will be given in that room.
14. You lived in that city until you were ten years old.
15. You felt the happiest at that time.

Adjective clauses
Exercise 34
Explain the meaning of each sentence.
1. The students, who attend class five hours per day, have become quite proficient in
their new language.
Explanation: All of the students attend class for five hours per day.
2. The students who attend class five hours per day have become quite proficient in
their new language.
Explanation: Only some of the students attend class for five hours per day.
3. The orchestra conductor signaled the violinists, who were to begin playing.
4. The orchestra conductor signaled the violinists who were to begin playing.
5. I put the vase on the top of the TV set, which is in the living room.
6. I put the vase on the top of the TV set that is in the living room.
7. Trees which lose their leaves in winter are called deciduous trees.
8. Pine tree, which are evergreen, grow well in a cold climate.

Expressions of quantity in adjective clauses

Exercise 35

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Combine the sentences. Use the second sentence as an adjective clause.
1. I received two job offers. I accepted neither of them.
I received two job offers, neither of which I accepted.
2. I have three brothers. Two of them are professional athletes.
3. Jenny is engaged in several business ventures. Only one of them is profitable.
4. The United States of America is a union of fifty states. The majority of them are
located in the East of the Mississippi River.
5. The two women have already dissolved their business partnership. Both of them
are changing careers.
6. Tom is proud of his success. Much of it has been due to hard work, but some of it
has been due to good luck.

Adverb clauses of time

Exercise 36
Using the words in brackets, make logical connections between the ideas in
column A with the ideas in column B. Punctuate carefully and pay attention to
verb tenses. Underline the adverb clauses in the new sentences.
Examples: 1. As soon as the taxi gets here, we can leave.
2. I turned off the TV before I left the room.
1. Our taxi will get here. (as soon as) A. She was leaving the store.
2. I turned off the TV. (before) B. It destroyed everything in its path.
3. I parachuted from a plane. (the first time) C. We can leave.
4. My boss stormed into my office (while) D. I get sleepy.
E. I left the room.
6. Jack fell off his bicycle. (since) F. Its name was changed to Sri Lanka.
7. Ms John will return your call. (as soon as) G. We can eat.
8. John will learn how to use a computer. (once) H. She’ll have some free time.
9. I won’t return this book to the library. (until) I. I’ll finish my research project.
10. Sue dropped a carton of eggs. (as) J. I was both terrified and exhilarated.
11. Anna will go to class. (the next time) K. I was talking on the phone to an
important client.important client.

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12. The flooding river raced down the valley. L. He’ll be able to work more
(when) efficiently.
13. The rice will be done. (just as soon as) M. He’s had to use crutches to walk.
14. When I go to bed at night, I like to read. N. She’ll remember to take her
(until) grammar book.

Yes/no and information questions

Exercise 37
Create questions to fit the dialogues. There are two speakers in each dialogue: A
and B.
1. A: How long has Pierre been living here?
B: Since last September. ( Pierre has been living here since last September.)
2. A: I need some information. Maybe you can help me. ______________________
B: London. (London is farther north than Paris.)
3. A: Is that your umbrella?
B: No.
A: _____________________________________________________________
B: Jane’s. (it’s Jane’s)
4. A: I haven’t seen you for weeks. How are you? _________________________
B: Going to school and studying hard. (I’ve been going to school and studying
hard)
5. A: Did you call Sally?
B: Yes, but she wasn’t in.
A: _______________________________________________________________
B: Her roommate. (Her roommate answered the phone.)
6. A: Do the villagers have tractors in the rural areas?
B: No. They don’t have any modern farm machinery.
A: _______________________________________________________________
B: With oxen or water buffaloes. ( They plow their fields with oxen or water
buffaloes.)
7: A: I really like having my own computer.

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 B: _______________________________________________________________
A: Since last December. (I’ve had it since last December.)
8. A: ______________________________________I’ve never seen one quite like it.
B: A myna. It’s common in warm climates. (That kind of bird is a myna.)
9. A: ______________________________________________________________
B: I missed my bus. (I was late for work this morning because I missed my bus.)
10. A: Last summer we painted the outside of our house.
B: That must have been a big job. _____________________________________
A: About four days. (It took about four days.)
11. A: Jack was late last night, wasn’t he?
B: At 11:30. (He finally got home at 11:30)
12. A: Would you like a cup of coffee?
B: Thanks. That sounds good.
A: _______________________________________________________________
B: With cream and sugar. (I take it with cream and sugar.)
13. A: ______________________________________________________________
B: Around 250 million. (The population of the United States is around 250
million.)
14. A: _______________________________________________________________
B: The red one. (Of those two coats, I like the red one better than the black one.)
15. A: We spent a relaxing weekend in a small village in the mountains.
B: _______________________________________________________________
A: By bus. (We got there by bus.)
16. A: I’m sending a letter to the consulate about the problems I’m having with my
visa.
B: Mr. Ho. (You should address it to Mr. Ho.)
17. A: _________________________________________________________
B: Over 800 miles. (It’s over 800 miles from here to Los Angeles.)
18. A: _____________________________________________________________
B: Ann, Susan, and Alice. (Ann, Susan, and Alice are going to be at the meeting
tonight.)

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19. A: In my country, we eat rice every day. _______________________________
B: About once a week. (People in my country have rice about once a week.)
20. A: ____________________________________________________________
B: Silly looking hat? I think it’s a great hat! I got it at the shopping mall. (I got
that silly looking hat at the shopping mall.)
21. A: _____________________________________________________________
B: To say you’re sorry. (Apologize means “to say you’re sorry.”)

Information questions
Exercise 38
Create questions from these sentences. The italicized words in brackets should be
the answers to your questions.
1. I take my coffee (black). How do you take your coffee?
2. I have (an English-Spanish) dictionary.
3. He (runs a grocery store) for a living.
4. Margaret was talking to (her uncle).
5. (Only ten) people showed up for the meeting.
6. (Due to heavy fog), none of the planes could take off.
7. She was thinking about (her experiences as a rural doctor).
8. I was driving (sixty-five miles per hour) when the policeman stopped me.
9. I like (hot and spicy Mexican) food best.
10. (The) apartment (at the end of the hall on the second floor) is mine.
11. Oscar is (friendly, generous, and kindhearted).
12. Oscar is (tall and thin and has a doctor’s appointment).
13. (Ann’s) dictionary fell to the floor.
14. Abby isn’t here (because she has a doctor’s appointment).
15. All of the students in the class will be informed of their final grades (on Friday).
16. I feel (awful).
17. Of those three books, I preferred (the one by Tolstoy).
18. I like (rock) music.
19. The plane is expected to be (an hour) late.

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20. The driver of the stalled car lit a flare (in order to warn oncoming cars).

Clause of purpose
Exercise 39
Use a phrase or clause of purpose to combine each pair of sentences below:
1. The boy stood on the benches. They wanted to get a better view.
2. We lower the volume of the radio. We don’t want to bother our neighbors.
3. I’ll write to you. I want you to know my decision soon.
4. These men were talking in whispers. They didn’t want anyone to hear their
conversation.
5. The boy feigned to be sick. He hoped we didn’t make him work.
6. The man spoke loudly. He wanted everybody to hear him clearly.
7. Doris often goes home as soon as the class is over. She doesn’t want her mother to
wait for her.
8. John gets up early. He doesn’t want to be late for class.
9. Mary hid the novel under her pillow. She didn’t want her father to see it.
10. Alice prepares her lesson carefully. She wants to get high marks in class.

Clause of purpose
Exercise 40
Change phrases of purpose to clauses of purpose or vice versa:
1. We hurried to school so as to be late.
2. He climbed the tree in order to get a better view.
3. You should get up early so that you will have time to review your lesson.
4. Some young people like to earn their own living in order that they will be
independent of their parents.
5. We should do morning exercises regularly so as to improve our health.
6. We should advantage of the scientific achievements of the world so that we can
develop our national economy.
7. Every people in the world must unite their efforts to maintain and protect peace.
8. She put on warm clothes so that she wouldn’t catch cold.

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9. He hurried to the station so as not to miss the train.
10. She locked the door so as not to be disturbed.

Clause of result
Exercise 41
Combine two sentences, using “so…that” or “such…that”:
1. The sun shone brightly. Maria had to put on her sunglasses.
2. Dean was a powerful swimmer. He always won the races.
3. There were few students registered. The class was cancelled.
4. The house was beautiful. I took a picture of it.
5. This coffee is strong. I can’t drink it.
6. This is a good film. I want to see it again and again.
7. There was a lot of food. Everyone ate too much.
8. There were a lot of guests. There wasn’t enough food.
9. I ate a lot of sandwiches. I felt uneasy.
10. David has a lot of work to do. He can’t come tonight.

Clause of reason
Exercise 42
Fill in the blank using “because” or “because of”:
1. It was difficult to deliver the letter ___________ the sender had written the wrong
address on the envelope.
2. We decided to leave early ___________ the party was boring.
3. Rescue attemps were temporarily halted ___________ the bad weather.
4. Paul may not go to the football game ____________ his grades.
5. They visited their friends often ______________ they enjoyed their company.

Clause of reason
Exercise 43
Change clauses of reason to phrases:
1. Mary didn’t go to school yesterday because she was sick.

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2. She went to bed early because she felt tired.
3. Ann didn’t go to the circus with Betty because she had a bad cold.
4. John succeeded in his exam because he worked hard and methodically.
5. Margaret stayed home because her mother was sick.
6. I like him because his father is kind to me.
7. I can’t eat these fruits because they are green.
8. I couldn’t do the test because it was difficult.
9. I couldn’t read the letter because it was dark.
10. He came late because it rained heavily.

Clause of concession
Exercise 44
Change clause of concession to phrases:
1. She didn’t eat much though she was hungry.
2. He couldn’t solve the problem though he is good at maths.
3. Mr Pike doesn’t wear glasses though he is over sixty.
4. Although he had much experience in machinery, he didn’t succeed in repairing this
machine.
5. Although it got dark, they continued to work.
6. Although it was noise, I kept on studying.
7. Although it rained heavily, I went to school on time.
8. The flight was not delayed though it was foggy.
9. He ate all the fruits though they were green.
10. We did the test well though it was difficult.

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