CHAPTER 5

DATA COMMUNICATION,
COMPUTER NETWORK and
the Internet
 Data Communication
 An electronic transmission of information that has
been encoded digitally for storage and processing
by computers.

 Data communications (DC) is the process of using

computing and communication technologies to
transfer data from one place to another, and vice
versa

 The media used to transmit may be guided or

unguided.
 Elements of Data Communication

 Four basic elements are needed for

any communication system.
 Source
 Medium
 Receiver
 Message
 Protocol
Sender
 The computer or device that is used for sending data is
called sender, source or transmitter. In modern digital
communication system, the source is usually a computer.
Receiver
 The device or computer that receives the data is called
receiver. The receiver can be a computer, printer or a fax
machine.

Transmission Medium
 The means through which data is sent from
one location to another is called transmission
medium.
 Wired transmission media
 Wireless transmission media
 Protocols
 Are rules under which data transmission takes
place between sender and receiver.
 The data communication follows some
communication protocols to communicate and
exchange data.
 Examples
 HTTP Hypertext Transfer Protocol
 FTP File Transfer Protocol
 DHCP---dynamic host configuration protocol
 DNS domain name system
Simplified Communications Model - Diagram
Modes of Data Communication
 The manner in which data is transmitted
from one location to another location is
called data transmission mode.
 There are three modes for transmitting
data from one location to another. These
are:
 Simplex
 Half duplex
 Full duplex
 Simplex
 In simplex mode, data is transmitted in only
one direction. A terminal can only send data
and cannot receive it or it can only receive data
but cannot send it. It is not possible to confirm
successful transmission of data in simplex
mode.
 Examples
 Speaker, radio and television broadcasting
 There is no return signal.

SENDER UNIDIRECTIONAL RECEIVER

Half Duplex
 In half duplex mode, data can be transmitted in
both directions but only in one direction at a
time.
 During any transmission, one is the transmitter
and the other is receiver. So each time for
sending or receiving data, direction of data
communication is reversed, this slows down
data transmission rate.
 In half duplex modes, transmission of data can
be confirmed.
BIDIRECTIONAL
SENDER/ RECEIVER RECEIVER/ SENDER
BIDIRECTIONAL
 Full Duplex
 In full mode, data can be transmitted in both
directions simultaneously. It is a faster mode for
transmitting data because no time wastes in
switching directions.
 Full Duplex Mode
 Example of full duplex is Computer network set in
which both the users can send and receive at the
same time.

SENDER/ RECEIVER BIDIRECTIONAL RECEIVER/ SENDER

 Simplex, Half Duplex & Full Duplex
Simplex Half Duplex Full Duplex
Cost Cheapest Expensive Most Expensive
communication
Data One way Two way one at Simultaneous
transmission a time transmission
Bandwidth Low Medium High
 Networking Hardware
 There are wide range of hardware systems used in a computer
network
 The major networking hardware are:
 Network Interface Card (NIC)
 Network Cable
 Hub
 Switch
 Router
 Proxy Server
 Bridge
 Firewall and
 Modem
 Computer Network
 A computer network is defined as the
interconnection of two or more
computers. It is done to enable the
computers to communicate and share
available resources.
 Networks increase efficiency and reduce
costs. Computer networks achieve these
goals in four primary ways:
 Why Netwok?
i. Sharing of Hardware resources
ii. Sharing of expensive software's and
database
iii. Communication from one computer to
another computer
iv. Exchange of data and information among
users via network
v. Sharing of information over geographically
wide areas.
 Sharing Programs/Software
 Application (software) sharing occurs when
several users at different locations run application
programs that are installed centrally in one
location (application server).
 Less disk storage-saves disk space
 When a new version of the software is released, it is
easier to update from the server than to updating
each computing device which greatly reduces
maintenance cost and time.
 Purchasing a software license for a network can be
less expensive than purchasing a single-user license
for every workstation.
 Sharing Hardware
 Computer networks enable us to share expensive
hardware resource among
 several computers. A typical example of shared resource is
 Printer
 Central Disk storage
 Advantages and Disadvantage
 Advantages Network
 Speed
 Cost
 Security
 Centralized Software Management
 Resource Sharing
 Electronic Mail
 Disadvantages Network
 Expensive to Install
 Requires Administrative Time
 File Server May Fail
 Cables May Break
 Classification of Networks
 Based on Geographical Location.
 LAN
 MAN and
 WAN
 BY ROLE OF COMPUTERS
 Peer-to-peer (P2P)
 Client/Server
 Based on Network Topology
 Physical Topology
 Logical Topology
 Based on Geographical Location

Local Area Network (LAN)

 A LAN covers a relatively small area such as a
classroom, school, or a single building.
 LANs are inexpensive to install and also provide
higher speeds.
 Based on Geographical Location
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN):
 A MAN spans the distance of a typical metropolitan
city.
 The cost of installation and operation is higher.
 MANs use high-speed connections such as fiber
optics to achieve higher speeds.
 Based on Geographical Location
Wide Area Network (WAN):
 WANs span a larger area than a single city.
 Uses long distance telecommunication
networks for connection, thereby increasing
the cost.
 The Internet is a good example of a WAN.
 Based on the role Computers
Peer-to-Peer (P2P)
 In peer to peer network each computer is responsible for
making its own resources available to other computers on
the network.
 Each computer is responsible for setting up and
maintaining its own security for these resources.
 Also each computer is responsible for accessing the
required network resources from peer to peer relationships.
 Peer to peer network is useful for a small network
containing less than 10 computers on a single LAN .
 In peer to peer network each computer can function as both
client and server.
 Peer to peer networks do not have a central control system.
There are no servers in peer networks.
Peer-to-Peer (P2P)
 Based on the role Computers
Client/Server Network
 The client–server network is a type of network that

partitions tasks or loads between client and Server

 Servers the providers of a service and

 Clients service requesters

 Specialized Servers
 Servers must perform varied and complex tasks.
Servers for large networks have become specialized to
accommodate the expanding needs of users. types of
servers included on many large networks.
 File Servers
 Print Servers
 Database Servers
 Application Servers
 Mail Servers
 Web Servers
 Proxy Server
Server
 A dedicated server is one that services the
network by storing data, applications,
resources, and also provides access to
resources required by the client.
 These servers can also control the network’s
security from one centralized location or
share it with other specially configured
servers.
Client
 Client computer takes the advantages of
powerful processing capabilities of both the
client and the server.
Example of client-server network
 Advantages of Client/Server network

▪ Facilitate resource sharing – centrally

administrate and control
▪ Facilitate system backup and improve
fault tolerance
▪ Enhance security – only administrator
can have access to Server
▪ Support more users – difficult to
achieve with peer-to-peer networks
Disadvantages of Client/Server network

 High cost for Servers

 Need expert to configure the network
 Introduce a single point of failure to
the system.
 Based on Network Topology

Topology refers to the way in which multiple

devices are interconnected via communication
links. There are two types of topology:
 Physical Topology
 Logical Topology
 Logical Topology
 Logical topology is bound to network protocols and
describe how data is moved across the network
 Some times called protocols.
 A protocol is a formal description of a set of
rules and conventions that govern how
devices on a network communicate.
 Connections to the Internet may use multiple
protocols. TCP/IP is a suite of protocols that
work together to transmit data.
 Application/Services
 Interprets the data and displays the information in
an understandable form is the last part of the
connection.
 Applications work with protocols to send and
receive data across the Internet.
 A web browser displays HTML as a web page.
 File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is used to download
files and programs from the Internet.
 Domain Name System (DNS): is used to translate
the IP address to that of Unified Resource
Locator
www.facebook.com (URL) to 31.13.86.16 (IP address)
 Physical Topologies
 Physical topology is the layout of wiring, cables, the
locations of nodes, and the interconnections between
the nodes and the cabling or wiring system between
them

 Four fundamental type of Physical topology:

 Bus
 Ring
 Star
 Mesh
 Hybrid/tree
.
Bus Topology
 A Bus topology consists of a single cable called a
bus connecting all nodes on a network without
intervening connectivity devices.
 Devices share responsibility for getting data from
one point to another
 Merits and Demerits of Bus Topology

 Merits
 Works well for small networks
 Relatively inexpensive to implement
 Easy to add to it
 Demerits
 Management costs can be high
 Potential for congestion with network traffic
 Terminators must be there at every end
 Not scalable
 Difficult to troubleshoot, not fault-tolerant
Ring Topology
 Ring topology
 Each node is connected to the two nearest nodes so
the entire network forms a circle
 One method for passing data on ring networks is
token passing
 Active topology
 Each workstation transmits data
 Merits and Demerits of Ring Topology
 Merits
 Easier to manage; easier to locate a defective node or cable
problem
 Well-suited for transmitting signals over long distances on a LAN
 Handles high-volume network traffic
 Enables reliable communication
 Equal access
 Demerits
 Expensive
 Requires more cable and network equipment at
the start
 Not used as widely as bus topology
 Fewer equipment options
 Fewer options for expansion to high-speed
communication
 Star
 Any single cable connects only two devices
 Cabling problems affect two nodes at most
 Requires more cabling than ring or bus
networks
 More fault-tolerant
 Easily moved, isolated, or interconnected with
other networks
 Scalable
 Every node on the network is connected through a
central device is called switch/hub
Merits and Demerits of Star Topology

 Merits
 Good option for modern networks
 Low startup costs
 Easy to manage
 Scalable
 Most popular topology in use
 wide variety of equipment available
 Demerits
 Switch/Hub is a single point of failure
 Requires more cable than the bus
Mesh Topology
 Not common on LANs
 Most often used in WANs to interconnect LANS
 Each node is connected to every other node
 Allows communication to continue in the event of a
break in any one connection
 Provides redundant paths through the new work
 Merits and Demerits of Star Topology
Merits
 Improves Fault Tolerance
Demerits
▪ The most Expensive
▪ Difficult to install
▪ Difficult to manage
▪ Difficult to troubleshoot
Hybrid Topology Types
Hybrid Physical Topologies:

Star-Ring topology Star-bus topology

Transmission Media
Transmission Media
 Two main categories:
 Guided ― wires, cables
 Unguided ― wireless transmission, e.g.
radio, microwave, infrared, Bluetooth …
 Guided/Wired media
 Twisted-Pair cables:
➢ Unshielded Twisted-Pair (UTP) cables
➢ Shielded Twisted-Pair (STP) cables
 Coaxial cables
 Fiber-optic cables
 Categories of UTP Cables
 Category 1 ― the lowest quality, only good for voice,
mainly found in very old buildings, not recommended
now
 Category 2 ― good for voice and low data rates (up to
4Mbps for low-speed token ring networks)
 Category 3 ― at least 3 twists per foot, for up to 10
Mbps (common in phone networks in residential
buildings)
 Category 4 ― up to 16 Mbps (mainly for token rings)
 Category 5 (or 5e) ― up to 100 Mbps (common for
networks targeted for high-speed data communications)
 Category 6 ― more twists than Cat 5, up to 1 Gbps
Type Distance Speed Cost Advantages Disadvantages

Easy to install; widely Susceptible to

100 m
10 Mbps to Least
UTP

available and widely interference; can cover

1000 Mbps expensive
used only a limited distance

More Reduced crosstalk; Difficult to work with;

100 m

10 Mbps to
STP

expensive more resistant to EMI can cover only a limited

100 Mbps
than UTP than Thinnet or UTP distance

Difficult to work with

10 km and above single 500 m (Thicknet)
2 km and farther multi 185 m (Thinnet)

Relatively (Thicknet); limited

inexpensive, Less susceptible to EMI bandwidth; limited
Coaxial

10 Mbps to
but more interference than other application (Thinnet);
100 Mbps
costly than types of copper media damage to cable can
UTP bring down entire
network

Cannot be tapped, so
security is better; can
100 Mb to 100
Fiber-Optic

be used over great

Gb single
distances; is not
mode Expensive Difficult to terminate
susceptible to EMI; has
100 Mbps to
a higher data rate than
9.92 Gb multi
coaxial and twisted-
pair cable
 INTERNET
 The internet is the global network of networks, which
interconnects thousands of computer systems and
millions of people around the world.
 It is a “network of networks” that consists of smaller
domestic, academic, business, and government
networks, which together carry various information and
services such as e-mail, online chat, file transfer and the
interlinked Web pages and other documents of the World
(WWW).
Internet
 When you connect your computer to the Internet via
your Internet Service Provider (ISP), you become part
of the ISPs network, which is connected to other
networks that make up the Internet
 the Internet is not a closely controlled by ‘single’
system, but an assemblage of independent networks
united by the common use of TCP/IP protocol.
 It grew out of an experiment begun in the 1960's by
the U.S. Department of Defense , ARPANET (The
Advanced Research Projects Agency Network)
Internet
 Internet
To connect to the Internet, the following are needed:
 Computer
 Telephone line (cable)
 Modem and/or router
 Switch or hub
 ISP (Internet Service Provider)
 Web browser, e.g., Internet Explorer, Mozilla
Firefox, Google Chrome, Safari, Opera, etc.
 Internet Connections
Dial-up Connection
 This provides connection to Internet through a
dial-up terminal connection. The computer,
which provides Internet access is known as
‘Host or server’ and the computer that receives
the access, is ‘Client’ or ‘Terminal’.
 The client computer uses modem to access a
"host" and acts as if it is a terminal directly
connected to that host.
 Internet Connections
Leased Connection
 It is the secure, dedicated and most expensive, level of
Internet connection.
 With leased connection, your computer is dedicatedly
and directly connected to the Internet using high-speed
transmission lines.
 It is on-line twenty-four hours a day, seven days a
week.
 Leased Internet connections are limited to large
corporations and universities who could afford the cost
 Internet Services
 Internet is best characterized by the services it provides. It
offers access to data in the form of text, graphics, sound,
software and also people through a variety of services and
tools for communication exchange.
 WWW
 E-mail
 FTP
 Internet Telephony
 Telnet
 RFC/Chat
WWW (World Wide Web)
 www is the most important service provided by
Internet.
 WWW is a set of sites that you can go for information.
 Links within WWW documents can take you quickly to
other related documents.
 The process of sharing common information of the
world by the help of the Internet services. It includes
education, health, games, chat, sport, news and others.
 It requires special software programs like Netscape,
Internet Explorer, AltaVista, Wikipedia or others. They
are called Web Browsers
 Tim Berners-Lee
 WWW is Developed in 1989 by Tim Berners-Lee of
the European Particle Physics Lab (CERN) in
Switzerland
 Father of W .W .W
 The inventor of HTML.
 Invented W W W while working at CERN, the
European Particle Physics Laboratory.

http://www.aau.edu.et
 Electronic Mail
 Email is the most frequently used application of the
Internet which this is used for sending a message
electronically over the internet, from the sender to
the receiver.
• To create, send, and receive e-mail messages, you
need an e-mail account and program on an Internet
mail server with a domain name.
E.g [email protected]
[email protected]
 File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
 Using FTP programs, we can upload or download files.
But to do this there should be an admission from the
remote computer.
 There are two computers involved in an FTP transfer: a
server and a client.
 The FTP server, running FTP server software, listens on
the network for connection requests from other
computers. The client computer, running FTP client
software, initiates a connection to the server
Internet Telephony (Voice over IP)
 Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) is a
methodology and group of technologies for the delivery
of Voice communications and Multimedia sessions
over Internet Protocol (IP) networks, such as the
Internet.
 Other terms commonly associated with VoIP are IP
telephony, Internet telephony.
 E.g. Skype,VIBER
Telnet (Remote Login)
 Telnet:- It is a program that allows you log in from your
own computer to a remote computer directly through the
Internet and you can work on that computer.
 The term "telnet" is a mashing together of "telephone"
and "network”
 For example, if I travelled abroad and had use of machine
with Internet access, I could use telnet to login to my
account on csserver at AAU provided I have an account on
the machine.
Internet Relay Chat-IRC
 Internet Relay Chat is one of the most popular and
most interactive services on the Internet.
 Using an IRC client (program) you can exchange
text messages interactively with other people all
over the world
 Computer Security
 Computer security, also known as cyber security or IT
security, is the protection of computer systems from the theft
or damage to the hardware, software or the information on
them, as well as from disruption or misdirection of the services
they provide.
 Security goals
▪ Data Confidentiality
▪ System Availability
▪ Data Integrity
 Security is thus based:
 Privacy, Trust, Authenticity, Integrity
 Computer Security …
 Why security???
 computer systems are vulnerable to many
threats
 Security Threats
 any person, act, or object that poses a danger to
computer security
 Human, Physical, Software
 Computer Security …
 Threats:
 Fraud and Theft
 Loss of Physical and Infrastructure Support
 Malicious Hackers
 Threats to Personal Privacy
 Denial of Service/DoS
 Malicious Code
 Viruses …
 Is a malicious program that invades a computer system
without the knowledge of the owner.
 Viruses:
 corrupt or destroy data
 increase file size
 format the hard disk
 degrade system performance
 manipulate the directory contents
 rename all files with different name
 Viruses …
 Many kinds of Viruses
 Multipartite
 Companion
 Macro
 Trojan horse
 Worms
 Boot sector/ MBR
 spyware
 Stealth
 Time/ Logic bomb
 Viruses …
 Viruses get transmitted:
 Removable storage devices
 Network
 Email
 Viruses …
 Protection:
 Backups/ Redundancy
 Encryption
 Isolate the Machine
 Installing an antivirus SW
 Installing a virus resistant operating systems
 Scanning removable devices before use
 Avoiding programs from unknown sources
 Disabling floppy disk booting
 Viruses …
 What do antiviruses do?
 Identification of known viruses
 Detection of suspected viruses
 Blocking of possible viruses
 Disinfection of infected objects
 Deletion and overwriting of infected objects
Viruses …
 Anti-viruses
 Norton Antivirus
 McAfee Antivirus
 AVG Antivirus
 Avira Antivirus
 Kaspersky Antivirus
…