2nd Mate Tanker calculations

An oil volume can only be measured at its observed temperature and it, therefore, requires that
the standard volume must be calculated in order to compare quantities at load and disport.
Standard temperature in most areas is 15oC in petroleum industry.

Glossary of terms used in cargo calculations:

1. Total Observed Volume (TOV) is the volume of oil including free water and bottom
sediments (if any) measured at the oil temperature observed.

TOV@ at observed temperature = Length x Breadth X Sounding of OIL Tank

2. Gross Observed Volume (GOV) is the volume of oil excluding free water and bottom
sediment (if any) measured at the oil temperature observed.
3. Free water layer settled below oil and can be measured/ calculated. Normally detected by
water-paste or interface detector and usually settled at the bottom of the cargo
tank depending on relative density of the cargo.

GOV@ at observed temperature = TOV – volume of free water

4. Gross Standard Volume (GSV) is the volume of oil excluding free water and bottom
sediment, calculated at standard condition e.g. 15oC

GSV = GOV@ at observed temperature ° C x VCF@ at observed temperature ° C

5. The Volume Correction Factor (VCF) is the factor depending on the oil type, density and
temperature which corrects oil volumes to the Standard Reference Temperature i.e. at
15oC. (ASTM Tables 54 A, B, C, D or 6 A, B, C, D)

*For the purpose of 2Mate numerical use ASTM table 54 only. Use Density at 15°C in vac
and Observed Temperature (°C) and find Volume Correction Factor (VCF) from Table 54

6. Density: The density is the ratio of the mass of a substance to its volume. (typically,
kg/m3 or sometimes kg/liter Since density is dependent on temperature, that should be
stated.
7. Density @ 15oC (VAC): Mass / Unit volume @ 15oC (typically kg/m3 or sometimes
kg/liter)

(This will be provided in the numerical)

8. Relative Density @ 60/ 60oF (Specific Gravity @ 60 /60oF): The Relative Density @ 60/
60oF is the density of a substance at 60oF to the density of pure water, also at 60oF = The
Density of a substance @ 60oF ÷ The Density of pure water @ 60oF. Specific Gravity is
now internationally known as Relative Density.
9. API Gravity: Used in US, Canada and some Persian Gulf countries.
 10. Weight Conversion Factor (WCF): The Weight Conversion Factor is a factor dependent
on the density, for converting volumes to weight in air. Such factors shall be obtained
from the ASTM Tables (Table 56) OR can be obtained subtracting 0.0011 from Density
@ 15oC (vac)

WCF = Density @ 15oC (vac) – 0.0011

Density in air is less than that in vacuum

11. On Board Quantity (OBQ): All the oil, water, sludge and sediment in the cargo tanks and
associated lines and pumps on a ship before loading commences.

12. Quantity Remaining on Board (ROB): All the measurable oil, water, sludge and sediment
in the cargo tanks and associated lines & pumps on a ship after discharging a cargo has
been completed.

Oil cargo quantity calculations should be made with the ASTM Petroleum
Measurement Tables (ASTM Tables).

The equations are as follows:

• Volumes at 15oC on board a vessel is always GROSS = Gross Volume at 15oC = Gross
Standard Volume (GSV)
• Gross Standard Volume = Gross Observed Volume, GOV x VCF
• Gross Weight in Vac = Gross Standard Volume x Density @ 15oC (Vac).
• Gross Weight in Vac = GSV x Density @ 15oC (Vac)

The cargo statement requires weights in air to be recorded therefore, the weight in Vac must be
corrected for the buoyancy of air.

Gross Weight in Air = Gross Weight in Vac x Weight Correction Factor.

• Gross Weight in Air = Gross Standard Volume GSV x (Density @ 15oC in Vac x WCF)

1. Density @ 15oC (Vac) x WCF (table 56 page 30)

2. OR can be directly taken from table 56 page 32
3. OR Density @ 15oC (Vac) – 0.0011

Converting weight in Vacuum to Weight in Air and vice-versa

The first page of the ASTM table 56, page no. 30, provides the factor for converting weight in
vacuum to weight in air and vice versa.
ASTM TABLES (VOLUMES AVAILABLE ONBOARD SHIPS)

Series I – TABLE 5 & 6 – FOR API, OF, 60°F

Volume I: Generalized Crude Oils (Tables 5A & 6A)

Volume II: Generalized Products (Tables 5B and 6B)

Volume III: Individual and Special Applications (Table 6C)

Series II – TABLE 23 & 24 – FOR RELATIVE DENSITY, °F, 60°F

Volume IV: Generalized Crude Oils (Tables 23A & 24A)

Volume V: Generalized Products (Tables 23B and 24B)

Volume VI: Individual and Special Applications (Table 24C)

Series III – TABLE 53 & 54 – FOR KG/cm3 DENSITY, °C, 15°C

Volume VII: Generalized Crude Oils (Tables 53A & 54A)

Volume VIII: Generalized Products (Tables 53B and 54B)

Volume IX: Individual and Special Applications (Table 54C)

Volume X: Background, Documentation, Program Listings

Volume XI / XII – ASTM D 1250-80 – API standard 2540 and IP Designation 200 apply

Volume XI – ENTRY WITH API GRAVITY

Table 1 Interrelation of Units of Measurement

Table 2 Temperature Conversions

Table 3 API Gravity at 60°F to Relative Density 60/60°F and to Density at 15°C

Table 4 U.S. Gallons at 60F and Barrels at 60F to Liters at 15C against API Gravity at 60F

Table 8 Pounds per US Gallon at 60F & US Gallons at 60F per pound against API Gravity at 60F

Table 9 Short Tons per 1000 US Gallons at 60F and Barrel at 60F against API Gravity at 60F

Table 10 US Gallons at 60F and Barrels at 60F per Short Ton against API Gravity at 60F
Table 11 Long Tons per 1000 US Gallons at 60F and per Barrel at 60F against API Gravity at 60F

Table 12 US Gallons at 60F and Barrels at 60F per Long Ton against API Gravity at 60F

Table 13 Metric Tons per 1000 US Gallons at 60F & per Barrel at 60F against API Gravity at 60F

Table 14 Cubic Meters at 15C per Short Ton and per Long Ton against API Gravity at 60F

Volume XII – ENTRY WITH RELATIVE DENSITY

Table 21 Relative Density 60/60°F to API Gravity at 60°F and to Density at 15°C

Table 22 US Gallons at 60F to Liters at 15C and Barrels at 60F to Cubic Meters at 15°C

Pounds per US Gallon at 60F and US Gallons at 60F per Pound against Relative Density
Table 26
60/60F

Short Tons per 1000 US Gallons at 60F and per Barrel at 60F against Relative Density
Table 27
60/60F

Table 28 US Gallons at 60F and Barrels at 60F per Short Ton against Relative Density 60/60F

Long Tons per 1000 US Gallons at 60F and per Barrel at 60F against Relative Density
Table 29
60/60F

Table 30 US Gallons at 60F and Barrels At 60F per Long Ton against Relative Density 60/60F

Table 31 Cubic Meters at 15C per Short Ton and per Long Ton against Relative Density 60/60F

Table 33 Specific Gravity Reduction to 60F for Liquefied Petroleum Gases and Natural Gasoline

Reduction of Volume to 60F against Specific Gravity 60/60F for Liquefied Petroleum
Table 34
Gases

Table 51 Density at 15°C to Relative Density 60/60F and to API Gravity at 60F

Table 52 Barrels at 60F to Cubic Meters at 15C and Cubic Meters at 15C to Barrels at 60F

Table 56 Kilograms per Liter at 15C and Liters at 15C per Metric Ton against Density at 15°C

Table 57 Short Tons and Long Tons per 1000 Liters at 15C against Density at 15°C

Table 58 US Gallons and Barrels per Metric Ton against Density at 15°C

Volume XIII: LUBRICATING OILS, TABLES 5D & 6D

Volume XIV: LUBRICATING OILS, TABLES 53D & 54D

Cargo calculation using relative density at a particular temperature and given
density correction factor

If the R.D. at a particular temperature and density correction factor is provided.

Let us say the provided values are

• Relative Density at 25 Deg C: 0.9155

• Density correction factor: 0.0006 per Deg C

This means that at every degree rise in temperature, the density would decrease by 0.0006.

Using below formula density at any required temperature can be calculated.

R.D. @ required temp = R.D. @ given temperature +/- (ΔT, change in temp. X correction factor)

Note weight is constant with respect to temperature whereas volume is directly proportional
to temperature and density is inversely proportional to temperature.
Questions from MMD past papers
Q1) A box shape tank 20m x 15m x 18m (L x B x D) was loaded 49% at 25° C with oil of
density 0.8253 t/m3 at 15° C in vac. Find the ullage of the tank when oil is heated to
47°C and 610 mt. of oil have been used from it. The ullage pipe extends 95cm above
the top of the tank.

Initial TOV of the oil in the tank = 49% of tank (49/100 x 20 x 15 x 18)
TOV @ at 25° C = 2646.0 m3
TOV @ at 25° C = GOV (since no free water)
VCF @ at 25° C = 0.9915 (from table 54, density 0.8253 t/m3 at 15° C in vac)
GSV = GOV x VCF = 2646.0 x 0.9915
= 2623.509 m3
WCF = 0.8242 t/m3 (from table 56 OR 0.8253 – 0.0011)
Wt air = GSV x WCF
Wt air = 2623.509 x 0.8242
Wt air = 2162.296 MT

Oil remaining after consumption at temp 47°C = 2162.296 – 610.0 = 1552.296 mt

Note: For calculating ullage after consumption of oil, we will have to find GOV @t 47° C of
the remaining oil -

GSV of remaining oil = Wt air / WCF

GSV = 1552.296 / 0.8242
GSV = 1883.397 m3
Oil temp. After heating = 47°C
VCF @ 47° C = 0.9728 (from table 54, density 0.8253 t/m3 at 15° C in vac)
GOV@47° C = GSV / VCF@ 47 ° C
GOV@47° C = 1883.397/ 0.9728
GOV@47° C = 1936.058 = TOV@47° C (since no free water)
Sounding of the tank after consumption = GOV@47° C / tank area (L x B)
Sounding of the tank after consumption = 1936.058 / 300 = 6.453 m
Ullage = (ht. of tank + ht of pipe) – sdg = (18.0 + 0.95) – 6.453 = 12.497m

Final ullage in the tank after consumption = 12.497m

Q2) A deep tank had 2700mt of fuel oil bunkers in it kept heated at temp. 47°C and 109
m3 of free water. A bunker barge delivered a parcel of 2800 m3 of the same oil into this
tank at 12°C. Find the ullage and percentage of filling if the final temp. was 23°C. The
tank measures 29 x 19 x 13 (L x B x D), has its ullage pipe extending 1.17m above the
top of the tank. Density of fuel oil is 0.8957 kgs/ltr in vacuum at 15°C.

Initial quantity of oil in the tank = 2700 mt

Density of fuel oil is 0.8957 kgs/ltr in vacuum at 15°C.
Therefore, WCF = 0.8957 – 0.0011 = 0.8946 t/m3
GSV = Wt air / WCF = 2700/ 0.8946 = 3018.109 m3

Bunkers delivered into the tank = GOV@12° C = 2800m3@ 12°C

VCF@12° C = 1.0022 (from table 54, density 0.8957 t/m3 at 15° C in vac)
Therefore, GSV = GOV@12° C x VCF@12° C = 2800.0 x 1.0022 = 2806.16m3
Final GSV of bunker oil after bunkering = 3018.109 + 2806.160 = 5824.269 m3

Final temp. after bunkering = 23°C

VCF@23° C = 0.9941 (from table 54, density 0.8957 t/m3 at 15° C in vac)
GOV@23° C = GSV / VCF@ 23° C = 5824.269/ 0.9941 = 5858.836 m3
Free water present in the tank = 109 m3
TOV@23° C = GOV@23° C + FW = 5858.836 + 109.0 = 5967.836 m3

Sounding of the tank = 5967.836 / 29 x 19 = 10.831m

Ullage of the tank = D of tank + Ht. of ullage pipe – sounding
= 13.0 + 1.17 – 10.831 = 3.339 m
Percentage filling = 10.831 / 13 x 100 = 83.31% (percentage of oil in the tank)
OR = {5967.836 / (29 x 19 x 13)} x 100 = 83.31%

Ullage after bunkering = 3.339m, percentage filling 83.3%

Q3) Find the volume of the oil at 40°C that weighs 963mt in air. Its density is 0.8178
t/m3 at 15°C in vacuum. If 147 mt of another oil of density is 0.7976 t/m3 at 15°C in
vacuum was commingled with this oil and the temp was raised to 45°C. Find the density
of commingled oil at 45°C?

Weight air of oil = 963 mt

Density at 15°C in vacuum = 0.8178 t/m3
Therefore WCF = 0.8178 – 0.0011 = 0.8167 t/m3
GSV = Wt air / WCF = 963/ 0.8167 = 1179.136 m3

VCF@40° C = 0.9784 (from table 54, density 0.8178 t/m3 at 15° C in vac)
GOV@40° C = GSV / VCF@ 40° C = 1179.136/ 0.9784 = 1205.168 m3
VCF@45° C = 0.9740 (from table 54, density 0.8178 t/m3 at 15° C in vac)
GOV@45° C = GSV / VCF@ 45° C = 1179.136/ 0.9740 = 1210.612 m3

147 mt of another oil (density is 0.7976 t/m3 at 15°C in vacuum) was commingled with
this oil and the temp was raised to 45°C

Weight air of oil = 147 mt

Density at 15°C in vacuum = 0.7976 t/m3
Therefore WCF = 0.7976 – 0.0011 = 0.7965 t/m3
GSV = Wt air / WCF = 147/ 0.7965 = 184.557 m3

VCF@45° C = 0.9725 (from table 54, density 0.7976 t/m3 at 15° C in vac)
GOV@45° C = GSV / VCF@ 45° C = 184.557/ 0.9725 = 189.776 m3
Total oil after commingling GOV@45° C = 1210.612 + 189.776 = 1400.388 m3
Total weight after commingling Wt air = 963 + 147 = 1010 mt
Density of commingled oil at 45°C = 1010.0 / 1400.388 = 0.7926 t/m3
Volume of 963mt oil at 40°C = 1205.168m3, density of comingled oil at 45°C =
0.7926t/m3

Q4) A flat bed pontoon has 1879 drums of HSD oil stowed on it. Each empty drum
weighs 65 kgs and was filled at 37.5°C with 205.84 liters of HSD. Using ASTM tables,
find the deadweight of pontoon if the density of HSD at 15°C in vacuum is 0.8343 t/cum.

Weight of each empty drum = 65 Kgs = 0.065 t

Each drum is filled with 205.84 liters of HSD at 37.5°C
Therefore, TOV of HSD in each drum = 205.84 liters

Since there is no free water, TOV = GOV

[email protected]°C = 205.84 liters = 0.20584 m3
[email protected]°C = 0.9814 (ASTM table 54, density 0.8343 t/ m3 at 15°C in vacuum)
GSV of HSD in each drum = GOV x VCF
GSV = 0.20584 x 0.9814 = 0.2020 m3

WCF = density 0.8343 t/ m3 @15°C in vac – 0.0011 (or ASTM Table 56)
WCF = 0.8332 t/ m3
Wt air = GSV x WCF
Wt air of HSD in each drum = 0.2020 x 0.8332 = 0.1683 t
Total weight of filled drum = Wt of empty drum + Wt of HSD

= 0.065 + 0.1683 = 0.2333 t

DWT of pontoon = total weight of 1879 filled drums = 0.2333 x 1879
DWT of pontoon = 438.371 t

Q5) A cylindrical tank of diameter 8m is 10m high. 400 tons of oil of density 0.900 at
15°C in vacuum is to be loaded in the tank at 28°C. Find the ullage assuming π to be
3.1416. (Use ASTM tables)

Area of cylinder = π r2 = 3.1416 x 4 x 4 = 50.2656 m3

Weight of oil to load, Wt air = 400 mt of density 0.900 at 15°C in vacuum

WCF = density 0.900 t/ m3 @15°C in vac – 0.0011 (or ASTM Table 56)

WCF = 0.8989 t/ m3
GSV = Wt air / WCF = 400 / 0.8989 = 444.988 m3
VCF@28° C = 0.9905 (from table 54, density 0.900 t/m3 at 15° C in vac)
GOV@28° C = GSV / VCF@ 28° C = 444.988/ 0.9905 = 449.256 m3
Volume of oil at 28°C = 449.256 m3
Sounding of tank = vol / area = 449.256 / 50.2656 = 8.938m
Ullage = 10.0 – 8.938 = 1.062m

Ullage at 28°C = 1.062m

Q6) A box shape fuel oil tank 20m x 16m x 14.5m (L x B x D) had an ullage of 10.3m,
temp 12° C and water cut of 4 cm before bunkering. If 937.58mt bunkers received in this
tank. Using ASTM tables, calculate final ullage on completion of bunkering.
Temperature after bunkering is 48° C and ullage port is located 1.17m above the top of
the tank. Bunker Oil density 0.8783 t/m3 at 15° C in vac.

Initial ullage in the tank = 10.3m

Therefore, sounding = (ht. of tank + ht. of ullage pipe) – ullage = (14.5 + 1.17) – 10.3m
= 5.370m
Water cut = 4cm = 0.04 m

Initial TOV of the oil in the tank = 20.0 x 16.0 x 5.37 cum = 1718.40 cum
Volume of free water = 20 x 16 x 0.04 = 12.80 cum
TOV @ 12° C = 1718.4 m3
GOV @ 12° C = TOV @ 12° C - Free Water = 1718.40 – 12.80 = 1705.60 cum

VCF @ 12° C = 1.0023 (from table 54, density 0.8783 t/m3 at 15° C in vac)
GSV = GOV@ 12° C x VCF@ 12° C = 1705.6 x 1.0023
Initial GSV = 1709.523 m3

Bunker intake Wt air = 937.58 mt

WCF = 0.8772 t/m3 (from table 56 OR Density in vac – 0.0011)
GSV of oil bunkered = Wt air / WCF
= 937.58 / 0.8772
= 1068.833 cum
Final GSV of oil = 1068.833 + 1709.523
= 2778.356 cum

Final temp after bunkering = 48° C

VCF @ 48° C = 0.9750 (from table 54, density 0.8783 t/m3 at 15° C in vac)

Note: For calculating ullage after consumption of oil, we will have to find GOV @t 48° C

GOV@ 48° C = GSV / VCF@ 48 ° C

GOV@ 48° C = 2778.356/ 0.9750
GOV@ 48° C = 2849.595 cum

Volume of free water = 20 x 16 x 0.04 = 12.8 cum

Note: Volume of free water will remain the same in all such questions even if there is
change in temperature.

TOV @ 48° C = 2849.595 +12.8 = 2862.395 m3

Sounding of the tank bunkering = TOV@ 48° C / tank area (L x B)
Sounding of the tank after consumption = 2862.395 / 320 = 8.940 m
Ullage = (ht. of tank + ht. of pipe) – sounding = (14.5 + 1.17) – 8.940 = 6.730m

Final ullage after bunkering = 6.730m

==================================================================

Q7) A deep tank used as bunker tank on a VLCC measures 2.9m x 19.8m x 23.4m
(L x B x D). It was 83.47% full at 47.4° C at the start of voyage.
On arrival at the next port it was 28.93% full 11.2° C. Find the average daily
consumption of this ship if the voyage had lasted for 109 hrs. ASTM tables may be
used. Oil density is 0.8450 t/m3 at 15° C in vac.

TOV of the oil in the tank at the start of voyage = 83.47% of tank (83.47 /100 x 2.9 x
19.8 x 23.4)
TOV @ at 47.4° C = 1121.526 m3
TOV @ at 47.4° C = GOV (since no free water)
VCF @ at 47.4° C = 0.9738 (from table 54, density 0.8450 t/m3 at 15° C in vac)
GSV = GOV x VCF
= 1121.526 x 0.9738 = 1092.142 m3
WCF = 0.8439 t/m3 (from table 56 OR 0.8253 – 0.0011)
Wt air = GSV x WCF
Wt air = 1092.142 x 0.8439 = 921.658 MT

TOV of the oil in the tank at the end of voyage = 28.93% of tank (289.93/100 x 2.9 x
19.8 x 23.4)
TOV @ at 11.2° C = 388.712 m3
TOV @ at 11.2° C = GOV (since no free water)
VCF @ at 11.2° C = 1.0030 (from table 54, density 0.8450 t/m3 at 15° C in vac)
GSV = GOV x VCF
= 388.712 x 1.0030 = 389.878 m3
WCF = 0.8439 t/m3 (from table 56 OR 0.8253 – 0.0011)
Wt air = GSV x WCF
Wt air = 389.878 x 0.8439 = 329.018 MT

Total Oil consumption = 921.658 – 329.018 = 592.640 mt

Total duration of the voyage = 109 hrs

Daily avg consumption = total consumption x 24 / 109

= 592.640 x 24 / 109
= 130.490 mt/ day

*Note: Daily bunker consumption is always in MT (Wt air) / Day and not in cbm/ day
Q8) On departure the ullage of a box shaped tank (L 26.4m x B 11.47m x D 9.13m) was
2.544m (temp. 44.3°C), ullage pipe rises 107 cms above the top of the tank.
Enroute she transferred 108 cum of the same oil at 26°C from her storage tank into this
tank. Find her daily consumption if, she arrived with 108 mt of oil remaining after sailing
for 949 hours. The density of oil is 0.8313 t/ cum at 15°C in vacuum. ASTM tables can
be used.

Total ullage of the empty tank = 9.13 + 1.07 = 10.20 m

Ullage of the tank on departure = 2.544 m
Therefore, sounding of the tank on departure = 10.2 – 2.544 = 7.656 m
TOV@ 44.3° C = GOV (no free water or ROB) = 26.4 x 11.47 x 7.656 = 2318.298 m3
GOV@ 44.3° C = 2318.298 m3
VCF @ 44.3° C = 0.9755 (from table 54, density 0.8313 t/m3 at 15° C in vac)

GSV = GOV x VCF

= 2318.298 x 0.9755 = 2261.50 m3
WCF = 0.8302 t/m3 (from table 56 OR 0.8313 – 0.0011)
Wt air = GSV x WCF
Wt air = 2261.5 x 0.8302 = 1877.497 MT

Oil transferred during the voyage = 108 m3 at 26°C

GOV@ 26° C = 108.0 m3
VCF @ 26° C = 0.9908 (from table 54, density 0.8313 t/m3 at 15° C in vac)

GSV = GOV x VCF

= 108.0 x 0.9908 = 107.006 m3
WCF = 0.8302 t/m3 (from table 56 OR 0.8313 – 0.0011)
Wt air = GSV x WCF
Wt air = 107.006 x 0.8302 = 88.836 MT

Total oil after transfer = 1877.497 + 88.836 = 1966.333 mt

Oil remining on arrival = 108.0 mt
Therefore, consumption in the voyage = 1966.333 – 108.0 = 1858.333 mt

Voyage duration = 949 / 24 days

Therefore, daily voyage consumption = 1858.333 x 24 / 949 = 46.997 mt/day

Daily consumption: 46.997 mt/ day.

Q9) A bunker tank 16m x 15m x 6m had fuel oil (density 0.8650 t/cum at 15°C in
vacuum) It was 23% full (temp 45°C) at the end of the voyage as against 76% full (temp
8°C) at the start of the voyage that lasted for 13.9 days. Find her daily consumption,
ullage & sounding at both times if the tank ullage pipe extends 86 cms above the top of
the tank. (use of ASTM tables is allowed)
Total ullage of the empty tank = 6 + 0.86 = 6.86 m

At the start of the voyage –

GOV@8° C = 16 x 15 x 6 x 76% = 1094.4 m3

Sounding of the tank = volume / area = 1094.4 / 16 x 15 = 4.56m
Ullage = 6.86 – 4.56 = 2.30 m

VCF @ 8° C= 1.0055 (from table 54, density 0.865 t/m3 at 15° C in vac)
GSV = GOV x VCF
= 1094.4 x 1.0055 = 1100.419 m3

Oil heated to 45°C during the voyage for consumption,

VCF @ 45° C= 0.9767 (from table 54, density 0.865 t/m3 at 15° C in vac)

Therefore, volume of oil at 45°C –

GOV@45° C = GSV / VCF = 1126.67 / 0.9767 = 1126.670 m3

Oil ROB on completion of voyage = 16 x 15 x 6 x 23% = 331.2 m3

Sounding of the tank = volume / area = 331.2 / 16 x 15 = 1.38m
Ullage = 6.86 – 1.38 = 5.48 m

Oil consumption, GOV@45° C = 1126.67 – 331.20 = 795.470 m3

GSV of oil consumed = GOV x VCF = 795.47 x 0.9767 = 776.935
WCF = 0.8639 t/m3 (from table 56 OR 0.865 – 0.0011)
Wt air = GSV x WCF
Wt air = 776.935 x 0.8639 = 671.194 MT

Voyage duration = 13.9 days

Therefore, daily voyage consumption = 671.194 / 13.9 = 48.287 mt/day

Daily consumption= 48.287mt/day, Initial ullage 2.30m/ sounding 4.560m, Final ullage
5.480m / sounding1.380m

==================================================================

Q10) An oil tanker has a tank of dimensions 28m x 20m x 9m is loading oil at 28° C. It is
decided to leave 3% of the volume of the oil for expansion at all times. The ullage pipe
is 1.2m above the top of the tank. If the maximum temperature of the oil during the
voyage is expected to reach 38° C. Calculate the quantity of oil and final ullage at load
port assuming that the vessel is at even keel on completion. Given that density of oil at
15° C = 0.8545 t/cum (use ASTM tables)

Let volume of oil loaded = X cum

Volume left for expansion = 3% of X
Therefore X + 3X/100 = total capacity of tank = 28 x 20 x 9 = 5040.0 cum
1.03 X = 5040.0
X = 5040.0 / 1.03 = 4893.204 cum

Therefore, maximum volume of oil that can be loaded = 4893.204 cum

Note: since it is required to leave 3% of oil space empty at all time i.e. from completion
of loading to till arrival discharge port, during the entire voyage. This means oil volume
should not exceed 4893.204 cum at maximum temperature of 38° C. So, we will have to
assume that when temp. reaches to max 38° C, that time volume is 4893.204 cum and
that means oil volume at load port is less than that (since loading temp. is 28° C, less
temp. less volume) So assume 4893.204 cum at 38° C, calculate oil volume at 28° C
and then find ullage for that volume.

TOV = GOV (since no free water)

GOV@ 38° C = 4893.204 cum
VCF@ 38° C = 0.9818 (from table 54, density 0.8545 t/m3 at 15° C in vac)
GSV = GOV@ 38° C x VCF@ 38° C
GSV = 4893.204 x 0.9818 = 4804.148 m3

VCF@ 28° C = 0.9897 (from table 54, density 0.8545 t/m3 at 15° C in vac)

Since GSV = GOV@ 28° C x VCF@ 28° C

Therefore, GOV@ 28° C = GSV / VCF@ 28° C
GOV@ 28° C = 4804.148 / 0.9897 = 4854.145 cum = TOV@ 28° C (since no free water)

Sounding of the tank bunkering = TOV@ 28° C / tank area (L x B)

Sounding of the tank after consumption = 4854.145 / 560 = 8.668 m

Ullage = (ht. of tank + ht. of pipe) – sounding

= (9.0 + 1.2) – 8.668 = 1.532m

WCF = 0.8534 t/m3 (from table 56 OR 0.8545 – 0.0011)

Wt air = GSV x WCF
Wt air = 4804.148 x 0.8534 = 4099.860 MT

Quantity of oil loaded = 4099.860 mt.

Ullage on completion of loading = 1.532 m

Q11) A tank of length 32m x 18m x 15m contains water to a sounding of 10cms. Crude
oil of density 0.835 t/m3 at 15°C in vacuum was loaded in the tank at 25°C and 3% of
the volume of the oil loaded was left empty for expansion throughout the voyage. If
maximum temperature during the voyage is expected to be 34°C, find (i) Ullage at the
load port, (ii) the quantity of cargo loaded.

Total volume of the tank = 32 x 18 x 15 = 8640 m3

Volume of free water in the tank before loading = 32 x 18 x 0.10 = 57.6 m3

Let volume of oil loaded = V m3

3% of the volume of oil to be left for expansion throughout the voyage.
Maximum temp. expected during the voyage = 34°C

Therefore, V + 3% V + Free water = 8640 m3 at max temp. 34°C

V + 0.03V + 57.6 = 8640 m3

1.03V = 8640 – 57.6 = 8582.4 m3
V = 8582.4 / 1.03 = 8332.427 m3

GOV@ 34° C = 8332.427 m3

VCF@ 34° C = 0.9843 (from table 54, density 0.835 t/m3 at 15° C in vac)
GSV = GOV x VCF = 8332.427 x 0.9843 = 8201.608 m3

Converting volume at 25°C (loading temp.)

VCF@ 25° C = 0.9917 (from table 54, density 0.835 t/m3 at 15° C in vac)
GSV = GOV x VCF
Therefore, GOV@ 25° C = GSV / VCF@ 25° C
GOV@ 25° C = 8201.608/ 0.9917 = 8270.251 m3
TOV@ 25° C = GOV@ 25° C + Free Water = 8270.251+ 57.6 = 8327.851m3

Note: change of volume of free water is negligible with change in temp.

Sounding of the tank = GOV@ 25° C / Area = 8327.851 / (32 x 18) = 14.458m
Ullage = 15.0 – 14.458 = 0.542m

WCF = 0.8339 t/m3 (from table 56 OR 0.8350 – 0.0011)

Wt air = GSV x WCF
Wt air = 8201.608 x 0.8339 = 6839.321 MT

Ullage on completion of loading = 0.542 m, quantity loaded = 6839.321 mt

Q12) A tank measuring 23m x 19m x 17m is to be loaded at 26°C with crude oil. It is
desired to leave 3% of the volume of oil for expansion when maximum temperature is
38°C. (density of oil = 0.840 at 15°C in vacuum). Calculate mass of oil loaded, ullage at
load port and ullage in the tank when temp rises to 32 deg Celsius (use ASTM tables)

Total volume of the tank = 23 x 19 x 17 = 7429.0 m3

Let volume of oil loaded = V m3

3% of the volume of oil to be left for expansion throughout the voyage.
Maximum temp. expected during the voyage = 38°C

Therefore, V + 3% V + Free water = 7429 m3 at max temp. 38°C

V + 0.03V = 7429.0 m3
1.03V = 7429.0 m3
V = 7429.0 / 1.03 = 7212.621 m3
GOV@ 38° C = 7212.621 m3
VCF@ 38° C = 0.9812 (from table 54, density 0.84 t/m3 at 15° C in vac)
GSV = GOV x VCF = 7212.621 x 0.9812 = 7077.024 m3

Converting volume at 26°C (loading temp.)

VCF@ 26° C = 0.9910 (from table 54, density 0.84 t/m3 at 15° C in vac)
GSV = GOV x VCF
Therefore, GOV@ 26° C = GSV / VCF@ 26° C
GOV@ 26° C = 7077.024 / 0.9910 = 7141.296 m3
TOV@ 26° C = GOV@ 26° C + Free Water = 7141.296 m3

Sounding of the tank = GOV@ 26° C / Area = 7141.296 / (23 x 19) = 16.342m
Ullage = 17.0 – 16.342 = 0.658m

WCF = 0.8389 t/m3 (from table 56 OR 0.840 – 0.0011)

Wt air = GSV x WCF
Wt air = 7077.024 x 0.8389 = 5936.915 MT

GOV when temp rises to 32°C –

GOV@ 32° C = 7077.024 / 0.9861 = 7176.781 m3
TOV@ 32° C = GOV@ 32° C + Free Water = 7176.781 m3

Sounding of the tank = GOV@ 32° C / Area = 7176.781 / (23 x 19) = 16.423m
Ullage = 17.0 – 16.432 = 0.577

Mass of oil loaded = 5936.915mt, ullage at load port = 0.658m, ullage at 32°C = 0.577m

Q13) A triangular shaped tank has a base 8m x 8m x 10m and height of 12m. Oil of
density 0.872 at 15°C in vacuum is to be loaded at 20°C. A minimum ullage of 0.2m is
required at all times. If the maximum temperature expected during the voyage is 42°C,
what should be the ullage at load port? What is the ratio of empty space to filled space
in the tank at loading port? (Use ASTM tables)
8
Area of triangle = ½ bh, Volume of the triangle = ½ bh . D

Area of base triangle = ½ x 10 x 6.245 = 31.225 m2 8

Minimum ullage required = 0.2m 10
Therefore, max sounding required = 11.8 m at max temperature 42°C
Volume at max sounding = 31.225 x 11.8 = 368.455 m3
GOV@ 42° C = 368.455 m3
VCF@ 42° C = 0.9793 (from table 54, density 0.8720 t/m3 at 15° C in vac) 12
GSV = GOV x VCF = 368.455 x 0.9793 = 360.828 m3

Converting volume at 20°C (loading temp.)

VCF@ 20° C = 0.9961 (from table 54, density 0.8720 t/m3 at 15° C in vac)
GSV = GOV x VCF
Therefore, GOV@ 20° C = GSV / VCF@ 20° C
GOV@ 20° C = 360.828/ 0.9961 = 359.421 m3
Sounding of the tank = GOV@ 20° C / Area = 359.421 / 31.225 = 11.511 m
Ullage = 12.0 – 11.511 = 0.489 m
Ratio of empty space to filled space : 0.489 : 11.511 = 0.0425

Ullage: 0.489m, Ratio is 1: 235

Q14) A box shaped tank has 30m x 18m x 20m is to be loaded at 25°C. A minimum
ullage of 3.5m is required at all times. If the maximum temperature expected during the
voyage is 37°C. Given the density of oil as 0.8250 at 15°C in vacuum. Find the mass of
oil loaded, ullage at load port and ullage during the voyage if temperature unexpectedly
rises to 45°C (Use ASTM tables)
Mass of oil loaded = 7203.673mt, ullage at load port = 3.670m, ullage during the voyage
if temperature unexpectedly rises to 45°C = 3.385m

Q15) In a tank of dimensions 22m x 16m x 12.5m, oil of density 0.8250 t/cum at 15°C, is
to be loaded at 36°C. A minimum ullage of 1.2 m is required to be maintained at all
times and maximum temp expected during the voyage is 44°C. If the ullage pipe
extends to 1 m above the deck, calculate the ullage of the oil at load port and the
quantity of oil loaded

Total ullage of the empty tank = 12.5 + 1.0 = 13.5 m

Minimum ullage required to be maintained at all times = 1.2m

Therefore, max sounding to be maintained = 13.5 – 1.2 = 12.3m

Volume of oil at max temp. of 44°C = 22 x 16 x 12.3 = 4329.6m3

VCF@ 44° C = 0.9754 (from table 54, density 0.825 t/m3 at 15° C in vac)
GSV = GOV x VCF = 4329.6 x 0.9754 = 4223.092 m3

Converting volume at 36°C (loading temp.)

VCF@ 36° C = 0.9822 (from table 54, density 0.8250 t/m3 at 15° C in vac)
GSV = GOV x VCF
Therefore, GOV@360° C = GSV / VCF@ 36° C

GOV@ 36° C = 4223.092/ 0.9822 = 4299.625 m3

Sounding of the tank at load port = GOV @ 36° C / Area = 4299.625 / 22 x 16 = 12.215 m
Ullage = 13.5 – 12.215 = 1.285 m

WCF = 0.8239 t/m3 (from table 56 OR 0.825 – 0.0011)

Wt air = GSV x WCF
Wt air = 4223.092 x 0.8239 = 3479.405 MT

Mass of oil loaded = 3479.405 mt, ullage at load port = 1.285 m

Q16) A tank measuring 30m x 20m x 20m is to be loaded at 30°C with oil of density
0.85 at 15°C (in vacuum). If the maximum temperature expected during the voyage is
40°C, and 2% of the tank volume is to be left for expansion at that temp. Find ullage of
the tank on completion of loading and amount of cargo loaded, if top of the ullage pipe
extends 0.6m above the tank top. (use ASTM tables)
Ullage on completion of loading = 1.159m, Amount of cargo loaded = 9783.403mt

Q17) A box shaped tank measuring 20m x 12m x 15m contains un-pumpable oil of 10
cum on arrival. Crude oil of density 0.85 at 15°C (in vacuum) is to be loaded. 2% of the
tank volume is to be left for expansion at all times. Loading temp. is 30°C and maximum
temp. expected during the voyage is 40°C. correction factor for density is 0.0006 /°C.
Find ullage of tank on completion of loading and amount of cargo loaded?
Using ASTM tables: ullage on completion 0.419m, Crude oil loaded 2926.701mt

This question can be solved with both ways either using ASTM tables OR using density
correction factor.

Using correction factor: ullage on completion 0.410m, Crude oil loaded 2933.660 mt

Q18) A box shaped cargo tank of length 25m x 20m x 15m (L x B x D) is to be loaded
ensuring 2% volume of tank is always left for expansion. Load port temp of the cargo is
25°C and maximum temp expected during the voyage is 35°C. Given the density of oil
at 15°C in vacuum is 0.8650t/cum, Find ullage on departure load port, weight of cargo in
air. Assume vessel on even keel and upright.
Ullage on departure load port = 0.414m, Weight of cargo in air = 6251.245mt

Q19) A tank measuring 21m x 16m x 16m has an ullage port extending 0.8m above the
top of the tank. It is to be loaded at 24°C with crude oil of density 0.820 at 15°C (in
vacuum. It is desired to leave 2% of the tank volume for expansion when maximum
temperature expected is 40°C. Calculate mass of oil loaded, ullage at load port. (use
ASTM tables)

Max ullage of empty tank = 16.0 + 0.8 = 16.8 m

Since min 2% of tank capacity to be left for expansion at max expected temp.

GOV at max temp of 40°C = 98% of tank capacity = 98% x 21 x 16 x 16 = 5268.48 m3

GOV@ 40° C = 5268.48 m3
VCF@ 40° C = 0.9785 (from table 54, density 0.820 t/m3 at 15° C in vac)
GSV = GOV x VCF = 5268.48 x 0.9785 = 5155.208 m3

Converting volume at 24°C (loading temp.)

VCF@ 24° C = 0.9923 (from table 54, density 0.820 t/m3 at 15° C in vac)
GSV = GOV x VCF
Therefore, GOV@24° C = GSV / VCF@ 24° C

GOV@ 24° C = 5155.208/ 0.9923 = 5195.211 m3

Sounding of the tank at load port = GOV@ 24° C / Area = 5195.211 / 21 x 16 = 15.462 m
Ullage = 16.8 – 15.462 = 1.338 m

WCF = 0.8189 t/m3 (from table 56 OR 0.82 – 0.0011)

Wt air = GSV x WCF
Wt air = 5155.208 x 0.8189 = 4221.600 MT

Ullage on departure load port = 1.338m, Weight of cargo in air = 4221.60mt

==================================================================

Q20) If 2437.28mt of gas oil were to be blended with 2437.28cum of diesel oil
(temperature 7°C) in a tank 29.2m x 19.3m x 12.15m (l x b x d) Estimate the ullage on
completion of blending from ullage port located 106 cm above the top of the tank. The
temperature after blending is expected to be 38.5°C. How much oil the tank will hold
after blending?
Gas oil density 0.8138t /cum at 15°C in vacuum and that of diesel oil is 0.8738 t/cum at
15°C in vacuum (Use ASTM tables)
Ullage on completion: 3.364 m, total quantity of oil tank will hold Wt air = 4577.269mt

Q21) In a box shaped cargo tank of dimensions 40m x 30m x 20m, cargo is loaded to
an ullage of 1.1 m at 25°C. Density of cargo at 15°C is 0.8250 t/cum. Find up to what
temperature this oil has to be heated so that the ullage will not fall below 1.0 m?
Cargo to be heated to 31.15°C to have an ullage of 1.0m

Q22) A ship has two identical tanks one on port and one on stbd side. Each measures
14m x 9.8m x 4.73m. Port side tank contains 163 mt of oil (Wt is in air) of density 0.8917
t/cum at 15°C in vacuum while the stbd side tank contains 263 cum of the same oil at
43°C.
Oil from stbd side tank is pumped to port side tank leaving only undrawable oil (4cum).
Find the total quantity of oil in port tank and final ullage if the temperature on completion
of transfer is 27°C.
Total oil in port tank = 388.891 mt
Final Ullage of port tank = 1,519 m

Q23) A ship has two identical box shaped tanks one on port and starboard side, each
measuring 12.9m x 9.83m x 17.89m. Both tanks are 93.4% full at 37°C with oil of
density 0.8771t/cum at 15°C in vacuum. Use ASTM tables and calculate the total
quantity of oil in these tanks.

==================================================================
Q24) A cylindrical storage tank ashore (dia 37.2m and height 15.11m) contains High
Speed Diesel (HSD) of RD 0.810 at 20°C. The ullage is 1.42m and the cargo temp. is
38°C. If half the contents of this tank are transferred to your ship’s box shaped tank,
measuring 28m x 19m x 15m, how many tons of oil have you received on board? What
ullage do you expect to measure in the tank, if the temp. remained same as 38°C?
(Density correction factor 0.0006/°C)
Ullage of the cylindrical shore tank = 1.42m
Therefore, sounding of the tank (h) = 15.11 – 1.42 = 13.69m
Volume of HSD in the shore tank = πr2h = 3.1416 x 18.6 x 18.6 x 13.69 = 14879.222m3

Half the volume of HSD transferred to ship tank = 14879.222/ 2 = 7439.611 m3

Since the temperature of oil remained same after transfer,

Volume of HSD in ship tank = 7439.611 m3
Sounding in the ship tank = volume of oil / area = 7439.611/ (28 x 19) = 13.984m
Ullage = 15.0 – 13.984 = 1.516m

R.D of oil at 20°C = 0.810

R.D. of oil at 38°C = 0.810 + (-18 x 0.0006) = 0.810 – 0.0108 = 0.7992
Weight of oil in ship tank = volume x R.D.@38°C = 7439.611 x 0.7992 = 5945.737mt
Ullage in ship tank = 1.516m, quantity received = 5945.737mt

Q25) A rectangular tank 20m x 15m x 10.6m is loaded to ullage of 3.2m with oil of RD
0.8502 at 34°C. Find minimum and maximum percentage of filling during the voyage if
the temp. changes between 20°C and 64°C. The ullage pipe extends 91cms above the
top of the tank. (Density correction factor 0.0009/°C)

Q26) A tank with constant surface area and 10m depth has a volume of 9000cbm. Oil of
R.D. 0.87 at 20°C is to be loaded at 18°C. It is required to ensure that a minimum ullage
of 0.22m is maintained during the voyage. If the maximum temp during the voyage is
expected to be 42°C and the correction factor for R.D. is 0.0006/°C. Find ullage after
loading and percentage of volume left in the tank after loading for expansion?

Volume of the tank = 9000 m3, depth = 10m

Area of the tank = 900m2

Minimum ullage required to be maintained a max temp = 0.22m

Sounding at ullage 0.22m = 9.78m
Volume = 900 x 9.78 = 8802.0 m3

R.D. at 20°C = 0.87

R.D. at 42°C = 0.87 + ( -22 x 0.0006) = 0.8568

Weight of oil in the tank = 8802.0 x 0.8568 = 7541.554mt

R.D. at 20°C = 0.87

R.D. at 18°C = 0.87 + (2 x 0.0006) = 0.8712

Volume of oil at 18°C = Weight / density = 7541.554 / 0.8712 = 8656.513 m3

Sounding at 18°C = 8656.513 / 900 = 9.618m
Ullage after loading = 10.0 – 9.618 = 0.382m

Volume left in the tank = 9000 – 8656.513 = 343.8 m3

OR
Volume left in the tank = 900 x 0.382 = 343.8 m3

Percentage volume left = 343.8 / 9000 x 100 = 3.82%

Q27) A vessel having a tank 18m x 14m x 9m is to load oil of R.D. 0.8236 at 15°C. The
ullage pipe is 0.8m above the top of the tank. The temp. of the cargo while loading is
14°C. On completion of loading the ullage was 1.66m. Find the quantity loaded. Find
ullage if during the voyage temp rises to 32°C. (Density correction factor 0.0009/°C)

Total depth of tank including ullage pipe = 9.0 + 0.8 = 9.8m

Ullage on completion of loading = 1.66m

Sounding = 9.8 – 1.66 = 8.14m
Therefore, volume of oil at 14°C = 18 x 14 x 8.14 = 2051.28 m3

Oil to load of R.D. 0.8236 at 15°C,

R. D. at 14°C = 0.8236 + (1 x 0.0009) = 0.8245
Quantity loaded / weight = 2051.28 x 0.8245 = 1691.280 t

Density when temp. rises to 32°C,

R.D. at 32°C = 0.8236 – (17 x 0.0009) – 0.8083

Volume of oil at 32°C = Wt / R.D. = 1691.280 / 0.8083 = 2092.391 m3

Sounding of tank = vol / area = 2092.391 / 18 x 14 = 8.303m
Ullage = 9.8 – 8.303 = 1.497m

Quantity loaded 1691.280 mt, Ullage at 32°C = 1.497m