Assignment 7-Non-Parametric Tests

Answer all questions (15 points)

1. In chapter 7, the Mann-Whitney and the Wilcoxon Rank-Sum tests were discussed.
From pages 216 to 218, read and summarize these two tests and show in detail
how to calculate them without SPSS (by hand).
Hint: Discuss and show how to calculate the two tests separately. I want you to
clearly show me that you understand what you read.
According to Field Mann-Whitney tests are tests that are used on two independent
samples when having the same distribution. While Wilcoxon Rank-Sum tests are very
similar but these tests look at the differences between two independent variables. 

When trying to calculate the Mann-Whitney tests The Genius Blog states to start with
stating the null and alternative hypothesis. Then count the number of observations from 1
to whatever number you have. Third calculate the rank sums by adding the groups with
themselves. For example, Men (1) = 5+91+33+41. Calculate the U statistics of the two
groups whatever is the smallest number of the two is what you use. Using the Mann-
Whitney table to check critical value. 

2. Read and summarize the Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test from page 223 to 225 and
show how to calculate it by hand without using SPSS.
Hint: I want you to clearly show me that you understand what you read.
Feild states that the Wilcoxon signed-rank test “is used where you want to compare two
sets of scores that are related in some way” (p.224). This test ranks the differences
between the scores in two conditions. To calculate the Wilcoxon Rank-Sum tests you first
combine data sets and rank them. Add the ranks together for each sample. Find the critical
value calculate the z test statistic to then finally state the conclusion of the hypothesis test.

3. As part of a project for their Intro Stat course, two students compared two brands of
chips; Frito Lays and Golden Flakes, to see which company gives you more for
your money. Five bags of each brand (which, according to the label, each contained
35.4 grams) were measured with a very accurate scale. Use the Wilcoxon Rank-
Sum test discussed in your textbook to see if there are any significant differences
between the two brands in the amount of product they put in their bags. Manually
analyze this data by hand and show clear step by step detail workings. Use a z
greater than 1.96 is significant at p < 0.05 to ascertain if there is a significant
difference or not (Hint on z score: page 217).
Frito Lays: 35.3 35.4 35.8 35.9 35.9
Golden Flakes: 35.3 37.8 38.8 38.1 42.5
 The null hypothesis is the distribution of the contents of the bags for the two brands.
While the alternative hypothesis is that Frio Loats gives you whether more or less chips
than Golden Flakes. The bags that contain 35.9 grams will receive a rank of 5.5. With
the p-value for the test being .1164, we conclude that there's not enough evidence to
prove a difference between the two brands of chips. If the assumptions for the normal-
based producer were satisfied we could analyze the data with a confidence interval for
u1-u2. It's not a good idea to use normal-based pride because the outlier violates the
assumption of normality. Kinds of data should be analyzed with non-parametric
producers that are normal, continuous, and rank. Given all necessary assumptions are
satisfied, which is more were at finding significant difference normal-based riders.
Since they take into consideration the shape of the distribution.

4. What makes non-parametric tests different from parametric tests (the tests we have
been discussing/using until now)? Explain in detail with examples. Write a full
paragraph to make this distinction. You will lose points if you provide only one or
two sentences (Hint: check textbook and D2L).

Parametric tests are used for interval and ratio data and Nonparametric tests are used for
ordinal and nominal data. Nonparametric tests are also called distribution-free tests
because they don't assume that your data follow a specific distribution. The difference
between parametric and nonparametric tests is that a parametric test makes assumptions
while nonparametric tests don't make assumptions. A nonparametric test is a hypothesis
test that does not require any specific conditions concerning the shapes of populations or
the values of population parameters, unlike parametric tests, which have such conditions.
Nonparametric tests are usually easier to perform than their corresponding parametric
test, but the nonparametric test is usually less efficient.

5. In what situations do we use nonparametric tests? Discuss it in detail with

Nonparametric tests are methods of statistical analysis that do not require a distribution to
meet the required assumptions to be analyzed especially if the data is not normally
distributed. These tests are used as an alternative method to parametric tests. They can
formulate hypotheses about the quantitative characteristics of a population, then, they can
be applied to quantitative data in nominal ordinal scales. Since assumptions regarding the
data distribution are in smaller numbers and weaker than parametric tests known as a
distribution-free test. Nonparametric tests are simpler and easier to apply. They can be
applied in a wide variety of situations because they do not require a strict premise
concerning the population, as parametric Methods do. Notably, non-parametric methods
do not require that the population have a normal distribution. These tests can be applied
to qualitative data.

Works Cited

Field, A. (2018). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics (5th ed.). SAGE
Publications.

How to perform Mann-Witney U Test (Step by step) - hypothesis testing. (2020, July 25).
The Genius Blog. Retrieved December 3, 2021, from
https://kindsonthegenius.com/blog/how-to-perform-mann-witney-u-teststep-by-step-
hypothesis-testing/