HOME MANAGEMENT

STANDARD XII
The Coordination Committee formed by GR No. Abhyas - 2116/(Pra.Kra.43/16) SD - 4
Dated 25.04.2016 has given approval to prescribe this textbook in its meeting held on
30.01.2020 and it has been decided to implement it from academic year 2020-21.

STANDARD - XII

Maaharashtra State Bureau

u of Textbook Production and
Curricuulum Research, Punee - 4.

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Reprint : 2022 Research,, Pune - 411 004.
and CurriculumR
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Research reserves alla rights
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Home Management Subject Committee

Smt. Rekha Dinkar Pandit .................... Chairman
Smt. Madhuri Sanjeevv Ratnapaarakhi .... Member
Smt. Mamata Jayant D
Dalal .................... Member
Dr. Swati Ashok Mahhajan ..................... Member
Dr. Sadhana Sunil Pattil ......................... Invitee
Dr. Sadhana Hariharraao Umrikkar .......... Invitee
Dr
Dr. Sadanand M. Billur ......................... Member-Secretary

Cover and Illustration Print Order No.

Shri. Vivekanand Patil
Printer

Typesetting
Runa Graphics, Pune
Produc
d tion
i
Sachchitanand Aphale
Paper Chief Production Of
f cer
70 GSM Creamwove Prabhakar Parab
Production Of
f cer
Sh h k K
Shashank Kanikdale
ikd l
Co-ordinator Asst. Production Of
f cer
D S
Dr. Sadanand
d dM M. Bill
Billur
Special Of
f cer, Kannada
Publisher
Vivek Uttam Gosavi, Controller
Maharashtra State Textbook Bureau,
Asst. Special Of
f cer, Kannada Prabhadevi,
P bh d i M Mumbai
b i - 25
25.



 PREFACE

We have a profound sense of satisfaction and happiness in bringing out

this debut textbook for Home Management at 12th standard. As the subject has
been introduced at 12th standard, syllabus has been developed considering the
fundamental aspects and it aims at giving the recent knowledge of the subject.
In the era of industrialization, globalization and digitization, effective
management of resources is the crux of smooth, healthy and quality life. This
textbook covers fundamental concepts as well as recent trends in the eld of
home management. It also focuses on skill enhancement activities, environmental
protection and consumerism. Some topics help to be bene cial in entrepreneurship
development giving the opportunity for ‘earn and learn’.
We believe that the knowledge given in the textbook will open up spheres of
career opportunities and develop entrepreneurial skills in students.
Dear students and teachers, the book gives a number of colourful illustrations,
pictures, charts, graphs and smart art to create interest, enhance clarity in
understanding and improved visual appeal. The language is kept very simple for
easy understanding of the subject. Q.R. code is given on the rst page of the
textbook. You will enjoy the information given in the Q.R. code. At the end of the
book, bibliography along with website and glossary is provided. The draft of the
book was nalized by incorporating the suggestions given by the expert reviewers.
This book has been prepared by the special efforts of the home management
subject committee and invitee members, subject experts, quality reviewers and
artist. Bureau expressed heartfelt thanks to them.
The committee hopes that the students, teachers and parents enjoy handling
this textbook along with gaining a lot of knowledge.

(Vivek Gosavi)
Pune Director
Date : 21 February 2020 Mahharasht
htra State
t Bureau off Textb
tbookk
Production and Curriculum Research, Pune.
Bhartiya Saur : 2 Phalguna 1941
 Competency Statements
1. Family y To understand the definition and meaning of Family Income.
Income y To acquire knowledge of various types of family income.
y To learn about the sources of family income.
y To understand the ways of supplementing family income.
2. Money y To understand the meaning, importance and steps in preparing family budget.
Management y To understand the definition, importance and types of savings.
y To gain knowledge about the meaning and types of Investment.
y To learn the guidelines for investment.
y To understand the meaning and importance of account keeping.
y To get acquainted with the methods of account keeping.
y To know the methods of self evaluation for money management.
3. Time y To understand the concept, definition and classification of time.
Management y To understand the concept and definition of time management.
y To identify the characteristics of time as a resource.
y To get acquainted with the components of time management.
y To understand the importance of time management.
y To gain knowledge about the guidelines in time management.
4. Management y To understand the definition and concept of human energy.
of Human y To know the energy cost of household activities-Light, Moderate and Heavy.
Energy y To understand the meaning of fatigue
y To acquire knowledge about physiological and psychological types of fatigue.
y To understand the ways of reducing fatigue.
y To understand the application of management process to human energy.
5. Work y To understand the meaning and definition of work simplification.
Simplication y To understand the importance of work simplification.
y To gain knowledge of Mundel’s classes of change for work simplification.
y To understand the techniques of Work Simplification.
y To apply Mundel’s classes of change to various household tasks.
6. Consumer y To understand the meaning and definition of consumer.
Awareness y To develop ability to identify the responsibilities of a consumer
y To identify the various problems faced by consumers
y To know the rights of a consumer.
y To know the guidelines for wise purchase
y To identify the labels and certification marks while purchasing products.
y To understand consumer protection act 1986 and the redressal process.
7. Home y To gain knowledge about the elements of art.
Decoration y To understand the application of art elements to home decoration.
y To understand the principles of design.
y To understand the application of principles of design to home decoration.
8. Household y To understand the meaning and definition of household accessories.
Accessories y To know the functional and decorative accessories.
y To get acquainted with some important accessories for home decoration and the care
to be taken.
y To know the importance of accessories in home.
y To learn the guidelines in selection and placement of accessories.
9. Floor y To know the concept of Rangoli as floor decoration.
Decoration y To learn the importance of Rangoli decoration.
y To get acquainted with the materials used for Rangoli.
y To understand the types of Rangoli.
10. Household y To understand the concept of lighting.
Lighting y To know the sources of lighting.
y To understand the principles of lighting.
y To learn the types and methods of lighting.
 For Teachers
Home management is a process of managing the home effectively to achieve good health,
happiness and satisfaction of the family members. To achieve this objective, it is necessary
that each individual has the knowledge of principles and practices of management process.
The subject is being introduced at 12th standard and the present textbook is the debut
textbook at standard 12th. The textbook aims at giving scienti c knowledge of management
of family resources and their application in home environment. This text book is focused
on understanding the concept and application of management of family resources such as
family income, money, time and energy. It also deals with work simpli cation, consumer
awareness, home decoration, home accessories, oor decoration and household lighting.
An effort in giving knowledge regarding the recent concepts and their application in
management of family resources as well as allied subject matter was aimed at while writing
this book. Money management includes latest techniques in digital transactions and e-banking
processes. Time management covers components of time management for effective utilization
of available time. Similarly, new trends in Rangoli design have been incorporated for the
purpose of developing entrepreneurship skills. Household lighting aims at use of LED and
CFL lighting xtures, solar lighting system to create awareness regarding conservation of
energy.
The topics like home decoration, household accessories and oor decoration would help
the students to develop an aptitude in interior decoration and increasing the aesthetic value
of a home.
The sub units have been planned to cope up with the ever-increasing demands on the
important resources, to bring in ease and comfort in daily chores, need for creating consumer
awareness, to face the problems of space crunch and becoming friendly with technological
advancements.
This text book includes interesting information and suitable illustrations to achieve the
above said purposes. The gures, pictures, charts, graphs, smart art and photographs will
help the students to understand the subject clearly. Book also includes description of related
activities to maintain uniformity in conducting them. Topics for project or assignment are
suggested at the end of each unit. Teachers can alot any one topic suggested or any topic
related to the unit to student for said purpose. Considering the advancement in technology, QR
code is introduced to give more and recent information to the students. This new format of
the text book is activity based and emphasizes on related activities and practical experiences.
It is expected that the teachers give exposure to the students for hands on experience and
use of technology for skill development.
The structure of this text book will expose the students to newer elds of knowledge.
In present scenario the knowledge of this subject at 12th will open up career opportunities
and develop entrepreneurial skills in students.
We believe that the teachers and parents would receive this book with full support.
CONTENTS
Page
Unit No.
No.

1. Family Incomee 1

2. Money Management 7

3. Time Managemen
nt 21

4. Management of Human Energy 31

5. Worrk Simplication 41

6. Consumer Awareness 52

7. Home Decoration 64

8. Household Accessories 83

9. Floor Decoration 94

10. Household Lighting 104

 1. FAMILY INCOME

1.1 De
nition of Family Income
1.2 Types of Family Income
1.3 Sources of Family Income
1.4 Supplementing Family Income

Let’s Discuss :
What is Family Income ?

Meaning of family income is not limited to like knowledge, energy and skills, services of
money income, only. Family income includes durable goods owned by family as well as the
money, material goods and services available advantages one receives from resources of the
to family and also the satisfaction gained by community.
its utilization. Various sources such as salary
Understand the Types of Income :
of the family member, income from land or
immovable property owned by the family,
1.2 Types of Family Income :
scholarships, gifts and income through virtues
and skills, like expertise in singing, painting, Family income is divided into following three
cooking, event management etc. are the sources types :
of family income. Even money saved through 1. Money income
kitchen garden, use of skills of family members 2. Real income
is part of family income. 3. Psychic income
1.1 Denition and Meaning of Family 1. Money Income : Money income is in the
Income : form of currency like coins and notes,
Denition : bank drafts or cheques. Every country has
y According to Nickell and Dorsey - “Family c currency. For example, ‘Rupee’
its speci
Income is the stream of money, goods, is the currency of India. Because of the
services and satisfactions that come under purchasing power of money on various
the control of the family, to be used by goods, services and other items, the said
them to satisfy needs and desires and to can be considered as an important non-
discharge obligations”. human resource. Income in terms of money
y Gross and Crandall have de ned family is usually received in the form of wages,
income, as “
ow of money earned by the salary, rent, interest, dividend or pro
t.
family, goods and services received or Money income is important to every
created and satisfaction received by the individual, as :
family members during a speci c time y It is a medium of exchange
period.” y It measures the value or worth of a
Thus, it is clear that income includes not commodity or service
only money in cash but also other resources
1
 y It is a tool to measure the standard of 1.3 Sources of family income :
living of individual, families as well as Various sources of family income are as
a society. under :
2. Real Income : De ned as, “a ow of 1. Salary : Monthly income earned from
commodities and services available to government, semi-government or private job
family over a given period”. It includes is a monthly salary of the individual,which
residential accommodation, goods and depends upon the type of job, educational
services, etc. and human resources like qualications and experience. In a private
energy, knowledge, skills, virtues and job, salary amount and amount of increment
abilities of family members. Real income is not always xed. Salary is considered as
can be divided into two groups- a regular and xed source of income.
a) Direct Real Income : Material goods and 2. Wages : Payment for any intellectual or
services available to the family without physical work is called wages. It means
paying money are known as direct real xed monetary returns on specic jobs.
income. It includes ancestral property While xing the wages importance is given
available to family, community services to production, working hours and types of
provided by the Government like street work. This source of income cannot be
lighting, transportation facilities and considered as a xed source of income.
public parks, etc. It also includes overall
services rendered by family members to
each other.
Sala
Sa l ry
b) Indirect Real Income : Indirect real F miily
Fa
income means material goods and W lfarre
We Wages
services available to the family by Paym
Pa y ennt
spending money or through some other Sources
type of exchange. Any type of paid help Prot
Pr  of Family P nsion
Pe n
and services are included in indirect real
Income
income. For example, maid servants, paid
education, paid hospital facilities etc.
H usee
Ho
3. Psychic Income : Satisfaction derived Dividend
Di d
Rent
from consumption of material goods and Interest
money income is called psychic income. It
is dif
fcult to measure but one can perceive
it. One may have enough money income Fig. 1.1 Sources of Family Income
or real income or both but a person may 3. Pension : Pension is the money that is
not necessarily have psychic income. paid regularly by government, management
If both types of income are utilised wisely or company to an individual who has
and the needs of family members are stopped working because of old age which
fullled according to their priorities, said can be termed as retirement. Retirement is
income can be earned. unavoidable to an individual in any type
Do you know : of job. The period of the service always
Sources of family income : depends upon the age of the person.

2
 Retirement age differs according to the type excluding his salary as family welfare
of job. In general, pension is calculated with payment. Facilities provided and amount
reference to average of the basic pay drawn depends on type of job and seniority of the
during last ten months of service. This is a employee. Usually, nancial facilities such
good source of income after retirement. as medical allowance, transfer allowance,
4. House Rent : A house owner receives some recreation fund, house rent and city allowance
amount per month from the tenant which is are provided under family welfare payment.
called house rent. House rent denitely
 is a Let’s Discuss :
xed source of income. It provides nancial

aid. House rent depends on the locality, area 1.4 Supplementing Family Income :
and facilities provided within the house. There are two ways of supplementing family
5. Interest : It is an important source of income :
income. From the amount of money a. By increasing family income
deposited in a bank, post of fce or in any b. By cutting down expenditure
other saving scheme, some income on a. Increasing family income : Money
capital is earned. This is known as interest. income and real income of family can be
The rate of interest varies with the period supplemented through proper utilization of
of deposit. If the period of depositing the human resources like knowledge, skills,
amount is longer, the rate of interest is more. ability, capacity, and time. Additional efforts
If interest is calculated in compound way, of family members play an important role
nancial benets are more to the depositor. in supplementing family income.
6. Dividend : If a person purchases shares Family Income can be supplemented by
from a particular company, he/she can get following means :
some amount from companies pro t as 1. Home scale and small-scale industry :
dividend. The dividend received, depends Small-scale or cottage industry can be
on pro
t of the company as well as number started by any family or individual, who
of shares a person possesses. has entrepreneurial skills. Such industry
7. Prot : Running a business requires money. supplements family income. Head of
If a person receives some amount from the family or any other member of the
his business and if it is more than the family can help in these activities. For
amount he/she has invested and spent, the example, cookery unit, food preservation,
additional amount can be considered as net knitting sweaters, apparel construction,
prot. Net prot is the real pro
t as it is embroidery, crochet work, DTP, screen
real 
nancial gain of the person. Net prot printing, boutique, beauty parlor etc.
differs according to the type of business. Now a day small hotels are very popular
Some businesses require more capital and to supply meals to the working people.
more physical work as compared to others. Some small-scale industries like soap
While selecting the business this should be making, oil extraction, jewellery making,
considered. candle making, spinning cotton and
8. Family Welfare Payment : A person in silk yarn etc. can also be undertaken.
government, semi-government or private Government also provides nancial help
institution receives some extra amount, to such type of small-scale industries.

3
2. Part-time job : Any member of the two rooms can be rented out, if the house
family can supplement income by is bigger than required for the family.
taking up part-time jobs. In part-time This rent will supplement the family
job one has to work for few xed hours income.
and is paid accordingly. For example, 7. Proper saving and investment : An
undertaking the typing work in some individual must save some money for
of
fce, maintaining accounts in some nancial security and to meet incidental
factory or shop, etc. In big cities, call expenses likely to occur in future. Likewise,
centres are coming up where students can saving can be invested in certain schemes,
get employment along with their studies. which pays more enhanced amounts and
Children, college students too, can earn returns by which some monthly income
their pocket money by taking up summer can be assured and gained.
jobs during vacations.
Ways of Supplementing Family Income
3. Tuition or hobby classes : An educated
family member can earn money by taking
Incresing family Cutting down
tuitions in his/her spare time. Some income expenditure
students studying for higher education
Home scale Judicious and
can take tuitions to meet their expenses economical
and small-scale
for education. Hobby classes are another industry spending
popular area for generating additional Appropriate
Part-time job
income. spending

4. Preservation and storage of food : An Tuition/hobby Curtailment in

classes Expenditure
individual can save time and money by
purchasing cereals, spices etc. which are Preservation and Services of family
storage of food members
available at much lower rates and in bulk
during the season, for the whole year. Kitchen
gardening
Fruits and vegetables can be preserved
when these are easily available at cheaper Proper use
rates which can be used for preparation of material
resources
of pickles, chutney, jams, squash, etc.
and preserves vegetables by drying. Proper saving
and
5. Kitchen gardening : Seasonal eatables investment
can be grown in the courtyard or terrace
Fig. 1.2 Ways of Supplementing Family Income
of house by taking a little effort. Seasonal
fruits and vegetables like lemon, guava, b) Cutting down expenditure :
papaya, mango, etc. can be obtained by Expenditure can be reduced by proper
planting these trees. Additional money can management of income and proper use of
be earned by selling surplus vegetables available resources.
and fruits in the market.
1. Judicious and economical spending
6. Proper use of material resources : can be helpful in cutting down expenses.
Available excessive material resources At the rst place money must be spent
can be used for earning money. One or on priorities and necessities and then
4
 on comforts and luxuries, for example, services. Money on magazines can be
instead of having lunch in hotel and saved by borrowing them from a nearby
restaurant one can have packed lunch, public library. Making use of government
prefer food at home, avoid frequent hospitals, school, colleges etc. also help
weekends and sharing of vehicle at in saving money.
workplace. One should make purchases 4. Services of family members also help
after comparing rates at various shops. in cutting down the expenditure. For
2. Appropriate spending also leads to example, if some one knows stitching,
cutting down the expenditure. Instead he/she may stitch cloths at home and can
of purchasing expensive items, one can save the stitching charges.
always go for less expensive substitutes. Similarly, coaching children at home,
For example, one may buy seasonal fruits xing an electric fan or repairing of electric
and vegetables which are cheaper. One appliances by some family members can
can reduce expenses by making purchases save money. Economic crises can be
from wholesale or government shop. avoided by doing household jobs by the
3. Expenditure can be curtailed by members of the family according to their
making use of government facilities and work ef
fciency.

Can You Recall?

y Family income may be de ned as money increasing family income and cutting down
earned or purchasing power of family expenditure.
members during a speci c period of time y Increasing family income - home scale and
plus the goods and services received or small-scale industry, part-time job, tuition/
created in that time by the family. hobby classes, preservation and storage
y Family income is divided into three types- of food, kitchen gardening, proper use
money income, real income and psychic of material resources, proper saving and
income. investment.
y Sources of family income- salary, wages, y Cutting down expenditure - judicious and
pension, house rent, interest, dividend, pro
t economical spending, appropriate spending,
family welfare payment. expenditure can be curtailed, and services of
y Supplementing family income - there are family members also help in cutting down
two ways of supplementing family income: the expenditure.

5
 Exercises

yObjective questions : 4. House rent is not a xed source of

1) Multiple choice questions : income.
1. In family income __________ _ is 3) Short answer questions :
considered as regular and xed source 1. Complete the chart :
of income.
a) share b) dividend
c) salary d) interest
2. Amount received by home-owner from
Types of income
tenant is termed as __________
a) home loan b) home income
c) house rent d) real income 2. Complete the diagram :
3. Material goods and services available
to the family without paying money is Real Income 
known as __________ _ income.
3. How kitchen gardening helps to increase
a) money income b) real income family income ?
c) direct income d) indirect income 4. Give difference between : Real income
4. The __________ _ is received on prot of and Psychic income.
the company as well as number of shares 4) Long answer questions :
a person possesses. 1. Discuss various ways of supplementing
a) salary b) dividend family income.
c) interest d) pension 2. Give classi
cation of family income.
2) Identify whether the following statements Projects / Assignment :
are true or false :
1. Identify other supplementary sources of
1. Money is a human resource. your family income and write a report.
2. Payment for any intellectual or physical 2. Visit any home scale industry in your
work is called wages. society and write a report on, how it
3. The sense of satisfaction which family supplements family income.
members derive through use of goods
and services is called real income.

•••

6
 2. MONEY MANAGEMENT

2.1 Family Budget

2.2 Saving and Investment
2.3 Account Keeping
2.4 Evaluation of Money Management

Let’s Discuss :

In previous unit we studied about family Family budget is a guide to realistic

income. Every family does not possess same spending which is aimed at avoiding over
income, hence planning of family income is expenditure.
necessary. Planning of money means balancing
Remember this :
expenditure and saving in accordance with
income, For example, budgeting. Hence in this Importance of family Budget :
unit we will study about money management. Following are the importance of family
2.1 Family Budget budget :
Making family budget is the planning step z Planning enables family to take an
of money management. Budgeting involves overview of the use of income. It is a
understanding how much money a family valuable means of comparing various
earns and spends over a period of time. items.
Budget is making a plan for spending and
z As it is a plan of money expenditure,
saving money. It is a basic necessity of every
it helps in ful
lling wants and desires
l the basic needs of family
family to ful
of the family. It also helps in ful
lling
members, as it is an important measure of
future wants.
economic stability and wellbeing.
z Budget facilitates adjusting irregular
Denition and Meaning : income to regular expenditure.
Morgan de nes budget as, “Budget is a z Budget encourages conscious decision
plan for future expenditure.” making which is bene cial for the
Mann states that, “It is a good guide for ful
lment of long term goals.
family spending.” z Budget helps one to live within one’s
According to Tolstrup, “It is a plan in order income.
to give every member of the family the z Budget can develop good purchasing
utmost satisfaction from the money spent.”
skill and better consumerism.
A budget is much more than a plan for the z Budget gives a clear picture of various
use of money. It actually helps families items of expenditure which reduces
to see how they can use their income to unnecessary expenditure. It automatically
attain those needs which they consider most saves more money.
important.
7
 z Adjustments arising from increase or 2) Estimate the cost of desired items : After
decrease in family size and income are making the list of commodities and services,
more easily accomplished when the it is very essential to estimate the cost of
family operates on budget. desired items. Knowledge of market rates is
z Economists and researchers in political very important in this respect. Experienced
science examine family budget as an homemakers are aware about this. While
index of cost of living of the family. estimating the cost, probable rise in prices
z While making family budget, if matured should be added to previous market rates.
children are allowed to participate, it has Gathering information of market rates of
special signicance. It provides good various commodities should be shouldered
training to children. to members of the family according to their
z Many of the household con
icts are due interests. After estimating cost of different
to unsuccessful nancial management. items of expenditure, total expenditure
Budget helps in avoiding such type of should be calculated. This task may be
con
icts. tiresome, but it is very essential for the
z It is possible to plan for entertainment, success of the budget.
comforts, luxuries, functions and savings 3) Estimate the total expected income : In
from extra money. this step, total monetary income of the
family is calculated. It is usually seen
Do you know ?
that judgement of expected income is not
What are the different steps in making budget ? done properly, which affects planning of
z Steps of preparing Family Budget : expenditure on different items. Hence,
Budget of a family should be realistic. accurate estimation of expected income is
To make family budget systematically, needed. While estimating xed income, take
certain steps need to be followed. Careful home-salary of the earning members should
preparation of budget is important to avoid be considered. If house rent is a source of
omission of any steps in budgeting. These income, house-tax should be deducted, and
steps are as follows; remaining amount should be considered as
1) List the commodities and services needed : income. Planning should be done in such a
The rst step is to make list of commodities way that primary wants are satis
ed through
and services needed by the family members xed income.
during the proposed period of budget. In Gifts, dividend, bonus, royalty, payment
order to cover all types of wants, it is for extra work and income from side business
categorised into individual wants and should not be grouped under xed income.
common wants. While making the family As this income is not certain, family should
budget, it should be observed that common not depend on this income for ful lment of
wants must be ful lled. List of individual primary wants.
wants should be prepared according to the
4) Balance the expected income and expected
necessity. To nalize this list, there should
expenditure : The success of budget depends
be a family meeting and informal discussion.
on responsibility with which this step is
This will give psychological satisfaction to
each member and budget will be successful. followed. There are two main reasons which

8
 are responsible for imbalanced budget. A family budget must satisfy primary and
They are : secondary needs of the family, otherwise
a) Inadequate income. members of the family will be dissatis ed.
b) More expenditure. A budget must have some provision for
unexpected expenditure. A exible budget
a) Inadequate income : The way to
has more practical use. If budget is prepared
overcome imbalanced budget is to
according to the long term goals of the
increase money income. Homemakers and
family, its practical value for the family
other members of the family can extend
is increased. Therefore, the best budget is
valuable co-operation in this respect. If
where income and expenditure is balanced.
homemaker is employed or engaged in
gainful work, it adds to the income. Now
EXPENSES
days to get a job is very dif
fcult but there
are various self-employment opportunities. IO
N
AT
A homemaker can select any occupation SITU
D
according to her choice. While selecting BA
INCOME
any work, job or self-employment, a
homemaker must be careful about her
household responsibilities and she should
be condent that her engagement will not INCOME
affect the happiness and satisfaction of N
IO
family members. Skill of family members AT
SITU
can be utilised in income generating EAL
ID
production, which will help in increasing EXPENSES
money income.
b) More Expenditure : By reducing the
expenditure, balance of income can be
achieved. To reduce the expenditure one
EX
ME

should consider following points : P'E

CO

BALANCED SITUATION NS
IN

i) The comparative market survey for ES

quality and cost of items will help the

family to reduce the expenditure.
ii) Avoid the purchase of items which Fig. 2.1 Allocation of income and expenditure
are less important. This can help in 2.2 Savings and Investment
balancing of budget. Saving and investments are the important
iii) Family members can utilise the skill components of nancial management of the
of stitching or knitting, ironing clothes, family.
repairing household appliances at home, A) Savings :
etc. This will help to save the extra According to economists, “saving is a
amount of expenditure on paid services. planned remaining amount after deducting
5) Check the plan : Success of the budget expenses from income. Saving is the
depends on its practical use. This includes abstinence from present consumption for
checking the prepared plan for reality. the sake of future consumption”
9
 Savings are made for future and unexpected savings. Expenses of medical aid also
needs and nancial security whereas increase according to advancement in
investments mean placing the family funds age. If saving is well planned, a person
in such a way that assuring the security need not be dependent on anybody even
of principal and receiving the maximum in his or her old age.
nancial benet. Generally the amount, ¾ Future use : Saving is putting aside
which remains after deducting total
money for future use. Though future
expenses from one’s income, is considered
is uncertain we can plan for the same.
as saving of the family. The money saved
To make our future life satisfying and
from today’s income can be used to ful l
independent savings are essential. Some
future needs which can either be planned
saving schemes are such that they
or unplanned. Savings are the result of
help the person to use the saving after
careful planning. Thus saving should form
an important component of a family budget. stipulated period with nancial benets
like, xed deposit scheme in banks.
Always remember :
¾ Provision for occasional expenses : Some
z Importance of savings : A person saves occasional expenses require large amount
money for so many reasons, some of of money like marriage ceremony, higher
which are foreseeable, while others are not. education of children, etc. For this, some
Importance of savings is as follows : special saving schemes are introduced
¾ It minimizes economic insecurity : for the benet of people. These long-
Main objective of saving is to bring term schemes of saving, thus help in
nancial security. Retirement of head of occasional expenses.
the family, closure of business or losing a
¾ Socio-economic status : A person
job suddenly reduces the family income.
having large amount of saving account
Saving can help the family under such
automatically gets status in society,
circumstances. Irrespective of such
because people think that they can get
circumstances the demands of the family
nancial help from such a person in time
members must be ful lled and savings are
useful for the same. Economic insecurity of dif
fculties. To gain such status people
causes nancial worries and this leads to try to have more savings.
mental tension. Savings help us to avoid ¾ Source of income : Different saving
such tension. schemes bene t the people by paying
¾ Helps in physical disability : Physical interest. If the amount is xed in a bank,
inability can be caused by sudden illness rate of interest is more. Thus, one can
or accident. This may lead to loss of earn income on savings.
pay or earning due to absence at work. ¾ To maintain standard of living : Every
Saving help the person to take medical family has particular standard of living,
help, which is a costly matter now a days. which is mainly decided by economic
Household expenses are possible with status. Savings are useful to maintain
the help of saving under such conditions. standard of living during the period of
¾ Provision for old age : In some private crisis.
jobs pension scheme is not applicable. ¾ Source of getting loan : A person may
Such people have to depend on the require loan for various purpose. Loan
10
 is always sanctioned to a person from 1) Compulsory Saving Schemes : Savings,
whom repayment is possible. A person which are inevitable, are called as
having saving in the form of xed deposit compulsory savings. Person as a part of
in a bank can get loan on it. rules and regulations of the institute has to
¾ Major purchases : It is not possible make certain compulsory contribution from
for everybody to make major purchases salary.
instantly. Proper planning can help to
Following are the two types of compulsory
save the amount required for purchasing.
savings :
Middle class families can use this method
for costly purchase. a. General Provident Fund : This scheme
¾ Love for off springs : This is a natural is provided for government servants. A
emotion and so provision is made person completing one year of government
for nancial responsibilities regarding job, has to enrol himself in this scheme.
children. Some parents plan their saving This is compulsory for permanent as well
for satisfaction and make secured life as temporary employees. Every employee
of their children. For example, building has to contribute minimum of 10% of his
house. basic pay or voluntarily more towards this
¾ Good Habit : Saving is a good habit. fund. The government pays compound
Person belonging to each income group can interest. The rate of interest uctuates
develop this habit. Once it is developed, from time to time. After completion of
it will endure because of the benets. service period accumulated fund plus
z Types of Savings : interest is paid to the employee. Loan
facility is provided for some common
Types of occasions. Non-refundable loan can be
savings granted after completion of minimum
10 years of continuous service.
Compulsory Voluntary saving b. Contributory Provident Fund : This
saving schemes schemes
scheme is bene cial for government,
semi-government and private employees.
General Employees contribute some percent (as
provident fund Bank
per regulation) of their basic salary
towards provident fund compulsorily.
Contributory
Employer contributes the amount,
Post of
fce
provident fund which is equal to the contribution of
the employee. Employee gets the total
fund accumulated after particular year or
Public
provident fund after retirement. Employee and employer
cannot misuse this fund because of legal
obligations. Nominated person gets the
Life insurance
amount of provident fund in case of an
scheme
unfortunate death of the employee.
Fig. 2.2 Types of Savings
11
2. Voluntary Saving Schemes : When the
selection of amount and type of saving
scheme totally depend on the depositor,
saving can be called as voluntary savings.
A person interested in saving is free to
choose the saving institution and amount
of savings.
a. Banks : A bank does business by taking
charge of people’s money and lending
it to those who need it. The bank pays
interest on the money it collects which
are called ‘deposits’. It charges interest Fig. 2.3 Passbook
on the money it gives called ‘loans’.
z Cheque Book : It is to be used for
Do you know ? withdrawing money from the bank.
How to open a Saving Accounts in a Bank?

A request for opening a saving account

will have to be made on the prescribed
form of the bank. Besides giving the
relevant particulars, a person will
need to furnish the specimen of their
signature and copies of two passport
size photographs. Person will need to be Fig. 2.4 Cheque Book
introduced to the bank by a respectable
z Credit Card : Most banks provide
party, i.e. a customer, an employee of
credit card facility to their customers.
the bank or some other well -known
This card can be used for purchase
person. The account may be opened of goods and services from selected
by a single person or jointly by two or outlets authorised by the bank. It is also
more persons. Either of the persons can known as plastic money. The amount of
operate the account. A nominee’s name credit a customer can avail of is limited
has to be mentioned. Savings account can as agreed upon at the time of issue of
be opened by depositing certain amount the credit card. One can also withdraw
according to bank rule. Nominee is a money using a credit card throughout
person who would get the saved money an automated teller machine (ATM). At
in case the account holder dies. This the end of every month you receive a
way the bank satises itself about your statement of the total credit availed
integrity and nancial standing. After by you. You have to repay the whole
amount or part of it as mentioned in
this, the bank will accept your deposit
the statement. A high rate of interest
and give the following facilities :
is charged on the outstanding balance;
z Pass book : It serves as a copy of your therefore, you should be careful in
account in the books of the bank. using a credit card.

12
z Debit Card : This card is similar to z Loans : Today nancial institution
credit card except in the following provide loans for many purposes like
terms : personal use, education, purchase of
™ This card is issued against your a house, vehicle, household durables,
savings bank account. maintenance and repairs of house;
setting up own business, etc. The
™ As you make a payment using this
interest charged by these institutions
card, the money is automatically varies according to the purpose,
debited from your account. amount, repayment period and type of
™ In this manner you use your money institution (government and private).
instead of taking credit from the These loans can be repaid easily in
bank. monthly instalment. To avail of these
loans you need to provide either a
guarantor and or a bond and or security
in the form of x deposit, property or
jewellery etc.
z E-Banking : These days the internet
provides you the following services at
the press of the button.
™ To know the balance, application
Fig. 2.5 Debit Card
for check book or draft, credit card
z ATM : Using a credit or a debit card, payments etc
you can withdraw money from an ™ Utilization of telemarketing facility
ATM at any time of the day or at night to purchase goods or to avail
(24 Hours services). These are located services.
in various places like a bank building, ™ Purchasing railway and air tickets.
shopping complex, a residential area or ™ Payment of telephone, electric bills
railway/ bus terminal etc. Thus cash is etc.
available even beyond the bank hours.
™ This saves your time while making
In the case of a debit card, a person
trips to the bank and other places.
withdraw his or her own money for
which no interest is charged.

Sh
Share
h M k t
Market Bill Payment
y
24/7 Bankingg

Online
i Shopi
S ping
Internet banking On
nli
nline
l b ki
banking
ki

Fig. 2.6 ATM Card

Insurancee
Ticket Booking
E Wallet
Fig. 2.7 E-Banking
13
Types of Saving Schemes of Banks :
z Saving Account
z Current Account
z Fixed Deposits
z Recurring deposits
z Pigmy Account
Fig. 2.8 Logo of BHIM-UPI
Know this : RTGS : (Real Time Gross Settlement)
What is UPI ? : is an electronic payment system that allow
individuals to transfer funds between banks. It
Unied Payments Interface (UPI) is an
is applicable only for money transfer within the
instant real-time payment system developed
country. It is one of the fastest interbank money
by National Payments Corporation of India transfer facility available through banking
facilitating inter-bank transactions. The channels in India. The bene ciary bank has to
interface is regulated by the Reserve Bank credit the recipients account within 30 minutes
of India and works by instantly transferring of receiving the funds transfer message. It is
funds between two bank accounts on a mobile mostly meant for large transactions.
platform. This mobile banking interface has
NEFT : (National Electronic Funds
been facilitating and integrating safe and swift Transfer) is operates on a deferred settlement
cashless transactions. UPI is operated through basis. Fund transfer under NEFT is settled in
Immediate Payment Service (IMPS). You can batches as opposed to the real-time settlement
instantly transfer amount without having to wait process in RTGS. The batches are settled in
for queue clearance like in NEFT.UPI is simple hourly time slots. Customers having savings or
to use. current account are eligible to avail NEFT or
Do you know ? : BHIM, RTGS, NEFT RTGS service. Individuals who do not have a
bank account can also deposit cash at the NEFT-
BHIM : (Bharat Interface for Money) is a enabled branches. NEFT takes time to transfer
mobile payment App developed by the National money and some amount is charged for the
Payments Corporation of India (NPCI) based on process.
the Uni
ed Payments Interface (UPI). The app is Internet is my friend :
named after Dr. B.R. Ambedkar and launched on
What is Digital Wallet ?
30th December 2016, it is intended to facilitate
e-payments directly through banks as a part Digital Wallet : Individual can store money
of the 2016 Indian bank note demonetization in digital wallet and use it for utility purposes
and drive towards cashless transactions. BHIM like recharge, bill, toll, for payment at shop by
allow users to send or receive money to or UPI scanning QR code for example - paytm
payment addresses, or to non-UPI based account Internet is my friend :
by scanning a QR code with account number and Find out, information of various digital
IFSC code or MMID (Mobile Money Identi er wallets.
Code).By BHIM a person can exchange funds
b. Post Ofce : The department of post
from any bank account of any branch to any
is a government organization coming
other bank account of same or different bank.
under ministry of communication. It is

14
 commonly known as post of
fce. It was can open the account and save from
stt
founded on 1 October, 1854. Rs. 100 and above. The minimum
A person can save money in the post- period of the scheme is 15 years which
of
fce. Saving in a post-offce has certain can be further extended for 5 years.
advantages such as it is conveniently The greatest advantage of this scheme
located, person can start a saving account is relief from income tax. A depositor
even with a very small amount and person has to deposit minimum amount of
can get income- tax bene t by investing Rs. 100 before 31st of March every year
in many of its scheme. The method of to continue the account. A person can
opening an account is the same as that invest maximum of Rs. 1,50,000/- every
in a bank. year. The rate of interest will vary every
Post of
fce provides following schemes year.
for saving : d. Life Insurance : Life insurance policy
z Saving Account can be termed as an “agreement”
z Recurring Deposit
between the depositor and Life Insurance
Company. The main objective of life
z Saving Certi cates
insurance is the family protection,
z Monthly Income Scheme (MIS)
provision for old age and security for
z Public Provident Fund (PPF)
educational purposes. The life insurance
z Pradhanmantri Suraksha Bima Yojna scheme was taken mainly as a measure
(PMSBY) of security in the event of death but now
z Post Offce Life Insurance (PLI) it offers many schemes and therefore
z SukanyaYojna considered to be an important and
z Atal Pension Yojna (APY) superior avenue of savings for every
z Pradhanmantri Jiwan Jyoti Bima investor.
Yojna (PMJJBY) Remember this :
z Rural Post Of
fce Life Insurance (RPLI) Advantages of life insurance :
Find out : z It provides safety to the dependents in the
Collect information about the above event of premature death of the policy
mentioned schemes holder. It also offers cover for life risk.
z It is a provision for old age and provides
money for education, marriage of children
or for house building, provides loan
facility etc.
z A person gets tax bene
t.
z It helps capital formation which ultimately
contributes to the economic development of
the country.
Fig. 2.9 Logo of Post-Of
fce
Types of Life Insurance Schemes :
c. Public Provident Fund : This is a
1. Whole Life Insurance : Under this
type of voluntary saving. Any adult
policy, premium is payable throughout the
15
 lifetime of the insured. The only possible 1. Safety of the Capital : The safety of
disadvantage is that the person may feel the the capital is of utmost importance. The
pinch of premium after retirement when the purpose of investment will be lost if the
regular salary income reduces. The mode capital itself is rendered insecure. Hence,
of payment can be monthly, quarterly, half following points must be considered in
yearly or annually. this respect :
2. Endowment Insurance : This is a goal- ™ Initial stages of private company may
oriented policy. It is the most popular form be unsafe for investment.
of life insurance since it not only makes ™ Consider the reputation and nancial
provision for the family of the insured in position of the company and demand
the event of his premature death but also for their product.
ensures a lump sum, to the same person who ™ While making investment in private
was insured. The amount insured becomes company, suf fcient information
payable at the end of endowment term should be gathered from reliable
which may be from 5 years to 20 years. sources and consider legal aspects.
Money back policies are the example of
™ All business dealings should be in legal
endowment insurance.
and written format especially while
B) Investments : Investment is the use of investing in immovable property.
money for the purpose of making more
™ It is always safe to invest small
money. Investment is different from saving
amount in different companies than
in that it sets out not only to preserve
investing large sum in one company.
capital but also to make it grow as fast as
possible coupled with maximum security 2. Cash pro t : Cash prot  varies
of the principal. Although; the purpose according to the type of investment.
behind investment for all families is to earn Rate of investment and percentage
more money, safety of the capital is also of dividend changes according to the
important. type of business. While investing large
amount little difference in rate will make
Do you know ? Meaning of Investment. great difference in nancial gain. Careful
thinking is needed in this respect. Income
Denition of Investment : tax rebate is given on speci c types of
According to expert, “Investment refers investment. While considering nancial
to an asset or item that is purchased with prot, security of the capital takes
the hope that it will generate income or secondary position because more security
appreciate in the future.” means less prot. If prots are regular and
stable they should be preferred because
z Guidelines for Investments : Some they provide xed income. This income
guidelines are helpful for investment particularly is helpful after retirement.
because if care is not taken while planning,
3. Liquidity : If the earning member loses
a person may have to face nancial losses
his job or resigns from it, the income is
and individual may face dif
fculties in using
depleted. Sometime individual requires
the amount when necessary. To avoid this,
extra amount for expenditure then
following guidelines need to be considered.
16
 individual can raise this amount if the types i. e. Preferential shares and Common
investment is in liquidity. Investment in shares.
immovable property has less liquidity. If 3. Bonds : Bonds were originally introduced
an individual owns shares in prospering by government to encourage the habit of
company, by selling them, individual can saving among common people. A person
raise the amount, but if the company is could purchase bonds at the rate of rupees
not doing well, the value of shares will hundred per bond. After maturity, bond
reduce and this will result in nancial holder use to get back his money along with
losses. interest.
4. Ease of management : This principal 4. Mutual Funds :
is applicable especially for real estate Denition : “A mutual fund is a
investment. If the investment in real professionally managed investment
estate is in a far off place, it creates scheme, usually run by an asset
management problems. Regular super- management company that brings
vision is necessary for this investment together a group of people and invests
and the manager appointed should be a their money in stocks, bonds and other
trustworthy person. security.”
Types of Investment : As an investor, an individual can buy mutual
1. Real Estate : Real estate investment in fund ‘units’. These units can be purchased
immovable property is traditional and a or redeemed as and when required by
popular form of investment. Purchase of considering NAV (Net Asset Value).
a house and land are the examples of this 5. Precious Metals and Gems : Investing
type of investment. This kind of investment money in precious metals and gems is a
is also done to give nancial support to traditional form of investment. It has high
children or by renting out the house, this liquidity. For example, investment in gold,
silver, diamond etc. An individual can sell
investment adds to the monthly income of
these out in crises situation to get cash.
the family. Agriculture business can add to
the income.
2. Shares : Capital is required to start a
business. To raise the capital, company sells
their shares and promises to pay dividend Jew llery
Jewellery

to the shareholder. Amount of dividend

depends on the type of shares. A person who Types
has invested money in shares should be very Reall E
R Estate
t t
of M
Mutual Fund
ds
investment
vigilant about information regarding price
of the shares. If current price of the share is
more than the purchased price, it indicates
that the company is making good pro ts. On
the other hand, if current price is declining Deposits
D it and
dCCerti
ticates
t
it will indicate that current nancial position
of the company is not satisfactory. A person Fig. 2.10 Types of Investment
who wants to earn money can dispose off 2.3 Account Keeping
his shares when the sale value of the shares Household account keeping is an important
is on the higher side. Shares can be of two part of money management of the family.

17
 Account is a major method of checking be dif
fcult for some people to remember
the budget as it is put into action. That all the expenses.
means it is the controlling step of 2. Written Method : Expenditure done in
money management. Account shows the various categories are recorded by using
distributions of money after expenditure various methods such as :
have been made. An account is a systematic a) The Sheet System : Records of
and summarised record of transaction. It expenditure may be kept on loose
shows how the money is actually spent by sheets kept at a convenient place. The
the family. place should be accessible at all times.
Always remember : b) Envelope System : This system
Advantages of Account Keeping : consists of dividing the money into
previously planned amounts and
z Importance of Account Keeping : placing the money for each group of
Account keeping helps to recognise how item into separate envelops to be spent
money is spend under various categories of as the need arises for example ; food,
expenditure provided for in the budget. It housing, travelling etc. This system
helps to recognise the exact amount spend could be used by people who receive
on various categories as against the estimated their weekly wages and who operate
expenditure shown in the budget. It helps to mostly on cash method of payment.
keep a check over the family budget. If the
c) Note Book System : For keeping
family overspends on a particular category
family records special books can be
during the rst half of the month, the family
bought by the family or an exercise
will have to reduce their expenditure on this
book can be used by drawing suitable
category in the latter half of the month.
columns as per the family budget. This
Records are helpful as past history, to can be worked out on weekly basis. A
show what emergency expenditure it has good quality bound note book can be
incurred in the past. Past records give an easily handled by the children and thus
idea regarding the prices of various items; they can also be involved in the process
this helps families in planning their budget. of budgeting and account keeping.
It also helps to decide from where and when
d) The Chart System : Separate charts
to buy. The prices of certain items vary
can be prepared for each category,
with seasons. Past records help to identify
indicated in the budget and the amount
weather the purchase was right or not.
spent under each, is recorded here.
z Methods of Account Keeping : There are Such charts can be prepared on weekly
two commonly used methods of account or monthly basis and can be led. This
keeping. system is suitable for a person who is
1. Mental Method : In this method, the very regular and has a systematic and
accounts are not kept in the written organised method of working.
format. The amounts spent on various
Find out :
items of expenditure are calculated
The difference between note book system
and effort is made to keep a check on
and chart system.
expenditure mentally. However, it may

18
2.4 Evaluation of Money Management guidelines for modications and improvement
This is the third step of money management. in budgeting and account keeping. It can be
It helps to review how the money has been used carried out by checking the budget and account
by the family. At the same, it tells us whether the keeping at every step of use of money. It can be
plan of budget and the control step of account done by asking questions to oneself or getting
keeping were successful or not for giving it checked from the experts.
satisfaction to the family members. It gives

Can You Recall ?

y Making family budget is the planning step y Types of saving scheme are compulsory
of money management. saving schemes and voluntary saving
y Steps in making the budget for a family are- schemes.
List the commodities and services needed, y Compulsory saving schemes include general
Estimate the cost of desired items, Estimate provident fund and contributory provident
the total expected income, Balance the fund.
expected income and expected expenditure, y Voluntary saving schemes include bank,
Check the plan. post of
fce, public provident fund and Life
y Importance of savings – It minimizes Insurance Company.
economic insecurity, helps in physical y Types of investments are real estate, shares,
disability, provision for old age, future mutual funds, bonds, metals and gems.
use, provision for occasional expenses, y Account keeping is the control step of
socio-economic status, source of income, money management.
to maintain standard of living, source of
y Evaluation of money management is
getting loan, major purchases, love for off
essential for the improvement is future
springs, good habits.
money management.
Exercises

yObjective questions : 3. Easy purchase of railway and air tickets

1) Multiple choice questions : is possible through _________
1. A plan for spending and saving is termed a) E-banking b) RTGS
as _________ c) IMPS d) NEFT
a) household account 4. Income for a family comprises of money,
b) household record goods and _________
c) budget a) desires b) services
d) interest c) satisfaction d) wants
2. _________
_ is an example of UPI. 5. __________ varies according to the type
of investment.
a) NEFT b) IMPS
a) Interest b) cash pro
t
c) RTGS d) BHIM
c) budget d) services
19
2) Match the following columns : b) Complete the table :
A B C
Step in making ATM Card Practical use
budget
Savings General Shopping
provident complex Types of Investment
fund
Compulsory Future use Government
scheme servants
Bank Check the Marriage use
plan c) Write about post of
fce saving scheme.
3) Identify whether the following statements d) Give reason : Why should a family make
are true or false : a spending plan ?
1. Budget is a type of household account. e) Differentiate between credit card and
debit card.
2. One of the most important items in the
budget is savings. 5) Long answer questions :
3. Savings in Post of
fce and bank are the ne “family budget” and explain its
a. De
voluntary types of savings. importance.
4. Inevitable savings are voluntary type of b. Explain the steps involved in making the
savings. family budget.
5. Family goals affect the budget. c. Describe the objectives of savings.
4) Short Answer Questions : d. Explain types of investments.
a) Complete the diagram. Projects / Assignment :
Voluntary Saving Scheme 1. Visit bank/post of
fce/other cooperative
society and collect the information on
various saving schemes offered and
write a report.
2. Prepare family budget for any one
income group i.e. low income, middle
income and high income group.

Practical/Related activities :
1. Make a list of your own expenditure for
a week and priorities them.
2. Find out the names of some policies
offered by the Life Insurance Company.

•••
20
 3. TIME MANAGEMENT

3.1 Introduction to Time and Time Management

3.2 Characteristics of Time as a resource
3.3 Components of Time Management
3.4 Importance of Time Management
3.5 Guidelines for Time Management

Let us discuss about Time and Time Management:

Time is a most valuable resource available What exactly is time ?

to every individual. Everyone has twenty four Time is resource to measure quantitatively
hours a day to do one’s personal day-to-day but its nature is unclear. Time is a measurement
activities in order to achieve the goals. Time of sequence of events, duration of events, and
is an intangible asset; one recognizes its value intervals inter se. Time is a eeting, limited
and worth only when it is lost. We face acute and intangible human resource which is always
shortage of time very often in personal life, calculated and used accordingly. The time of the
academic life and work life, when we have lot of day is as shown on clock or announced on the
commitments to ful ll. The problem of shortage media like radio, television constantly guide us
of time arises mainly because we do not care in carrying out days activities , distribution of
for time management. A basic awareness, along time for work, rest, entertainment and checking
with practice and perseverance is necessary the progress during the day. The second (S) is
for proper utilization of time. The awareness internationally accepted base unit of time. A
and importance of time should be imparted to minute (min) is 60 seconds in length; an hour
every individual in early years of life. One must is of 60 minutes in length and length of a day
be aware of the time span available and time is 24 hours or 86,400 seconds.
needed to complete the routine within it. 1. According to Merriam Webster dictionary,
3.1 Introduction to Time and Time “Time is de
ned as a continuum in which
Management : event succeed one another from past
through present to future.”
Do You Know ?
From Past Through Present To Future
The British Association for the Advancement
of Science introduced the CGS system Arrow of Time
of measurement in 1874 by combining
fundamental units of measurement, as Fig. 3.1 Arrow of Time
Centimetre (C) for length, Gram (G) for
2. According to American Heritage
mass, and Second (S) for Time.
Stedman’s Medical Dictionary, Time is

21
 de
ned as “A duration or relation of sleeping hours. Such type of time is called as
events expressed in terms of past, present Biological time.
and future, and measured in units such as Psychological time is awareness of passage
minutes, hours, days, months or years.” of time or the sense of its passing slowly or
3. “Time is a measured or measurable quickly. For example, Work time seems to be
moving fast while waiting time seems to be
period during which an action, process,
moving very slowly. As during exam student
or condition exists or continues.” feels the days of study get over very fast.
According to Albert Einstein, “Time On the basis of Clock time, time is classi
ed
has no independent existence apart in following three categories.
from the order of events by which we Work Time y Time for work and work related
measure it.”So event is the soul of time. activities
Rest Period y Time needed for rest
Time is spent with its relation to energy,
Leisure y Non work or free time, Hobby or
money, material goods and other human
Time interest enrichment time
resources. It cannot be seen, touched,
or tasted, but can be measured by its a) Work Time : Time spent for the
duration. In the modern world of today, performance of work is called as
time is regarded as money, having social work time. Work time consists of
cance and personal value too. Time is
signi time required for the preparation of
work, time consumed for actual work
well known to everybody, but at the same
performance and time related to post
time it is dif
fcult to dene and understand. work nishing. It’s very easy to measure
Many a times, time available to us, in work time by using clock hours. Jean
comparison to our goals and ambitions is Warren develops a system of work unit
limited. We neither can produce extra time and work load to calculate work time
nor can store it for future use. With this in time management. Walker’s de ned
consideration, proper management of time work unit in home management is “the
is very necessary. amount of household work done in one
hour under average conditions by an
Classication of Time : average worker.” The work load is the
Of all the resources, time is one of the easiest sum of work units. For example - Time
to measure but most dif fcult to understand. required for meal preparation, washing
System of time differs in various disciplines. of clothes, of
fce time or study hours.
Clock time, the only system of which most of b) Rest Period : Time needed for the rest is
us are aware, stems from the regular movement called as rest period. This time includes
of the Earth in relation to the Sun. Clock time sleeping, lying down, and change in body
means a minute, hours, day or year as indicated posture and position in relaxed condition.
Rest is very important in order to keep
by clock or calendar.
the body in a healthy condition.
Curlt P. Richter narrates the existence of
Always Remember :
internal clock of the body. Body gets used to a
For energy consuming work, rest period
pattern which is repeated each and every day.
should be at least 57% of the total time of
For example one feels hungry at regular xed work done. After doing 40 minutes of mental
time for having food, similarly one feels sleepy work, an individual should have at least
when he or she approaches the time of routine 2 minutes of rest.
22
 Duration of rest period, and type of Leisure time gives greater opportunity
spending of rest period depends on the for creative and satisfying recreation.
type and duration of work, condition of Leisure time activities are determined
work place, stress of work and health by age, occupation, income, available
of a worker. For example, long duration material goods, socio economic status,
physical work requires more rest period season and time etc.
than sleeping or laying down condition. Leisure activities should keep alive the
While mental work requires change of imagination, or delight in symbols and
work time for relaxation or by creating ceremonies, a love of nature, and a
cheerful work atmosphere by introducing feeling for endless variety and mystery
music etc. of human relationships. There is need for
c) Leisure Time : leisure time is an some spontaneity in the use of leisure
important part of the total pattern of time.
living. Leisure time is usually considered
What is Time Management ?
as time free from the demand of work
or duty and the activities of leisure are Time management is a practice or procedure
those that are done for their own sake. It of effective use of time while performing
is also called as non-work or free time. various activities or task. The basic concept of
Gross, Crandall and Knoll has de ned time management is that, one can spend enough
Leisure time as, “all non work hours or time to perform important things or activities for
all waking hours not spent in work.” successful accomplishment of desired end.
According to Cannigham, “leisure time 1. According to Iain Maitland, “Time
is a time which gives more satisfaction Management may be de ned as a system
and enriches the interest and skill of the of controlling and using time as ef
fciently
individual after spending it.” It may also as possible.”
be dened as - “Time when you are not 2. According to Dr. C. S. Yadav, “Time
working; time when you can do whatever management can be de ned as activities or
you want to do.” tools which allow you to effectively manage
Gross, Crandall and Knoll classi ed your time.”
Leisure time into Free time and 3. Time management is a set of principles,
Discretionary time. Free time is a time practices, skills, tools, and systems that help
used for doing daily routine activities, for you to use your time to accomplish what
example, time for physical care, travelling you want.
time needed for work. Discretionary time
The main objective of time management
is time spend for their own sake and
is the proper utilization of time available, so
creative activities.
that an individual can accomplish individual
Reading, listening to music, watching
and family goals. According to Gross et al.,
television, puzzle solving are some
''The general goals of time management are
common passive leisure time activities.
smilar to management of other resources. They
Playing outdoor or indoor games which
are originated from the values of individuals.
require some physical activities, travelling
But, time management has speci c goals : for
for trips etc. are some common active
some people it is simply minimizing of work
leisure time activities.

23
time and for all individuals, it is accepting the has 24 hours a day and 60 seconds of a
limitation of time and achieving balance among minute. No single day can supply more than
work, leisure, and rest in its use, all leading to 24 hours.
the general goal for achieving satisfaction with y Time cannot be recovered once lost :
the use of one’s time.” Developing the ability Time is an invaluable resource that cannot
to locate ourselves in our environment with be recovered once lost. Individual has to use
reference to time is an important part of time it when it is available. So it is necessary to
management. grab the time and utilize it in proper way
The secrete of time management lies in for result oriented or productive activities.
successfully identifying and eliminating time y Time is non-transferable : Some time we
wasting activities with effective and ef fcient have ample time and we really get board
utilization of time. In order to be a good time due to it. Also at several instances we are
manager, grab the time, utilize it properly and running short of time and cannot accomplish
invest it into productive work. Do not allow the our goals. At both the situations one cannot
time to ow and pass away without offering any transfer the time from others. We have to
result. manage our own time. We neither can hire
3.2 Characteristics of Time : or purchase the time, nor can save it for
Time is the ongoing sequence of events future use.
taking place. We measure time using clock y Time is intangible but easy to
and calendar. For successful time management measure : Time is a valuable intangible
people must know the characteristics of time. human resource. One can feel the passage
Following are the characteristics of time. of time. It is easy to measure time by clock,
y Time is limited : It is limited in the sense calendar, milestone events etc. We measure
that life is nite and the time at our disposal time using units like seconds, minutes,
in comparison to our ambitions and goals is hours, days, weeks, months and years.
restrictive. Every individual has 24 hours a y Time is continuous : Time is a continuous
day to perform various activities. No one ow of events which travels from past
can increase the time availability. through present to future. No one can stop
y Time is eeting : Time is always eeting. time for any reason.
We cannot store time and use it as per our y Time is precious : Time is more precious
requirement. It is so precious that it cannot than money. One can create money by using
be recovered once lost. other resources but time cannot be created,
y Time is rigid : This is the most important purchased or stored.
characteristic of time. Time is very rigid in 3.3 Components of Time Management :
nature. No one can stop the time; neither Time management is consisting of Goal
produce nor prolonged the time. It is xed setting, Planning, Setting Deadlines, Delegation,
and rigid in nature. Prioritising, Time Allocation, and Utilizing
y Time availability is same to all Feedback. These key factors are called as
individuals : Irrespective of caste, country, Components of Time Management.
religion, sex, age the availability of time y Goal Setting : Goal setting is the rst
remains same. Every individual in the world step in time management process. It is the

24
 base of success y Setting Deadlines : Set deadline for each
SMART Goals in each and task or activity. It is bene
cial in formulating
every activity and setting procedure, strategies, and proper
or task. Goal allocation of resources to complete the
S Specic setting helps task within set limits. Realistic estimation
individuals to
M Measurable of the time needed for a particular activity
decide exactly
is important in setting deadlines. Dividing
A Attainable what he/she
task into smaller parts and making time
wants, strategies
R Relevant of action taken estimation for each part is an easier way to
to achieve the set deadlines for whole task. For Example,
T Time Bound setting deadline for study of examination,
goals, intention,
the priority student can group the subjects, divide time
check and and make a time slot for each subject or
adjustment required, if any. Set limited and each topic.
speci
c goals at a time to avoid confusion Every individual is the best judge to decide
and to achieve it successfully. Goals should
his/her own time requirement for completion
be realistic, clearly stated and achievable.
of specic task and to set deadlines for
Use sequence of short- term to long-term
speci
c task. Planner, calendar or diary
SMARTer goal setting for ful lments of
more goals and desires. Goals which are prove to be bene cial to note down the
Specic, Measurable, Attainable, Relevant important dates according to set deadlines.
and Time Bond in nature are called as y Delegation : Delegation of planned activities
SMART Goals. is implementing or controlling step of time
y Planning : Effective planning plays an management. Delegation of some or all
important role in time management. Planning planned activities or activities which need
provides clear picture of future action and not require personal skill and interest should
activities to be done in stipulated time. be delegated to competent and capable
It also shows time sequence of activities person for effective management of time.
and events. One has to prepare a list of The person selected for delegation of work
activities to be done in available period of
should be capable enough for taking new
time; it may be a day
decisions while performing activities, skills
or week or of more.
While preparing To Do in allotted work, and capacity of making
List think about the adjustments in time plan or in set goals
important, urgent, high according to situation.
priority and pending y Prioritising : Prioritise the activities
work. These types of according to their urgency and importance.
activities should be on Prioritising of work or activities or task is
the top of the list or time important for effective time management.
plan. Task Plan or Time Plan may be daily, Doing the right activity at right time leads
weekly, monthly or annually. The accuracy
to achievement of set goals. For prioritising
of planning depends upon exact estimation
of work, person has to know the difference
of required time for a particular task and
between important and not important as
preciseness of TO Do List.
25
 well as urgent and not urgent work. It can appropriateness in allocation of proper time
be identi
ed by using Urgent-Important for speci
c activity. Doing activity at wrong
Matrix. time can lead to wastage of time; it may be
an hour or whole day. One has to identify the
URGENT NOT URGENT
right time of the day for different activities
IMPORTANT

DO IT NOW PLAN TO DO and work by self observation and evaluation.

For example; student has to identify the
effective time period for study, for someone
it may be early morning hours and for others
DELEGATE AVOID it may be night hours. So also, someone
IMPORTANT

requires only an hour for study while other

NOT

may need more than hour for the same.

y Utilising Feedback : It is an important
process or step in time management.
Fig. 3.2 Urgent-Important Matrix Evaluating time plan, achievement of set
goals and implantation of time plan are
Use Your Brain : the major methods of obtaining feedback
in time management. Devices like Clocks,
Complete the Urgent-Important Matrix
calendars, buzzers etc. are used to evaluate
by evaluating your tasks.
the time plans. Standard of performance
URGENT NOT URGENT and achievement of goals in prescribed time
are also used for seeking feedback in time
Urgent and Not urgent but
management. Obtained feedback is further
Important tasks Important tasks
used in every step of time management to
IMPORTANT

a. ............................. a. ............................ make necessary changes in goal, planning,

b. ............................. b. ............................ delegation of activities, prioritising and
allocation of time.
c. ............................. c. .............................
d. ............................. d. ............................. Always Remember :

1 2 The Four D’s of Time Management :

3 4 • Do It : If work or activity is urgent, do it
Urgent but not Not urgent and Not immediately.
NOT IMPORTANT

Important Tasks important Tasks • Delegate : If activity can be done by

a. ............................. a. ............................. someone else, delegate it.
• Delete : Filter task list by deleting
b. ............................. b. .............................
unnecessary and not important task.
c. ............................. c. ............................. • Defer It : Postpone some tasks and deal
d. ............................. d. ............................. with the urgent and important activities
rst.
y Time Allocation : Time allocation means 3.4 Importance of Time Management :
the distribution of time for different activities The importance of time management is self
or work. It is important to practice the evident. Every individual has twenty four hours
26
a day to use. One must be aware of the available some sort of plan to make intelligent choices.
time and time needed to complete the daily Time management helps to make conscious
routine. Everyone must remember that time choices so that individuals can spend more
cares only for those who take care of time. So, of their available time for doing things that
for the achievement of goals, proper planning are important and valuable to them. For
and utilization of time is very important which example: use of internet for study.
is de
nitely possible only by time management. y Increases free time : Time management
The importance of time management is as gives hints and tips for utilization of time.
follows : It also gives valuable suggestions for the
y Improves productivity : Unnecessary recognitions of work load and distribution
and avoidable activities consume a large of work. Time management also provides
portion of individual’s available time. guidelines to decide as to which work is
Sometimes delays and lethargy in work to be delegated and how. This strategy will
add to the problem in a signi cant way. reduce the pressure of work load and offer
Time management provides guidance and more free time. For Example, use of paid
direction to identify and eliminate wasteful help for mechanical work like washing of
activities. Time management skills and tools cloths, cleaning utensils reduces the actual
help to develop suitable work procedure, work time. This free time can be utilized
controlled operations and make a balance for personal development, creative thinking,
between available time and allotted work. goal setting etc.
Time management teaches us how to • Helps to develop personal skill and
utilize available time most ef fciently and interest : Many people feel that, they have
effectively. It ensures higher work rate too much to do and not enough time to
and improves performance rate. It helps to develop their personal skill and interest.
get work done cheaper, faster and better. Lack of time is blamed for everything from
Reducing wasted time and efforts allow not getting enough exercise, poor nance
individual to make time for wide range etc. Time management helps to use the
of activities that brings more balance and time in better ways by conscious planning,
lment in individual’s life.
ful prioritizing work, calculating work load
y Develops to control on the situation : and proper distribution of time results in
Time management guides us to set goals some spare leisure time which is useful
clearly, to prioritise the activities, to plan in developing personal skills and interest.
the task carefully etc. and also solve the Spending leisure time in an appropriate way
questions like what to do, when, why, by shows progress and gives satisfaction in life.
which method and how long to do ? All y Create good-will and reputation : Time
these things develop control on the situation. management orient time cautiousness in
With effective time management individual people and time oriented people are always
can command the situation and achieve the noticeable. Their ef
fciency and effectiveness
set goals as per the desired standards. is quite visible. Planning time and observing
y Provides too many choices : In this the same is a normal routine for such people
modern age, individual has so many ways who cultivate discipline, regularity and
of spending time. So every individual needs punctuality in work pattern. Such type of

27
 person gets goodwill and special reputation 2. Form clear and speci
c goals and objectives
among others. of work to avoid delayed decision making
y Helps to achieve goals in time : Time process.
planning leads one to think through 3. Enlist and prioritise your work and task on
many goals in advance. Careful time the basis of its urgency and importance by
planning saves time and energy resulting using urgent-important matrix.
in relieving tensions created by indecision 4. Calculate the time cost of work and work
and uncertainty to achieve goals in time. load.
Time plan also determines when certain task 5. Organize yourself properly to complete
can best be done. For example, preparing your work in time.
time schedule of studies in advance helps
6. Increase your ef
fciency at par excellence
students to get prepared for exams and keep
by increasing skill and capacity in work.
some time for revision.
7. Use leisure time for skill enhancement and
y Provide time for emergency : Every
personal development.
individual sometimes nds weekly plans
dif
fcult to follow an unplanned and 8. Prepare time schedule of the day, week
unexpected demand of work. For example, and month.
unexpected guest at home or ill health of 9. Develop self monitoring and self evaluative
family member demands more time and work procedure and time management
creates crucial situation. Such emergencies system.
can be dealt with by assigning some free 10. Delegate the work which need not require
time during planning step. self participation.
y Eliminate the nervous strain and 11. Develop positive attitude towards work
fatigue : Yearly calendar of special and which proves benecial
 in minimizing
seasonal activities, vacations, holidays, work time.
anniversaries and birthdays is a great help 12. Plan your rest period and leisure time.
in managing time. It enables the individual
13. Tactfully handle the interruptions in
to look ahead and see when and where he/
activities.
she can and must incorporate these special
activities into current plans. Long range 14. Avoid gossiping and chit-chatting in spare
planning of this kind enables one to keep time.
tasks from piling up and eliminates nervous 15. Keep some time for visitors and guest in
strain and fatigue. your daily time plan.
3.5 Guidelines for managing Time : 16. Always talk precisely and in brief.
Every individual has to develop a system 17. Say ‘no’ to unnecessary extra work,
of time management for proper utilization of activities and communication.
time. Following are some important guidelines 18. Always remember Four D’s of time
for managing time : management.
1. Access and analyse the workload in
relation to the time available.

28
 Can You Recall ?

y Time is a most valuable, intangible human y Body shows regular xed time for routine
resource. body needs is called as biological time.
y Time is eeting and limited. y Psychological time means awareness of
y Time is de ned as, “continuum in which passage of time.
event succeed one another from past through y On the basis of clock time, time is classied

present to future.” as a) work time b) rest period c) leisure time.
y Time Management may be de ned as a y Characteristics of time are –Time is
system of controlling and using time as limited, eeting, rigid, equally available,
ef
fciently as possible. cannot recovered once lost, non
y Time management improves productivity, transferable,intangible but easy to measure,
develops to control on the situation, provides continuous, precious.
too many choices, increase free time, helps y Goal setting, Planning, Setting Deadlines,
to develop personal skill and interest, create elegation, Prioritising, Time Allocation, and
good-will and reputation, helps to achieve Utilizing Feedback are the key Components
goals in time, provide time for emergency, of Time Management.
eliminate the nervous strain and fatigue. y SMART Goals stand for Specic, Measurable,
y Of all the resources, time is one of the Attainable, Relevant and Time Bound goals.
easiest resource to measure but most dif
fcult y Every individual must follow the guidelines
to understand. for managing time.
Exercises
yObjective questions : 4. Goal setting is the __________
_ step in time
1) Multiple choice questions : management process.
1. Time is a eeting, limited and __________ a) rst b) second
human resource. c) third d) last
a) intangible b) transferable 5. Discretionary time is time spend for
c) tangible d) easy __________ activities.

2. Time has no independent existence apart a) passive b) creative

from the order of __________
_ by which c) negative d) active
we measure it. 2) Complete the following table :
a) sequence b) motions
Type of Time Example
c) activity d) events
y Clock time y
3. The main __________ _ of time management
y Work time y
is the proper utilization of time available
y Biological time y
to accomplish the individual and family
y Leisure time y
goals.
y Psychological time y
a) Principle b) objective
c) characteristic nition
d) de y Rest period y

29
3) Complete the following gure : 2. Differentiate between the following :
1. Clock time and biological time
From Through Present
2. Work time and leisure time
3. Work time and Rest period
3. Write short notes on the following :
1. Concept of time
4) Identify whether the following statements 2. Concept of time management
are True or False : 3. Goal setting
1. A second is internationally accepted base 4. Planning in time management
unit of time. 5. Setting Deadlines
2. Time management orient time 6. Delegation of task
cautiousness in people. 7. Prioritizing the activities
3. Time management is unable to gives 8. The Four D’s of time management
hints and tips for utilization of time.
y Long Answer questions :
4. Doing activity at planned time can lead
cation of time.
1. Write in detail the classi
to wastage of time.
2. Write components of time management.
5. Rest is needed after doing mental work
3. Illustrate the importance of time
also.
management.
6. Puzzle solving is an active leisure time
4. Explain the characteristics of time.
activity.
5. List out the guidelines for managing
yShort Answer questions :
time.
1. Dene the terms :
1. Time Project/Assignment :
2. Time management 1. Observe the daily time schedule of your
3. Clock time family, friends, and relatives.
4. Biological time
5. Psychological time
6. Work time
7. Free Time Practical/Related activities :
8. Rest period 1. Prepare a weekly “To Do List”.
9. Leisure time 2. Prepare a time plan for study.

•••

30
 4. MANAGEMENT OF HUMAN ENERGY

nition and Concept of Human energy

4.2 Energy Cost of Household Activities
4.3 Meaning, Types and Controlling of Fatigue
4.4 Management Process Applied to Human Energy

4.1 Denition and Concept of Human Energy :

Let’s Discuss :
We have learnt about the human energy as a resource in XI standard. In XII standard we will
learn about its management. Everyone requires energy to do any type of activity. All body parts
need energy to do the work. So, energy is the basic requirement of human being for growth and
development and also for physical and mental output. Human energy is received from the food
consumed by an individual. Certain amount of energy is needed for natural body processes such
as respiration, circulation, secretion, excretion etc. This is called Resting or Basal Metabolism.
In addition to this, energy is also required for performing a particular task. But availability of
energy to anyone depends on his or her mental health and physical status. The amount of energy
available to the individual varies with their age, sex, weight, physical health, physical phase,
mental status and interest in speci c activity. Hence, energy management is very diffcult and
complex.

What is meant by Human Energy ? physical and mental health, interest and skills
Energy is an essential part of our daily required for performing the task. Energy
life. It is the unseen force necessary to work, requirement also depends on the nature of work,
development and growth. No activity is possible use of body posture, working conditions etc. If a
without energy. person is healthy and mentally sound, interested
in particular task and has proper posture at work
Denition : Energy is de ned as capacity to and gets congenial work environment he will
do the work. It can also be de
ned as ability denitely conserve the energy with positive
of a person to do the mental and physical output. Hence, energy management is needed
work. to achieve the goals.
Denition
 of Energy Management : It is 4.2 Energy cost of Household Activities :
the process of monitoring, controlling and The knowledge about energy costs of various
conserving energy for doing a particular activities is very essential for conserving the
activity. energy. In order to have a well balanced energy
spreading pattern, one needs to know the cost
Remember it :
of energy required for various activities.
Everyone requires energy to perform
Denition :
any task. The amount of energy required for
Energy Cost -The energy required to perform
performing particular task varies from person
any task is called as “energy cost”.
to person. It depends mostly on body structure,
31
 Always Remember : 300

The human energy is required to perform 250

200
any activity needed for various muscular efforts
150
as well as maintaining natural body processes. Men
Men
100 W
Women
Energy cost of a particular activity can be
50
calculated by deducting total energy required
0
for performing the task with energy required Light Moderately
Mod t ly Very Very heav
vy
heavy active work
for basal metabolism. Thus, difference between
total energy cost of task and energy cost for Fig 4.2 Graph indicating energy required by
men and women for different types of work
resting metabolism gives the energy cost of a
particular work. The household activities are classi
ed into
three categories on the basis of energy cost:
Formula for Total Energy Expenditure y Light work : Itis the type of work that
(TEE) and Total Cost of Activity (TCA) requires less than 100% additional energy
y Total energy expenditure (TEE) above the resting level. For example,
TEE = Energy required for basal metabolism watching TV, peeling potatoes, kneading,
+ Energy required for particular activity. cutting vegetables, dusting, sewing,
hemming, knitting etc.
y Total cost of particular Activity (TCA)
y Moderate work : It is the type of work that
TCA = Energy required for particular activity which requires additional energy between
– Energy required for basal metabolism. 100-150% more above the resting level.
The amount of energy required for a Example- Ironing clothes, sweeping oor,
making chapaties, washing vessels etc.
particular activity is also measured in terms of
y Heavy work : It is the type of work
Oxygen consumption. It is expressed in terms
thatrequires 150-200% additional energy
of Calories. One calorie is the amount of heat
above the resting level.
required to raise the temperature of one gram
Example - Washing clothes, mopping oor,
of water to 10C. 1000 calories is equal to
grinding masala, fetching water, going upstairs,
1 kilo calorie. lifting heavy items etc.
Unit of energy is kilo calorie denoted as Type of %
Sr. Above Activities
Kcal or Kilo joules denoted as KJ. no. Work Resting
As stated by WHO (World Health 1. Light work Below Hemming, sewing,
Organization), the energy expenditure (Kcal/ 100 knitting, crocheting,
dusting, chopping etc.
hour) by men and women is as follows:
2. Moderate 100-150 Ironing, kneading
heavy dough etc.

1. Light 140 100 3. Heavy 150-200 Mopping, Scrubbing

work oor, lifting heavy
2. Moderately heavy 175 125 objects, fetching
3. Very active 240 175 water, washing
clothes, clim-bing
4. Very heavy work 300 225 stairs with heavy
Fig. (Table) 4.1 Energy required by men luggage etc.
and women for different types of work Fig. (Table) 4.3 The classi
cation of household activities

32
 alter light, moderate and heavy work in the daily
schedule and make it more comfortable.
Lying
down Each and every activity requires various
movements of body parts. This is called as
efforts.

De
nition of effort-Effort means earnest
Sitting
and conscientious activities intended to or
30% accomplish something. It is force acting on
a body in the direction of its motion.

When a person is doing any type of work

Standing he/she requires several types and combination
38% of efforts. They are as follows:
1. Mental effort : It is required for doing
any type of work, even for performing
Walking routine tasks. For example; reading,
slow writing, puzzle solving, thinking, studying
etc.
160%
Doing routine work for example cutting
vegetable, swiping, cooking dressing,
Walking cleaning also requires mental thinking
about how to perform and way to perform
fast
the activity.
290%
2. Visual efforts : While performing every
activity, each one requires visual effort.
Walking Our eyes must direct the movements of
downstairs hands, feet and other body parts in order
372% to complete the work. For example, while
cooking eye movements are necessary to
direct the body parts such as hands to
Walking add the ingredients, mixing well, frying,
upstairs kneading, washing etc. The activities such
1336% as reading, watching requires intensive
visual efforts.
3. Manual efforts : For performing each
(Percentage increase over lying still) activity, person requires manual efforts.
Fig 4.4. Energy requirement for different activities Manual efforts means the work done by
The knowledge of energy cost of different hand movements. For example, cooking,
types of household activities helps the individual mopping, washing utensils, sweeping,
to manage and conserve one’s energy. One can carrying things etc.

33
 4. Torsal efforts : Movements of the torso every home maker in her life and demand more
is called torsal effort. Torso means middle energy. Children are dependent on their parents.
part of the body excluding hands, legs and Caringand rearing of children demandmore
head. Example of torsal movements are energy. So, more awareness regarding energy
bending, leaning, sitting, rising, turning cost is needed to avoid tiredness and to maintain
etc. The activity such as washing clothes, health.
arranging furniture, mopping requires Stage III : Contraction or Retirement
torsal effort.
In this stage
5. Pedal efforts : The activities performed
children are brought up
by legs are called as pedal efforts. Many
and are independent.
activities in day to day life have to be
Hence, the workload
completed by pedal efforts. Walking,
on homemaker
running are the examples of pedal efforts.
will be less. Many
y Energy demands during different stages
times children also
of life cycles : Energy demands during
share the work and
different stages of life cycles are listed
responsibilities will be
below:
reduced. This results in less demands of energy.
Stage I : Foundation
This is the Let us discuss :
beginning stage
4.3 Meaning, Types and Controlling of Fatigue
of family life. It
consists of only When a person is doing any activity for
husband and wife in longer time, his capacity for working to do the
the family. So, the task consistently reduces. It means his body’s
energy requirement capacity to do the work as before is not the same.
for doing the This inability to work consistently throughout
household work for two persons will be less. the period may be due to over work, lack of
But if the homemaker is working outside then concentration or lesser interest in the work or
energy demands will be more. Thus, the home muscular strain etc. So, he or she may experience
maker must be aware for balancing the work in tiredness. When body is not able to do the work
home and outside. as before, it is called as fatigue. It can be caused
Stage II : Expansion by doing the activity in a particular posture, poor
In this stage there is arrival of new members posture, and poor working environment, lack of
in the family. Hence, it is a very busy stage for interest, concentration or muscular strain.

Denition : Fatigue is tiredness or boredom

arrived after performing a particular task. It is
reaction of a person as a whole to a situation
as he or she consciously or unconsciously
interprets and evaluates it.

34
 Energy requirement is met by glucose released
Muscular by carbohydrates provided through the food.
Wrong strain
body
Over Glucose is stored in the form of Glycogen. This
work
posture glycogen is oxidised or utilized by the body while
Improper Released doing any work. When the body is working for
methods concentra- longer hours or during heavy muscular activities,
of work tion
glycogen is broken down in to lactic acid and
Causes
of deposited in the muscles. Deposition of lactic
Lack of
appreciation Fatigue Disappoint- acid in the muscles causes physiological fatigue.
ment
So, there is need to remove the lactic acid from
the body. Lactic acid can be reduced by providing
Constraint Lack of oxygen to the body. The oxygen will be available
in work interest
Lack of
to the body only after rest. During rest period,
Mental
concentra- strain availability of blood oxygen helps in oxidation
tion

Glucose Glycogen
Fig 4.5 Causes of fatigue
y Types of fatigue : Oxidised and Utilised
by body
Know this :
In order to conserve the energy and During muscular
avoid fatigue one should plan daily activities activity
to achieve the day to day goals. One should
balance the household work in such a way that
Deposion
one can achieve the goals according to physical
capacities. If energy consumption is greater than
the physical capacities, person will develop Lactic acid
fatigue.If person get fatigued it has adverse
effect on the health and become an obstacle to Intense muscular Regular muscular
achieve the goal. activity activity
Types of fatigue :
High oxygen Less oxygen
There are two types of fatigue demand demand
1. Physiological fatigue
2. Psychological fatigue Causes physiological
1. Physiological fatigue : Fatigue
Denition
 : Physiological fatigue is the state
of body in which one’s ability to do the work is If oxygen is
reduced. This is the after effect of previous or provided
earlier work. Physiological fatigue reduces the
physical ability of a person to do the work. Relief to body
Do you know ?
For doing any work we require energy. This Fig. 4.6 Diagrammatic representation of
energy is provided to the body through food. physiological fatigue

35
of accumulated lactic acid to carbon dioxide 4. Change of job : Change of work is also a
and water. In this way, the body relives fatigue. type of rest for a particular work. One can
Hence, the recovery of physiological fatigue is alter heavy work with light one and vice a
possible by removal of lactic acid and carbon versa. It will help to relieve the muscular
dioxide from the body. tension and thus relieve the fatigue.
y Factors affecting fatigue: 5. Utilizing energy in a proper way :
¾ Likes and dislikes of person By avoiding unnecessary steps in the
work, energy can be saved. This can
¾ Type of activity performed - light,
be achieved by simplifying the work.
moderate and heavy
Proper way of utilizing energy will help
¾ Posture in performance of activity- in reducing fatigue.
natural or unnatural 6. Use of proper body posture : Many
¾ Duration of performance-time required studies have proved that use of improper
to complete the activity or wrong postures increase the fatigue.
¾ Health of person- poor physical health, Improper body postures increase muscle
poor sleep, illness etc. tension and pain in joints, ligaments and
y Measures to relieve the physiological tendons. Adoption of proper body posture
fatigue : Following are the measures to and keeping body parts in alignmenthelp
to increase the productivity in work and
relieve the physiological fatigue :
lessens the fatigue.
1. Rest periods : Rest periods during the
activity help to prevent physiological
fatigue. The length of rest period and
number of intervals will depend upon the
type and nature of activity and individual
work pattern. It means, if the activity or
work is heavy it is necessary to have
rest period for longer period than the
moderate or light activity.
It also depends upon how much the person
is fatigued. When the person is more
fatigued longer rest period is needed. Fig. 4.7 Maintaining good posture is
necessary to avoid fatigue
2. Balanced diet : A person must be healthy
enough for doing any type of work. If the Good Posture Poor Posture
Correct Head
person is under weight or over weight, it Posture
Headaches

has direct effect on his ef

fciency of work. Square
Neck Pain

Shoulders
Hence, balanced diet with proper intervals
of eating is very essential for maintaining Centre of gravity
of the body/S2 Level Pelvis
Back Pain

ef
fciency in work and avoiding fatigue. Sacrum

3. Recreation : Recreation can help in

reliving fatigue. If person gets tired after
work, some recreation will be helpful to
overcome the fatigue. Fig. 4.8 Good posture lessen the fatigue

36
y Psychological fatigue : Many of us
experience such type of fatigue in our day
to day life. According to Howard Bartley Repeated
Nervousness
psychological fatigue is simply one form of mistakes

inadequacy to meet the demands the person Disinterest

Uneasiness
recognizes. It may occur due to lack of in work

knowledge, skills and capability to perform

Short
any type of work. This type of fatigue memory Headache
reduces the capacity of an individual and Confusion
thus the output.
There are two types of psychological fatigue :
Fig. 4.9 Symptoms of psychological fatigue
1. Boredom fatigue : If a person dislikes
the work or work is monotonous and y Measures to relieve psychological fatigue:
repetitive in nature he desires to stop It is necessary to overcome and manage the
the work. The person feels unsatised  psychological fatigue in order to get better
and restless. Boredom may arise from results. There are some measures to relieve
such type of fatigue.
stereotype nature of job, negative attitude
towards work, person’s habits, dislikes, ¾ Motivation : It plays an important role in
unsatisfactory working conditions etc. In reliving fatigue. When the person dislikes
such conditions work will be interrupted the job or is a failure in his/her works,
and disliked which lead to boredom he/she can be encouraged by providing
fatigue. motivation. High motivation makes more
mental energy available for the particular
2. Frustration Fatigue : When a person is task where as less motivation releases
not able to achieve the goals he/she sets less energy. Thus, it can be said that
or his/her plans fail to workor he/she is motivation plays an important role in
a failure to achieve better results, it leads reliving the fatigue.
to frustration. Poor planning, mental ¾ Develop working skills : According
tensions or pressure of completing work to Johnson, a skill means the ability
in time, non cooperative atmosphere to execute a pattern of behavioural
while working, lack of skill, inability to elements in proper relation to a certain
satisfy the demands, worry and tensions environment. Skills in any work are
etc. can cause this type of fatigue. Lack necessary to improve the performance
of appreciation and motivation may also of work. Acquiring skills in performing
increase such type of fatigue. the activity makes easy and smooth
y Symptoms of psychological fatigue : performance of work and achievement
Psychological fatigue can be easily of the set goals.
recognized by some symptoms which are ¾ Creating interest in job : Interest in any
as follows : activity enhances the job performance. It
can be achieved by gaining knowledge
regarding the particular work. Interest

37
 reduces the energy consumption and is also essential to conserve the energy
reduces the fatigue too. Interest can be and balance the energy expenditure
created in any activity by using variety pattern. Management of energy involves
of ideas. time management because time and
¾ Setting immediate goals : Dividing the energy are inseparable. In other words,
work in small steps lessens monotony we can say that they are closely related.
in the work and makesit easy to achieve Here, planning is needed to make activity
the short term goals. If small steps/goals plan as per the time available, energy cost
are achieved it gives satisfaction to the for different activities and rest periods to
worker. Achieving intermediate goals avoid fatigue. The main aim is to reduce
ultimately helps in reaching the nal goal the amount of energy to be used.
and thus helps in relieving the fatigue. 2. Controlling : Controlling is the process
¾ Change in routine time : Routine of putting the plan in actions. Knowledge
activity in home making makes the home of proper and simple working methods in
makers mentally fatigued. Change in daily relation to energy consumption as well
routine pattern helps to avoid fatigue. as clear instructions is needed in order
For example, going out for shopping or to achieve the desired results.Motivation
recreational activity, or doing the work while working gives energy to the worker
of his/her interest such as singing or while carrying out the activity plans and
painting will make a complete change in controls the fatigue. Skills developed for
the routine. It is needed to avoid fatigue particular work improve the quality of
and speed up the remaining activity. work as well as make it easier to complete
4.4 Management Process Applied to Human the task in the given time and energy.
Energy : 3. Evaluation : Evaluation is checking the
The steps in management process planning, work for its effectiveness. It is a measure
controlling and evaluation are applicable to by which success or failure of plans can
human energy management. For effective use be evaluated. Learning self evaluation
of energy, individual needs to plan, control and for the use of energy will help to improve
evaluate the daily work. the future plans. So, after completing any
activity it is necessary to evaluate the
1. Planning : This is the rst step in
work for energy used for activity. One
management process. It involves making
can ask some questions to evaluate the
the activity plans and implementing them.
success in utilizing the energy.
A person should plan the daily routine
activities as per energy demands, ability Thus, application of management process
to work and effects of fatigue arising helps in managing and conserving energy.
after performing the activities. Planning

Can You Recall ?

y Energy is the ability of person to do the y The amount of energy required for various
mental and physical work. activity varies from person to person and
mostly depends upon the type of work.

38
 y Performing any type of activity requires rest periods, recreation, change of work and
several types of efforts. Those are mental. having balanced diet are measures to relieve
Visual, manual, torsal and pedal efforts. the physiological fatigue.
y Energy required for doing any task is called y Motivation while working, developing
energy cost. On the basis of energy cost, skills, creating interest in job and setting
household activities are classi
ed as light, short term goals are some measures to
moderate and heavy work. relieve from psychological fatigue.
y Fatigue means tiredness or broadness arrived y For effective use of energy there is a need
after particular work. There are two types to person need to plan, control and evaluate
of fatigues-Physiological and psychological the work.
fatigue. y Ultimate goal of energy management is to
y Use of proper body posture, maintaining conserve the energy.

Exercises

yObjective questions : 4. ______ is certain amount of energy

1) Multiple choice questions : required for maintaining natural body
1. Energy means ability of a person to do process.
__________ a) Metabolism
a) physical work b) Resting metabolism
b) psychological work c) Work metabolism
c) mental work d) Any other
d) physical and mental work 5. Heavy work demands __________
additional energy than the resting level.
2. It is easy to measure time and money, but
it is dif
fcult to measure energy without a) below 50%
_________ b) below 100%
a) special equipment c) 150-200%
b) formulae d) above 200%
c) observations 2. Identify whether the following statements
d) calculations are True or False :
3. If the work is done with __________ 1. During energy management fatigue
speed, energy cost will be Very high. should not be taken in to consideration
a) less 2. Energy is the basic requirement of man
b) more for the maintenance of life growth and
physical output
c) medium
3. Unit of energy is kilo gram or gram
d) very high

39
 4. Energy is also measured in terms of 3. Write short notes :
oxygen consumption by body per minute. 1. Types of efforts
5. The energy required for performing any 2. Types of fatigue
tasks is called energy management. 3. Controlling fatigue
yShort Answer questions : 4. Energy demands during different stages
1. Dene the terms : of life cycles
1. Energy 5. Causes of fatigue
2. Energy cost
Project/Assignment :
3. Fatigue
y Identify the common fatigue situations
4. Energy management faced by you and your family members.
2. Differentiate between the following : y Recognise your mental fatigue situation
1. Physiological fatigue and psychological and suggest remedies for it.
fatigue
2. Light work and heavy work
3. Manual efforts and pedal efforts
4. Boredom fatigue and frustration fatigue Related Activity :
y Write down the reasons of fatigue after
performing the activities in a day by
you.

•••

40
 5. WORK SIMPLIFICATION

5.1 Meaning and De

nition
5.2 Importance of Work Simpli
cation
5.3 Mundel’s Classes of Change
5.4 Techniques of Work Simpli
cation
5.5 Application of Mundel’s Classes to Household Activities

Let us discuss about Work Simplication : y Nodeller has de

ned work simplication as
follows :
Majority of household tasks are tedious,
“Work simpli cation is the systematic
monotonous, time consuming and require patience
procedure for analysis of work to-
and various types of skills. It is observed that
every individual is trying to conserve energy and a. Eliminate unnecessary work
time while doing such work. Hence, it becomes b. Arrange the remaining work in the best
necessary to know how to simplify the work order possible
by acquiring knowledge of work simpli cation. c. Standardize the proper work methods
If the methods of work performance are d. Establish accurate time-standards.”
systematic, necessary equipment is effcient and
According to Gilbreth, Thomas and
the work environment is suitable then work
Clymerthe term work simpli cation is a
can be simpli ed. Work simplication means
commonsense approach to make-work easier.
use of simple and easy method of working. To
Any type of work can be simpli
ed by applying
accomplish maximum work within given time
scienti
c management of time and energy.
and energy or spending minimum time or energy,
to accomplish both, a given amount of work, 5.2 Importance of Work Simplication :
maintaining the same standard or quality of work, Many scientists have done time and motion
are the main principles of work simpli cation. studies in the industrial eld. It is revealed
from these studies that some-times unnecessary
5.1 Meaning and Denition :
motions are made while working and extra time
Nickell and Dorsey de ned Work and energy is spent for those motions. If methods
simpli
cation as “conscious seeking of of work are improved by reducing unnecessary
the simplest, easiest and quickest method motions while working, saving of time and
of doing work”. In other words Work energy is possible. At the same time there is
Simpli
cation is dened as technique of an increase in production. The experience is
accomplishing a task by using the least
similar in household work. Hence different
amount of time and energy.
experiments were conducted to nd out new
According to Gross and Crandall, “Work methods of work to reduce fatigue. Conducive
Simpli
cation is accomplishing more work environment, effcient equipment and simple,
with given amount of time and energy or easy, and rhythmic work methods can reduce
reducing the amount of either or both to expenditure of time as well as energy.
accomplish a given amount of work”.

41
 Work simpli cation applied in household into ve levels and shown how without actual
work helps in many ways : laboratory procedure, improvement can be made
1. It minimizes work time by eliminating on the job through a careful analysis of what
unnecessary movements and by adding is being done. The classes or types are given
more effective motions. names according to the place where we make
2. It reduces energy expenditure by reducing the changes.
motions in work. Mundel has classi ed these changes into
3. Individual does not get tired, as the following types :
working method is simple, easy and 1. Changes in body position and motion
more trouble-free. 2. Changes in work arrangement and equipment
4. More work can be done in given time 3. Change in production sequence.
and energy as muscles involved in a 4. Change in nished product.
particular work are systematically and 5. Change in raw material.
ef
fciently used. 1. Changes in body position and motions :
5. The work output is more, and constant With changes carried out in body posture
working is possible because of evaluation and motions, time and energy can be saved.
and elimination of strenuous body posture. The worker should arrange the work place
6. It helps to inculcate time consciousness so that most of his/her body is resting
in the worker. while both hands work rhythmically from
7. Motion-mindedness is created in the right to left. One should avoid walking
worker. more while working. According to Goetz,
8. It reduces frustration resulting from lack Eldena, Sarah and Fitzsimmous, “classical
of effectiveness in work performance. work simpli cation is based on motion
9. Worker learns easier working methods of economy, which helps in reduction of time
a specic task. for household task”. To apply the changes in
10. Worker develops the habit of careful body position and motions while performing
observation and evaluation of own tasks, one can follows principles of motion
working method. economy for batter and effective result.
5.3 Mundel’s Classes of Change : The important Principles of Motion
The work simpli cation studies of household Economy are as follows :
tasks have shown that improvement in work Priin
Pr inci
cipa
ipa
palls
ls of Mo
Moti
Moti
tion
on Eco
cono
nomy
no my
methods is possible, and "best work methods"
can be developed for different house¬holds. Usee bo
Us both
th han
ands
ds in un
unis
ison
ison
The improvement is possible by changing old
Effe
Ef fect
fectiiv
ct ive rout
ive utin
tin
ingg
habits, which is not an easy and quick process;
it requires intense desire and attitude for change.
Use off rhy
Use
Us hythmi
hythmic
ic mo
moti
tion
tionss off han
on andd
Do You Know ?
Use smal
Use
Us all
lle
ler move
ler veme
ement
nts
ts off han
andd th
than
an
The concept of classes of change was stated largge ha
larg
la hand d or ar
armm moti
tion
ion
onss

by Dr. Marvin Mundel at Purdue University Foll

Foll
Follow
ow bod
ody
dy mech
chan
han
aniic
ics wh
ics whil
hil
ilee work
rki
kin
ing
ing
in 1940. Hence these changes are known as
Impr
Impr
Im proov
ove sk
ove skil
kililll in
in any
ny wor
orkk to
to be
Mundel's Classes of Change. carr
ca rriie
rr ied ou
ied outt

Dr. Marvin Mundel has classi

ed motions Fig. 5.1 Principles of Motion Economy

42
¾ Use both hands in unison : We do not i) Keeping body parts in alignment :
think that we can work by using the left When various body parts are correctly
hand because we are habituated to work by positioned, i.e. each centered over the
using the right hand. But if the right hand base of support, it results into stability
is put to more work, after some time its in standing as well as in sitting positions.
ef
fciency is reduced. Hence both hands are When any part gets out of line, muscular
to be used wherever possible for example- effort is required to maintain body balance
lifting a bag of articles, drying clothes etc. in addition to whatever work the body is
¾ Effective routing : While performing any doing thus resulting into strain.
task we must arrange the work centers in
such a way that one has to walk through the
shortest paths for the work and use them, so
that walking is reduced and energy is saved.
Plan of work should be made ahead of time
to reduce total distance walked during the
job.
¾ Use of rhythmic motions of hand : When Major Body Weights in
one type of action is done repetitively, Natural Alignment
that action gets speed. It is called rhythm. Fig. 5.2 (a) Body Alignment-Natural
Gross and Crandall de ned “Rhythm as a
muscular performance and with repetition
of movements at the same tempo". The
work is done quickly due to rhythm
because actions done one after another do
not require impulse every time. In repetitive
jobs like dish washing or mopping the oor,
rhythmic motions of hand should be used.
While cleaning utensils it becomes easy to
The Unbalanced Position
clean one type of utensils at a time such as
collecting and cleaning all dishes or glasses Fig. 5.2 (b) Body Alignment-Unbalanced
in continuity. ii) Using muscles effectively : Effective
¾ Use smaller movements of hand than use of muscles is important in doing
large hand or arm motions : By using any household task. Sweeping the oor
smaller movements of hand than large hand and lifting objects from the oor by back
motions or arm motions, worker’s energy is bending is strenuous on the backbone.
saved. Similarly, using smooth movements Instead of bending to sweep, one can use
than jerky ones makes the work easier. a long-handled broom and do the work
¾ Use of body mechanics : If the worker by standing erect and in a stable posture.
follows principles of body mechanics, the One can substitute leg muscles for back
energy requirement for particular task can be muscles when lifting weights or objects
reduced and work output can be increased. from the oor. One can use the bending
posture by bending at knee and thigh
43
 joints and using the strong muscles of
legs.

Fig. 5.4 (b) Bad Way of Pushing Object

iv) Skill in work : Skill is de

ned as "familiar
knowledge" which is combined in
Fig. 5.3 (a) Good Way of Lifting Object practical application to work performance.
It is essential to develop skill in carrying
out the household chores, because it helps
in eliminating extra motions. These skills
can be learnt by observation, sharing the
responsibilities with other workers in
the family, and getting familiar with the
work. When confronted with a task, trial
and error method is used haphazardly by
many of us. These methods are many
times ineffective and result into many
Fig. 5.3 (b) Bad Way of Lifting Object
awkward motions. When the movements
iii) Consider Centre of gravity : Considering for any job fall into a smooth rhythm, the
the centre of gravity is of importance in ef
fciency of the home-maker improves.
lifting, supporting or carrying a load and
2. Changes in work arrangement and
reaching to get an object. It is desirable
equipment :
to keep the load close to the body. As far
This includes re-arranging or modifying
as possible keep the centre of the weight
kitchen equipment, organizing storage space;
of the object through the centre of the
ensuring that the height and width of work
body and avoid twisting the body. The
spaces is suitable to the user; adding new,
custom of carrying any load on the back
modern and improved equipment and tools in
is an example of keeping the load close
the home etc. Before, buying any equipment,
to body.
its utility must be weighed against cost and
the ease with which it can be maintained. In
addition to acquiring the labour-saving devices,
it is necessary that devices should be placed
within reach and near at hand. Only then it can
be used regularly and comfortably.

Fig. 5.4 (a) Good Way of Pushing Object

44
 Always Remember :
¾ The height of the work surface must be
adapted to suit the worker.
¾ Storage areas in the kitchen and elsewhere
are often capable of being re-organized to
help the housework to proceed better.
Fig. 5.5 (a) Horizontal Plane/
Sitting Posture ¾ Items needed often should be placed within
reach and at accessible place.
¾ Grouping of material required for a particular
job helps to save worker’s energy.
3) Change in production sequence : Work
done haphazardly creates confusion and
causes delays. As there are number of
activities to be done in the home, such as
cooking, getting children ready for school,
Fig. 5.5 (b) Vertical Plane/ packing lunch boxes,bed making etc., each
Standing Posture activity should be followed up in a sequence.
Fig. 5.5 Comfortable Working Area When there are many activities to be done
in a shorter time one must also think of
combining or dovetailing of tasks. Finding
the best order of work or the easier method
of doing a task and putting it into practice
saves both steps and motions. For example,
in cleaning the house, continuation of each
process of sweeping, dusting, and mopping
oor throughout the house helps to save
time in handling of tools, develops rhythm
in work, and creates faster ow of work.
Fig. 5.6 (a) Horizontal Plane/Sitting Posture 4) Change in nished product : Most families
have certain preconceived standards for
housekeeping. Habits are deeply in grained
and sometimes dif fcult to change. Careful
thinking on the part of the homemaker and
his/her ways of persuading the family to
accept new ideas can permit them to change
some of their ways. The worker might have
to change some of her or his standards or
expectations about how the nished product
should be in appearance, taste, shape, size
etc. For example, if the nished product
Fig. 5.6 (b) Vertical Plane/Standing Posture without any fancy decoration is accepted by
Fig. 5.6 : Arrangement of Work Place the family then it makes the task simpli
ed.
45
5) Change in raw material : This change motions. These techniques include Micro
refers to the raw ingredients used in a Motion and Memo Motion Film Analysis,
product keeping the nal product same. For Cycle-graph, and Stop Watch.
example, using paper napkins in place of cloth y Micro Motion and Memo Motion Film
napkins saves the efforts of cleaning. Using Analysis : These two techniques are
ready to use mixes available in market-for primarily used for detail and accurate
certain recipes, or even buying ready-made analysis of the task. The tasks which
products such as spices, sprouted beans and can be easily lmed are analyzed by
pulses, or frozen foods and clothes made of these techniques. In this, motion picture
new  bers may be easier to maintain than or video lm of task is prepared under
traditional materials. normal working condition. This recording
A combination of these ve types of changes, of work is further analyzed by an expert
careful and imaginative thinking, willingness person. According to needs, it can be
to modify existing work habits and ability to rechecked by multiple persons also.
get the support of the family will go a long These techniques are useful in analyzing
way towards making the tasks of the worker motions of hand or other parts of body.
easier, quicker and more satisfying. These techniques are very expensive and
5.4 Techniques of Work Simplication : generally not used to study household
Work simpli cation is primarily based on task.
motion and time study. Improvement in work y Cycle-graph : It is a photographic
methods of an individual is possible through device. Cycle graph is used to register
observing, recording and analysing various the pathway of light projected by a
motions of worker while working. There are small electric bulb attached to some
variety of techniques which could be used to part of the body. The graph of the task
study motion and time required for completion plotted by device shows the pattern of
ed in two
of task. These techniques are classi movements, like smooth and rhythmic or
major categories : non-rhythmic motions. For example;
Formal Techniques and Informal while ironing, small electric bulb is
Techniques. attached to hand to register the pathway
Techniques
T h i off Work
k of the activity. This technique is effective
Simplication

in studying ways of reduction in motions
Formal Informal and method of improvement in work.
Techniques Techniques/Paper-
Pencil Techniques
y Stop Watch : Stop watch is used to
Process Operation
n Pathway
record the time needed to complete
Chart Chart Chart the specic task. It can be used with
Micro and Cycle- Stop
other techniques also. This technique
Memo Motion
F
Film Analysi
Ana lysi
y s graph Watch is effective in creating time awareness
Fig. 5.6 Techniques of Work Simplication
 among worker.
¾ Formal Techniques : Formal Techniques ¾ Informal Techniques : These simple
require specic equipment and devices. techniques of work simpli
cation are known
These techniques are more accurate, as Paper Pencil techniques. According to its
effective and scienti
c in way of studying name, simple paper and pencil is used to
46
 record the motions while performing activity.
These are commonly used to study various
household tasks. Some of these techniques
are Pathway Chart, Process Chart, and
Operation Chart.
Do you know ?
Frakn B. Gibreth and Lillian M. Gilbreth,
American Industrial Psychologist, invented
the script of motion and time study by using
signs, symbols and abbreviations. They have
termed these as “Therblig”. It is a reversal
of their name Gilbreth. Fig. 5.7 (b) Pathway Chart - Improved
 y Pathway Chart : It is also known as pin y Process Chart : It is a step by step
and thread/string method. Floor plan of description of method of work used by
work place drawn in scale and proportion, worker. It grossly analyses the movements
soft board, pins, and thread are required of worker, activity in general and is useful
to prepare a pathway chart. Initially, oor in identifying unnecessary movements.
plan is placed on soft board and pins are
Following symbols are used for
xed on the activity centres where worker

preparation of process chart.
turns while working. The movements or
path of the workers travelled during work Symbols Meaning Description of
are recorded by winding thread around the No. symbols
specic pins. After completion of the task, Movement from
thread is removed from the oor plan Small
1. one place to
and distance travelled by the worker is Circle
another place
measured from the thread used. Further,
Big
this process is analysed, revised oor plan 2. Operation
Circle
is prepared by adopting suggestions and
improved pathway chart is prepared. To Quality
draw the conclusion of study, length of 3. Square Inspection with
the thread is compared. eyes

4. Triangle Delay

Movement
Circle in
5. and operations
circle
simultaneously
Fig. 5.8 Symbols of Process Chart
At least two persons are required to prepare
the process chart, one for doing the work and
another one to observe and note down the
same. Analysis of work is done by counting
Fig. 5.7 (a) Pathway Chart - Original
47
repetitions of each symbol which is further muscles. If it is too low bending at the
used for identication of errors in movement back might become necessary and can
and speci c points where improvement is cause back pain.
needed. One can effectively use this chart for ¾ If a stand is used for activity, it should
improvement in work process by avoiding be of proper height.
unnecessary trips from one place to another and ¾ The clothes to be dried should be put
delays in working. in a bucket and this bucket should be
y Operation Chart : Operation chart is used placed on a stool of proper height.
to study hand movements only. More detailed
b. Sweeping the oor : While sweeping the
study of right and left hand operations is
oor the following points must be kept
possible by the use of this chart. Three
symbols are used in this chart-small circle in mind:
for hand movements, large circle denotes ¾ A thick and long broom should be
movement of ngers and hand tougher and used to cover more area in one stroke.
triangle indicates idleness of both ngers ¾ A part of the oor should be thoroughly
and hand. Minimum three persons are cleaned and only once.
required to prepare the operation chart; one ¾ The movements involved should be
for observing right hand operations, other smooth, rhythmic and minimum.
for observing left hand operations and the ¾ The arrangement of furniture should
worker who performs task. Two separate be done thoughtfully so as to cause
charts are used to study the right and left no obstruction in sweeping.
hand movements.
c. Mopping the oor : While mopping the
Following gure shows the meaning and oor following points must be kept in
description of symbols used in operation chart. mind:
Sr. Symbols Meaning Description of ¾ A long handled mop should be used
No. symbols to avoid bending at the back.
Small Movement of ¾ The mop should be of good quality-
1.
Circle Hand either of sponge or of good absorbent
Movement of material.
Big
2. ngers and ¾ While mopping the oor, the motions
Circle
hand tougher should be rhythmic.
Idleness of both d. Cutting vegetables : While cutting or
3. Triangle ngers and chopping vegetables following points
hand must be kept in mind :
Fig. 5.9 Symbols of Operation Chart ¾ Use a good quality knife with a sharp
and sturdy blades.
5.5 Application of Mundel’s Classes of
Change in Household Activities : ¾ The knife should have a good handle
for giving a good grip to hold it.
a. Drying clothes : While drying clothes
following points must be kept in mind: ¾ Use a good quality chopping board.
¾ The rod or rope used for drying clothes ¾ Place it near the preparation counter
should be at proper height. If it is too in the kitchen which is the rst place
high it will create fatigue for shoulder of its use.

48
Use your brain : These are few examples of application of
Mundel’s classes of change, though there are
Find out the other household tasks, which
many more which can be experienced in daily
need improvement and apply Mundel’s
life. This will certainly help the individual in
classes of change.
conservation of his/her energy and time due to
simplication of the tasks.

Can You Recall ?

y Individuals have lot of responsibilities ef
fciency of work and that of the worker.
within and outside the home; hence they These classes suggest-
must carefully study how they can improve 1. change in body positions and motions,
their methods of work. 2. change in working arrangements and
y Work simpli
cation is the means of work equipment,
improvement. 3. change in production sequence,
y Work simpli cation is achieved through 4. change in nished product,
application of scienti
c management. 5. change in raw materials.
y It is de
ned as "conscious seeking of the y Formal and Informal Techniques of work
simplest, easiest and quickest method of simpli
cation should be used to analyse and
doing work". improve the working methods.
y Work simplication
 is possible by analyzing y If these changes are made in household
the existing methods of work, by using the work, it requires less time and energy and
ve classes of change given by Dr. Marvin one does not feel tired.
Mundel. y Work simplication can help to improve
y Each class of change suggests speci
c standard and output of work.
improvements in order to increase the

Exercises

yObjective questions : 3. Script of motion and time study is termed

1) Multiple choice questions : as __________
1. Work simpli cation means utilization a) Operation Chart b) Therblig
of the least amount of ___________ and c) Gilbreth d) Delmun
energy.
4. The concept of classes of change was
a) equipment b) time stated by Dr. Marvin __________ at
c) money d) devices Purdue University in 1940.
2. Conducive environment, ef
fcient a) Mundel b) Markar
equipment and simple, easy and c) Muillar d) Monto
__________ work methods can reduce
5. Operation chart is used to study
expenditure of time as well as energy. __________ movements only.
a) routine b) standard
a) hand b) leg
c) regular d) rhythmic
c) nger d) body
49
2) Identify whether the following statements 2.
are true or false : Symbols Meaning Description of
1. The custom of carrying any load on the symbols
back is an example of considering center Small
of gravity. Circle
2. Work simpli cation cannot improve
standard and output of work. Operation
3. Use of mop having long handle keeps
body in alignment. Square
4. Floor plan of work place is essential in
preparation of pathway chart.
5. Use of instant mixes in cooking is an Triangle
example of change in the nished product.
Movement
6. While hanging clothes on a rope for
and operations
drying, keeping bucket on a stool instead
simultaneously
of on oor is advisable.
3) Identify the gures : yShort Answer questions :
1. 2. 1. Dene the terms :
cation
1. Work Simpli
2. Write short notes :
1. Body posture while working.
2. Changes in work arrangement and
equipment.
3. 4. 3. Rhythm in work.
4. Use of both hands while working.
5. Formal Techniques of work simpli
cation
6. Operation Chart
7. Process Chart
3. Answer the following in brief :
4) Complete the table : 1. Explain the principles of ‘body mechanics’.
1. 2. Write the importance of work
Symbols Meaning Description of cation.
simpli
symbols 3. Explain the principles of ‘motion
economy’.
4. Write the formal techniques of work
Big
cation.
simpli
Circle
yLong answer questions :
Idleness of both 1. De ne work simplication and explain
ngers and hand its importance.
50
2. Name the classes of change and Illustrate
Project/Assignment :
any two classes.
1. Observe and list out the right and
3. List out the most important points one
wrong body posture while performing
must remember in arranging a work
activity.
center from the point of view of work
cation.
simpli
4. Describe pathway and process chart.
5. Classify the techniques of work Project/Related Activities :
simplication and explain the operation 1. Prepare pathway chart of any household
chart. activity.

•••

51
 6. CONSUMER AWARENESS

6.1 Meaning and De

nition of Consumer
6.2 Responsibilities of Consumer
6.3 Problems faced by Consumer
6.4 Rights of Consumer
6.5 Guidelines for Wise Purchase
6.6 Consumer Protection

6.1 Meaning and Denition of Consumer : y Consumer must enquire about

It is an old saying that consumer is the king reputation and past performance of
because he is the person on whose decision; producer/seller/service provider.
demand of any product or service depends. y Consumer should avoid hasty and
Thus, consumer plays a vital role in shaping impulsive decisions, regarding
the decision of the market/industry regarding purchase in sales and schemes.
the conduct they offer. People get into different ¾ While Buying :
profession and or side business either by choice
y It is the responsibility of a consumer
or by circumstances, but everyone, in any case is
to be more alert and to question more
a consumer. Consumer is the one who consumes
about prices, quantity and quality of
goods and services available in the market.
goods bought and services used.
“A consumer is a person who buys any y Consumer should ask about
goods or hires any service for valuable demonstration regarding the operation
consideration. Person, who avails goods of the product/service.
or services exclusively for the purpose of y Consumer should buy standardized
sustaining his livelihood is called a consumer” goods as they provide quality
The term does not include a person who assurance. For example, buy goods
obtains goods or services for resale or for any with certication mark such as, ISI
commercial purpose. mark on electrical goods, FPO mark
on food products and Hallmark on
6.2 Responsibilities of Consumer :
jewellery.
Consumer should act rationally. A consumer
should keep in mind the following responsibilities y Consumer should read labels carefully
while purchasing, using and consuming goods so as to get information about prices,
and services : net weight, and manufacturing and
¾ Before Buying : expiry date of product.
y It is a responsibility of a consumer to y Consumer should assert himself/
plan in advance before buying. herself to get a fair deal.
y Consumer must enquire about past y Consumer should read and know about
performance of product/services. the contents of guarantee / warranty

52
 card and obtain it and getting it signed Remember the 3R's of a dutiful consumer :
by a dealer y Reduce : Consume only what you need,
y Consumer should ask about a receipt/ if possible reduce consumption of water,
bill while buying the product and also electricity, fuel and other non-renewable
check those bills during transaction. resources.
¾ After Buying : y Reuse : If a product can serve you for
y Consumer should use products as per a longer period, use it instead of buying
instruction given in user manual. a new one.
y Recycle : Don’t litter the environment,
y Consumer should keep bills and
recycle degradable or recyclable materials
guarantee card safe.
through proper channel.
y Consumer should learn about the risks
Source : www.consumer.tn.gov.in
associated with products and services,
follow manual instructions and use 6.3 Problems Faced by consumer :
products safely. Consumers face number of problems in
y Consumer should together join hands dealing with traders and manufactures. Some
and raise voice to promote and protect of the main problems are listed as follow :
consumer interest.  y Adulteration of goods : Adulteration of
y Consumer should le a complaint in goods is one of the major problems faced
an appropriate consumer forum in by consumers in day to day purchases.
case of defect in product/service. Adulteration of food substances by traders
through addition of substances which are
y Consumer societies should be formed injurious to health, for example- small
as it plays an active part in educating pebbles in rice, starch in milk and cheese,
consumers and safeguarding their plastic pieces in sugar and used tea leaves
interests. are generally sold in markets. Consumers
¾ Sustainable Consumption : also face adulteration problems for goods
y Every consumer should practice like clothes, medicines, drugs, cosmetics,
appropriate method of consumption household equipments etc.
in order to sustain the resources for y Supply of duplicate and defective
future. goods : Consumers often get cheated by
traders due to supply of duplicate and
y Consumer should consume only what defective goods. Many unethical traders
one needs. illegally use popular brand names and
y Consumer should not waste products sell their products, also many traders sell
and resources. defective pieces of goods during sales in
y Consumer should avoid using the order to fool the customer.
products that create pollution such y Variation in prices : The consumer has
as plastics, chemicals. Instead of to pay different prices for same item at
that everyone should use natural bio- different places. Traders use deceptive
or incorrect rates on products and sell
degradable products such as cloth
goods and items above MRP (Minimum
bags, jute bags, paper bags etc.
retail price). Many showrooms of big
companies add prices of maintenance

53
 of showroom, additional taxes and free appear in the market.
home delivery charges at product cost y Poor Quality of Sales Personnel : Many
which is hidden at expense of customer. times sales personnel have not been given
y Wrong weights and measures : appropriate training by their employers
Consumers are cheated by traders as they fail to give proper information
by not using standard weights and about the products. Sometimes salesmen
measurements according to Standard exaggerate about the product so much that
Weights and Measurements Act 1976. it lures the customer to buy the product.
Under weight stones are used in place y Online Shopping Problems : Online
of standard weights, boxes, bottles or shopping is one of the fastest growing
measuring glass of containers having markets in India but we, as Indian
shape that would give less quantity. Even consumer face many issues. Consumer
in shopping malls, customers are cheated face issue related to product quality
with wrong weights pasted on packets. most of the time. It is the most common
y Misleading Advertisements : Everyday problem faced by customers as there is no
new products are launched. Normally guarantee of product quality. Most of the
manufacturers give information about time online products do not get delivered
their products via advertisement. After within the stipulated time. Consumers
purchase, consumer realizes that it doesn’t have to wait for days before they nally
match with what he/she has seen in the receive their product. Consumers become
advertisement. Businessmen make false victim to online payment issues. Payment
claim of products via advertisements. failures are due to errors in banking
For instance advertisement of Beauty websites, hacking of online banking
products, health drinks etc. accounts, issues with one time password
y Sale of Substandard goods : In place (OTP), payment gateway error have now
of standard goods, sub standard goods become common issues during online
are sold at higher price. For example, payment. Online websites offer vague
selling of furniture made of inferior stipulations which leave consumers
quality wood, substandard ingredients in confused about refund and return of
food items, use of sub-standard bulbs and products.
electrical appliances.
y Articial Scarcity : Arti cial scarcity
is faced by lot of consumers especially
in festive season. Essential commodities
such as edible oil, potatoes, rice, wheat,
sugar, pulses etc are not available in
market. Customers have to pay a
Problems off
higher price though the rates of these Consumer
substances are low or has to do without
these items.When there is a possibility
of rise of price in these substances, these
substances get vanished from markets.
When there is a rise in the price of these
substances these commodities suddenly Fig. 6.1 Problems faced by consumer

54
6.4 Rights of Consumer : enable him to act wisely and responsibly
It is very essential for the consumer to know and also enable him to resist from falling
one's basic rights as well as about the legal prey to high pressure selling techniques.
framework and procedures that follow with the For example, the manufacturers provide
infringement of one's right. detail information about the contents of the
product, quantity, date of manufacturing,
date of expiry, maximum retail price on
the label and package of the product.
Such information helps the consumers
in their buying decisions.
y Right to Choose : This is the right
Rights of
consumer to be assured, wherever possible of
access to variety of goods, products or
services at Competitive price. In case
of monopolies, like railways, electric
supply etc. it means right to be assured of
satisfactory quality and service at a fair
price. It also includes right to basic goods
Fig. 6.2 Rights of consumer
and services. This is because unrestricted
right of the minority to choose can mean
y Right to Safety : This right talks about a denial for the majority of its fair share.
the right to be protected against the This right can be better exercised in a
marketing of goods, products or competitive market where a variety of
services, which are hazardous to life goods are available at competitive prices.
and property. The purchased goods and This implies that the marketers should
services availed of should not only meet offer a wide variety of products in terms
their immediate needs, but also ful l of quality, brand, prices, size, etc.
long term interest. Before purchasing, y Right to be Heard : The right to
consumer should insist on the quality of be heard and to be assured that
the products as well as on the guarantee consumer’s interests will receive due
of the product and services. They should consideration at appropriate forum. It
preferably purchase certi ed products also includes right to be represented in
such as ISI, AGMARK, etc. For example various forums formed to consider the
substandard electric appliances might consumer welfare. The Consumers should
cause serious injuries. form non-political and non-commercial
y Right to be Informed : The right to consumer organizations which can
be informed about the quality, quantity, be given representation in various
potency, purity, standard and price of committees formed by the Government
goods, products or services, as the case and other bodies. Many manufacturers
may be, so as to protect the consumer have set up their own consumer service
against unfair trade practices. Consumer and grievance cells. Many consumer
should insist on getting all the information organizations are also working towards
about the product or service before this direction and helping consumer in
making a choice or a decision. This will redressal of their grievances
55
y Right to Seek Redressal : This is a 6.5 Guidelines for Wise Purchase :
right to seek redressal against unfair While sellers have all the information, high
trade practices or restrictive trade pressure advertising techniques and various
practices or unscrupulous exploitation gimmicks are used to lure consumers into their
of consumers. Consumers must make well spread out net. Many consumers are poor
complaint for their genuine grievances. and pay heavily due to lack of knowledge,
Many a times their complaint may be buying habits and general laziness. At present,
of small value but its impact on the market is ooded with new and better products
society as a whole may be very large. and there is a rise in competition, the consumer
They can also take the help of consumer needs to be wise and aware about various market
organisations in seeking redressal of their trends. That is why a consumer needs to have
grievances. The Consumer Protection\ knowledge about different products, their brands
Act provides a number of reliefs to the and models available. Buying wisely requires
consumers including replacement of intelligence, cautions, effort and energy.
product, removal of defect in the product, ¾ How to buy :
compensation paid for any loss or injury
y Plan before buying and buy only useful
suffered by the consumer, etc.
and affordable things.
y Right to Consumer Awareness :
y Consumer should read the labels carefully
Ignorance of consumers, particularly of
before purchasing a product.
rural consumers, is mainly responsible for
their exploitation. They should know their y Think about durability after maintenance
rights and must exercise them. Only then and repair services of the product.
real consumer protection can be achieved y Compare the high priced with low priced
with success. Consumer education may articles and feature to feature and if both
be imparted through school and college are even go for the cheaper one.
curriculum and also consumer awareness y While buying, consider safety and
campaigns run by both Government and comfort of the product.
NGO (Non government organization). y Before buying expensive articles, consult
y Right to Healthy Environment : The as many people as possible who have
right to physical environment will bought the article.
enhance the quality of life. It includes y Be careful and look out for expiry
protection against environmental dangers date, manufacturing date, guarantee and
like air, water and noise pollution over warranty of the product.
which the individual has no control. It
y Payment should be made carefully by
acknowledges the need to protect and
cash, e-wallet, cheque, credit card or
improve the environment for present and
debit card.
future generations.
¾ When to buy :
y Right to Basic Needs : Right to basic
needs ensures basic goods and services y When to buy is an important point of
which guarantee survival. It includes consideration. We get discount during
adequate food, clothing, shelter, health, festive season. We also get schemes
care, education and sanitation to lead a such as ‘Buy one get one free’, ‘Buy
decent life. a car with free insurance’. We can buy
56
 products promoting such schemes but as y Look out for ISI marks on electrical
aware consumers we should also look goods, cement, biscuits, mineral water etc.
out for hidden costs of item while buying y Look out for hallmark on gold and silver
one and getting one free. jewellery.
y Some manufacturers also give ‘off- y Look for Agmark on agricultural products.
season’ discounts such as buying air- y Look out for ISO and FPO mark on fruits
cooler in winters, woolen clothes during and vegetables.
summers. As aware consumers, one y Look out for Vegetarian and Non-
should not blindly avail these discounts. vegetarian marks on packed food items.
¾ From where to buy : y Look out handloom mark on handloom
y It is generally advisable to buy the items and red label star mark on electrical
products from established shops. appliances.
Consumers should avoid buying products ™ Labels : Label is a small piece of paper,
from street hawkers. fabric, plastic, or similar material attached
y While buying from established shop, to a product providing detail information
consider the reputation of the dealer or about it. It is a signi
cant means of product
the wholesaler or the retailer to ensure identi
cation like branding and packaging.
quality of the product. It is an informative tag, wrapper or seal
attached to a product.
y Purchase from the dealer who provides
sales service after buying. Labelling is an important element as it
affects sale and distribution process of a
y For perishable items, ensure that it
product, which provides clear information
remains fresh until you reach your home.
about the grade, quantity, price, brand name,
y Sometimes away from hometown, you features, etc. to the customer. Labelling
may nd some products which are gives necessary information to the customer
attractive and bene
cial. Try to nd out to buy product without hesitation.
whether maintenance of such products is
Functions of label :
available at your home town.
 y Identication of product : Labelling
¾ How much to buy :
identi
es the product or brand easily.
y Always buy the things which are It prevents substitution of competitive
necessary. product.
y Never buy in bulk, especially food items
y Grading : Labelling is helpful in grading
as they get wasted.
the product according to measure quality
y Avoid impulse buying. and features.
y Money resource is a limited commodity, y Description : Labelling helps to describe
use it properly. the product according to quality and
y Consider resources at your disposal, For features.
example : consider the amount of money
y Product promotion : Labelling plays
and then spend.
a signi
cant role in promotion of the
¾ What to buy : product. Offers such as free brush, free
y It is necessary to understand the standard coin attracts the consumers to buy that
marks issued by BIS. product.
57
 y Protect the consumer : Labelling also chemical analysis, weight size, use of
protects the consumer from buying arti
cial colour, directions for its use etc.
adulterated and defective goods from y Informative Label : An informative
the market and also gives a choice to label attempts to help the consumer to
the consumer to choose his own brand make wise selection and care of the
of product. product. It gives special instructions or
y Makes the product attractive : It helps precautions on care and use of products
in promotion of the product via its than descriptive label. It may give factual
attractive design. The graphic design of information about the product based on
various products gives an aesthetic nish laboratory tests and may include weight
to product and it attracts the consumer of the product, manufacturer’s name,
to buy the product. It is a source of date of manufacture and expiry, contents
of product etc.
attraction for consumers too.
¾ Certication of label : Consumers
¾ Types of Labels :
expect certain qualities from the products
they purchase. Certi cation labels ensure
Types of that the product ful ls the qualities
Lables expected by the consumers. A quality
mark gives the consumer a visual and
Brand Grade Descrip- Informa- easily identiable quality assessment
label label tive label tive label tool, originating from a reliable source.
Indian Government established the Indian
Standards Institute for certi cation of
Fig. 6.3 Types of Labels
products. Certication
 labels such as ISI,
y Brand label : Brand label is a distinctive Agmark, Woolmark, Handloom mark,
design or symbol. Trademarks and Silk mark, Eco mark etc. are used for
Brand names fall under this category. standardization of various products.
Most of the time consumer compares Know Your Standard Quality Marks
products of various brands while buying.
Standard
Manufacturers also try to maintain the
Quality Information
quality standards of their products to
Marks
establish their image in the market which
ISI Mark : ISI is a certication
leads to a healthy competition. Consumers
mark scheme operated by Bureau
can identify the manufacturer from the
of Indian Standards (BIS), under
brand and can register complaint if any.
the provisions of BIS Act, 1986.
y Grade label : A grade label identi
es the ISI marks are both mandatory
quality of a product by a letter, number and voluntary. Some of the ISI
or word which implies a qualitative certi
cation products include
judgement of relative inferiority or cement, electrical appliances,
superiority of the product. LPG cylinders, batteries,
y Descriptive label : Descriptive label Automobile Accessories,
means giving details of the product Medical equipments, Chemical
such as component parts of the products, Fertilizers, infant foods etc.
58
Standard Standard
Quality Information Quality Information
Marks Marks
Agmark : The Agmark FSSAI (Food Safety and
certi
cation is used on Standards Authority of India):
agricultural commodities for FSSAI is certi cation mark
the bene t of consumers and which signi es that food is
producers by Director of hygienic and meets the approved
Marketing and Inspection; an safety and standards set for food
items under the Food safety
agency of Government of India.
and standards (FSS) Act 2006.
The scheme is legally enforced
Food packets generally contain
by Agricultural Produce (Grading
a 14-digit license number issued
and marking) Act 1937. by FSSAI along with FSSAI
Vegetarian and Non-vegetarian logo in the colour that contrasts
marks : As per food safety with the background.
and Standards (packaging and BEE (Bureau of Energy
Labelling) regulations 2011, Ef
fciency) star label mark:
every package of non- vegetarian BEE star label mark gives a
food shall bear a symbol which reference regarding energy
constitutes of brown colour saving of household electrical
lled circle inside a square with appliances and other equipments.
brown outline having sides the In 2006 the Bureau of electrical
ef
fciency (BEE) of ministry of
double diameter of the circle.
power, Government of India,
Every package of vegetarian issued Red star label Mark. It is
food shall bear a symbol of generally used for Refrigerator,
green colour lled circle, having Air conditioner, distribution
a diameter not less than the transformers, induction motors,
minimum size speci ed, inside pump sets etc.
the square with green outline Handloom mark : Handloom
having size double the diameter mark was introduced by
of the circle. Government of India in order
Hallmark : The hallmark to promote handloom products
scheme was launched by Bureau in domestic and international
markets. This scheme covers all
of Indian Standards (BIS) on
handloom fabrics and products
behalf of Government of India
made thereof. The mark is
for gold jewellery in year 2000 generally found in two forms;
and for silver jewellery in 2005. one for domestic market in which
This scheme is voluntary in ‘handloom’ word is written
nature and consumers should below the logo and the other
buy gold and silver jewellery one for international markets in
with a hallmark on it. which ‘hand woven in India’ is
written beneath the logo.
59
Standard 6.6 Consumer Protection :
Quality Information In the modern marketing scene, an average
Marks buyer can be easily misled or cheated. Common
Wool mark : The wool mark logo consumer is neither knowledgeable nor well
is owned by Woolmark Company informed. He/she needs protection from
of Australia. Woolmark is unscrupulous sellers. Once cheated, a common
consumer is not in a position to approach
used to identify products that
the civil court. The quick, inexpensive and
contain wool. Products with
speedy justice to the genuine complaints of the
Woolmark logo are 100 percent
consumers is essential.
pure new wool and have been
approved and certi ed to meet Realizing the importance of consumer
quality speci
cations and offer protection world over, the United Nations
adopted guidelines for protection of consumers
natural comfort. It also contains
on April 9, 1985. All countries are expected to
Woolmark blend and wool blend
take suitable legislative measures. Accordingly,
which contains wool and other
‘Consumer protection act, 1986’ was enacted in
yarns such as polyester and
India with this in mind. This act was speci
cally
nylon.
designed to protect consumer interests. It is
Silk mark : Silk mark is a intended to provide justice which is, “less
quality assurance label for pure formal, less paperwork, less delay and less
silk and in addition serves as a expense”. The act came into force with effect
brand for generic promotion of from 01-07-1987.
pure silk. It is not a mandatory Main objectives of consumer protection
mark, but it is an advisory mark Act 1986
promoted under the Silk Mark y To provide better protection of interests to
Scheme, backed by Silk Mark consumers.
organization of India.
y Consumer councils and other authorities are
Eco mark : Eco mark is a provided for setting the consumer’s disputes
certi
cation mark issued by and other matters.
Bureau of Indian Standards in
The Act is intended to protect the
1991, to products conforming to
following rights of the consumer :
a set of standards aimed at the
1) Right of Protection from marketing of
least impact on ecosystem. The
goods and services which are hazardous
products with eco mark are soaps
to life and property.
and detergents, paints, papers,
plastics, cosmetics, textiles, 2) Right to be informed about the quality,
quantity, purity, standards and price of
batteries, wood substitutes,
the goods/services so that consumers are
drugs, food items, pesticides etc.
protected from unfair trade practices.
3) Right to have access to variety of goods
Use your brain : and services at competitive prices.
Find out the International Certi
cation 4) Right to be heard and to be assured
Marks. that consumer interests receive its due
consideration.
60
 5) Right to stop unfair trade practices, If the redressal agency is satised about
restrictive trade practices and exploitation the genuineness of the complaint, it can issue
of consumers. one or more of the following directions to the
6) Right to consumer education. other party.
7) Right to speedy and simple redressal to 1) To remove the defects pointed by laboratory
consumer disputes. 2) To replace goods with new goods free of
defect.
Features of Consumer Protection Act 1986,
and ling of complaints- 3) To return the price of goods or charge of
y Simple formalities services paid by the complainant

y Advocates not compulsory 4) Compensation for loss or injury suffered

by consumer due to negligence of opposite
y Consumers themselves can conduct cases
party in addition, punitive damages can
y Complaint can be written in English, Hindi also be granted.
or Local language.
5) To discontinue the trade practice or the
y Complaints may be sent even through restrictive trade practice or not to repeat
Registered post. them.
y Registered Consumer Organization or 6) Not to offer the hazardous goods for sale.
Government can also le complaint on
7) To withdraw the hazardous goods from
behalf of consumer.
sale.
y Less expensive
8) To cease manufacture of hazardous goods
y Compensation can be claimed for the loss and to stop from offering hazardous
suffered including mental agony. services.
The Act envisages setting up of ‘consumer
9) To pay any amount (not less than 5%
Disputes Redressal Agency’ at District, State of the value of the defective goods or
and National level. de
cient services provided),to be credited
Redressal Jurisdiction to decide to the consumer Welfare fund or any other
Agency consumer dispute organization/person,to be utilized in the
Under CPA prescribed manner.
Value of goods/ Appeals
10) To issue corrective advertisement to
services and against order
compensation of neutralize the effect of a misleading
claimed advertisement.
District Forums less than 11) To provide for adequate costs to parties.
Rs. 20 lakh

State more than Rs. District

Commission 20 lakh and less Forum
than Rs. 1 crore
National more than State
Commission Rs. 1 crore Commission

61
 Can You Recall ?
y A consumer is a person who buys any goods informed, right to choose, right to be heard,
or hires any services for ful
lling own needs. right to seek redressal, right to consumer
y Consumer should keep in mind the reasonable awareness, right to healthy environment and
level of responsibilities while purchasing, right to basic needs.
using and consuming goods and services. y Consumer should follow certain guidelines
y Consumer faces number of problems like for wise purchasing. Buying wisely requires
adulteration of goods, supply of duplicate intelligence, cautious efforts and energy.
and defective goods, variation in prices, y Label is a small piece of paper, fabric, plastic,
faulty weights and measures, misleading or similar material attached to a product
advertisements, sale of substandard goods, that provides detailed information about it.
arti
cial scarcity, poor quality of sales Standard quality marks give assurance of
personnel and online shopping problems in quality of products to the consumers.
dealing with traders and manufactures. y Consumer Protection Act 1986 provides
y Consumer Protection Act 1986 has provided protection and justice from unfair means
rights like right to safety, right to be and practices of the business community to
the consumers.
Exercises

yObjective questions : 2) Match the following pairs :

1) Multiple choice questions : A B
1. Consumer is a person who __________ 1. Starch in Milk Festive season
any goods or hires any services for 2. Consumer protection Electrical goods
valuable consideration.
3. Vegetarian food Green circle inside
a) resales b) buys square
c) earns pro
t d) sales 4. Arti
cial scarcity Adulteration
2. Logo of ____________ _ is used on 5. ISI mark Judicial machinery
Agricultural products.
3) Identify whether the following statements
a) ISI b) Hallmark
are True or False :
c) Ag-mark d) BIS
a) Consumer should keep bills and guarantee
3. Consumer Protection Act, 1986 was cards safe.
enacted in the year __________ b) As a consumer, one should not be aware
a) 1987 b) 1986 about the rights of consumer.
c) 1985 d) 1988 c) Adulteration is one of the problems faced
by the consumers.
4. Hallmark is a standardization mark used
d) ISI is a quality certi
cation mark used in
for __________ case of food products.
a) fruits b) gold e) Consumer Protection Act deals with the
c) textiles d) goods problems of manufactures.

62
y Short answer questions : • Long answer questions :
1) Dene the following terms : a) Explain the responsibilities and rights of
a) Consumer consumers.
b) Label b) Write about the problems faced by
consumers.
2) Write short notes on the following :
c) Describe the useful guidelines for wise
a) Need of consumer protection
purchase for consumers.
b) Adulteration and supply of defective
d) Write about functions of labels.
and duplicate goods
e) Explain consumer protection act 1986.
c) Right to be informed
d) How and what to buy Project/Assignment :
e) Types of labels 1) Survey and report writing on awareness
3) Give reasons for the following : about consumer rights/ consumer
a) Consumer must plan in advance before problems.
buying. 2) Visit the consumer organization and
b) Buy only standard quality mark write report on functions performed by
electrical appliances. it.
c) There is need of consumer awareness. 3) Collect the published information
d) Consumer should read the label before regarding consumer disputes.
buying any product.
e) Legal protection is a necessity of
consumers.
Related Activity :
1) Collect and analyze labels.

•••

63
 7. HOME DECORATION

7.1 Introduction to Elements of Arts

7.2 Introduction to Principles of Design

Let’s Discuss Home Decoration and Home Light

Design.
Colour Line
Every human being has a wish that his/
her home should be nicely decorated. One
needs to understand that the home should not
be merely decorated but it should be pleasant Pattern Space
and appealing. It should create welcoming
atmosphere so that the visitors feel comfortable.
Form and
The family members, on returning home after Texture Shape
working for long hours should feel relaxed. So,
the home should not be merely decorated but Fig. 7.1 Basic Elements of Art
should have good design. 1. Light : Light is one of the most important
Design is the creation and organization basic elements of art. It is an external
of form, space, colour, pattern and texture to element of art and design.
achieve beauty and individuality. Considering De nition : Light is an element that
the space crunch, especially in urban areas and illuminates and makes everything visible.
the constantly increasing prices of the houses, It is both an art element and a necessity.
utility of the space and economy become the Without light, no art is visible to the eye and no
important aspects to be achieved in designing design can be produced, appreciated or utilized.
of a home. The expression of beauty is incomplete without
light.
In order to create a good design for home, a
Do you remember ?
family may take help of a professional Interior
Designer. But it is necessary to remember that Light can be natural or arti cial. Both are
each individual has a natural ability to recognize important aspects of home decoration from the
point of view of functionality and design.
beauty which can be utilized in creating beautiful
atmosphere in the home. The knowledge of a. Natural light : We all are familiar with
this term. It is the visible radiant energy
elements of art and principles of design can
of the sun which makes everything
provide necessary guidance and the application visible to us. It varies widely in colour
of this knowledge in home design will de nitely and intensity throughout the day and
help to create lively and pleasant atmosphere in hence creates various psychological
the homes. effects on human minds. Bright sunshine
evokes cheerfulness in the interior of a
7.1 Introduction to Elements of Arts :
home or any commercial place whereas
Do you know the elements of art? inadequate lighting produces gloomy and
sad atmosphere.
64
 b. Articial lighting : Arti cial lighting is Denition :
equally important in Interior decoration.
It becomes the necessity at night and • Line is a chain of dots or points joined
if the intensity reduces during the day together.
time as well. It can be totally controlled. • Line is a connection between two points
Its intensity can stimulate activity and in space.
creativity or relaxation. It can change the
nature of space, direct human movement, Characteristics of Lines : Each line has
provide appropriate atmosphere and peculiar characteristics because of which it
enhance the richness of textures. It helps becomes unique and important in any kind
to create interest in home decoration by of design.
creating emphasis and rhythm at suitable • Lines may be straight or curved; they
places. have only one dimension that is length
and no breadth.
• A line is versatile and can de
ne or limit
shape, divide areas, suggest movement,
speed or direction.
• All lines have direction- horizontal,
vertical or oblique. Each direction has
a distinct and different effect upon the
observer.
• A line, to certain extent is capable of
expressing specic  emotions. They
assume expression and meaning through
association with natural forms and human
Fig. 7.2 (a) Natural light in Interior
body positions.
Let's Discuss :

Psychological effects of lines : Various types

of lines are associated with various human
body positions and forms from nature. Thus,
through these associations they suggest
meaning and expression and create various
psychological effects on human minds.
a. Vertical lines : These lines through their
association with human body at work
which is vertical, indicate life and action.
Fig. 7.2 (b) Arti
cial light in Interior They symbolize feelings like uprightness,
2. Line : Line is the basic element in creative honesty, dignity, etc. Trees and mountains
design. Lines are important in-home reach up to pierce the sky so we think of
decoration as they add character to a room them as reaching, climbing and inspiring.
and also create various psychological effects Buildings, which are tall, are dominating
on human minds. Each line conveys certain
feelings to the viewer.
65
 and powerful. At home the vertical lines of peaceful atmosphere. Thus, these lines evoke
the doorways, draperies give the necessary feelings of repose, rest, balance, stability. It
strength and height to the room. Vertical is calm, passive and quiet as a still lake.
lines create an optical illusion of increased At home we nd such lines for beds, book
height. cases, tables etc. Horizontal lines create an
optical illusion of increased width.

Fig. 7.3 (a) Vertical Lines

Fig. 7.4 (a) Horizontal Lines

Fig. 7.3 (b) Vertical Lines in nature

Fig. 7.4 (b) Horizontal Lines in Home Furnishing

Fig. 7.3 (c) Vertical Lines in building Fig. 7.4 (c) Horizontal Lines in Human Body
Fig. 7.3 Vertical Lines and their Associations
Fig. 7.4 Horizontal Lines and their Associations
b. Horizontal lines : A horizontal line c. Diagonal or oblique lines : Human body
is observed in human body when man in movement takes this angular position.
lies down and he is resting or sleeping. While applying force, for example while
Any landscape painting with dominating pushing a heavy piece of furniture human
horizontal lines gives a feeling of calm and body position is diagonal. Similarly, while

66
 driving a bicycle or riding a horse with of curved positions. They may take varied
speed, the human body position is diagonal. forms like a semicircle, spiral, undulating
Thus, these lines suggest movement, force, line etc. Because of harmonic transition
restlessness, activity and excitement. They in the change of direction, it has owing
are dynamic, suggesting movement as in continuity. Its slow lazy movement is
wind driven rain. In architecture they show passive, feminine and soft. They are
the slant of roofs. youthful and gay. At home we observe
them in curtains and furniture. Undulating
lines convey gentle motion like the ripple
in a pond.

Fig. 7.5 (a) Diagonal Lines

Fig. 7.6 (a) Curved Lines

Fig. 7.5 (b) Diagonal Lines in Human Body

Fig. 7.6 (b) Curved Lines in Human Body

Fig. 7.5 (c) Diagonal Lines in Nature

Fig. 7.5 Diagonal Lines and their Associations Fig. 7.6 (c) Curved Lines in Curtains
Fig. 7.6 Curved Lines and their Associations
d. Curved lines : These lines look gracious
and exible. Human body in the 3. Space : It is an important element of art.
performance of dance or play takes number In interior design walls and oor create the

67
 form of a room and enclose the space within.
It is the space that we use for carrying out
various activities.

Denition : Space is dened as emptiness,

void or interval between things.
It is easy to understand the importance
of space because for any human activity
space provides the facility for movement and
experience. It plays an important role in the use
Fig. 7.7 (b) Functional Space in a Cupboard
of an object.
Can you recall ?

Importance of Space :
• The importance of space is realized easily
because for any human activity space it
must. It provides the facility for movement
and experience. Fig. 7.7 (c) Functional Space in a needle

• It is the space within a piece of a pottery Fig. 7.7 Functional Considerations of Space

that determines the capacity and the nature Space is a very important element in interiors.
of its use. Space can be cheerful or depressing, noisy and
• It is the eye of the needle that enables the stormy or calm and peaceful depending on the
use of needle for the purpose it is intended way the designer has made use of the various
to serve. elements to form the interior. In today’s urban
• It is the space inside a cupboard that enables areas, space has become a costly element. The
the contents to be stored inside. houses are pretty small in comparison to the
houses seen in the past. The successful use
• Likewise, how much tea or coffee can
of art elements helps to create the interiors
be poured into a cup, how big a ower
that are functionally as well as aesthetically
arrangement can be done in a given ower
appealing. The successful use of art elements
vas are the points related to the space
like colour, texture, pattern and light help to
enclosed within them.
create the interiors that are functionally as well
as aesthetically appealing.
4. Forms and Shape : When various lines
moving in different directions intersect each
other various shapes are formed.
Denition :
• Shape is a two-dimensional enclosure of
space.
• Form is de
ned as three dimensional
Fig. 7.7 (a) Functional Space in a Cup shape.
68
 Form and space are interrelated. Shapes its texture. Thus, we come across varied
are mostly the at enclosures of space and textures around us.
form includes a volume surrounded by limiting
Denition : Texture is the surface quality
factors. Form is something solid and tangible.
of a material or an object. It is understood
Shapes and forms enable us to judge the size
either by touching the object or by looking
of objects.
at it.
Form is the most important element in
home decoration. Without the beauty of form, Types of Texture :
excellent colour, texture and pattern are of a. Tactile textures : The texture that is
no avail. A diversity of forms helps to give understood by running our hand over the
interest to interiors. For example, a rectangular surface is called as tactile texture, for
sofa grouped with spherical lamp bases, curved example; rough, smooth, soft, hard etc.
upholstered furniture, pillows and supporting b. Visual textures : The texture that is
frames show a variety of forms within a room. understood just by looking at the object
is called as visual texture.
Space Space
S
Space Know this :
Form
Form Textures are important in human life as well
as in interior design.
Walls Space • Textures add character and interest to
give materials and objects.
Form
Form
• They affect us physically, for example; the
Space rough and coarse furnishing materials irritate
Fig. 7.8 (a) Form and Space us and hence make us uncomfortable.
• Textures affect re
ection of light and thus
the colours.
¾ The polished, smooth surfaces re
ect lot
of light making the colours appear bright
and brilliant thus creating glare.
¾ The rough and coarse textures re
ect less
light and thus make the colours appear
dark and ultimately make the interior
dark and gloomy.
• They affect the maintenance of interiors.
Fig. 7.8 (b) Diversity of forms in Interior ¾ Smooth textures re
ect lot of light and
show the dirt and dust and call attention
5. Texture : Each and every object whether
for the cleanliness but can be cleaned
natural or arti
cial has its own texture.
easily.
That means each object has originality in

69
 ¾ Rough, course textures do not show Remember This :
dirt and dust quickly but take time for
cleaning. There are four types of patterns- naturalistic,
stylized, geometric and abstract.
a. Naturalistic motifs : These patterns
resemble natural forms. They look like
pictures usually of owers, animals and
sceneries.
b. Stylized motifs : They are based on
natural forms but the lines are simplied
and some imaginary forms are added for
decoration.
c. Geometric motifs : They are based
Fig. 7.9 (a) A Carpet with Soft Texture on the pure geometric forms of circle,
rectangles, and triangles with variations.
Geometric patterns include stripes, dots,
checks etc.
d. Abstract motifs : These are artist’s own
representations of natural objects. He uses
his imagination to indicate the objects.
They do not represent any known form
and are hard to understand.

Fig. 7.9 (b) A Carpet with Rough Texture

Fig. 7.9 Textures in Interior Design

6. Pattern : Pattern is an important art

element that should be considered in home
decoration.

Denition :
Pattern refers to any kind of enrichment
done on a surface.
Fig. 7.10 (a) Naturalistic Pattern
Thus, it is de
ned as any surface enrichment.

Use of surface pattern for home decoration

helps to create liveliness and interest in a
room. But if it is used intensively, it may create
restlessness and unnecessary excitement.
Opinions differ on how much pattern is
desirable in a room, but it is customary to
use pattern on at least one fourth of the total
surface areas. A large room can support more
pattern than a small room. Fig. 7.10 (b) Stylized Pattern

70
 upon the wavelength of the light that it
re
ects.
For example, if an object appears green,
it is absorbing all the other wavelengths
of colour that make up white light and is
re
ecting only green rays. An object that
appears white is re ecting all the colour
rays that make up light, while a black object
absorbs all the colour rays that make up
ecting none.
light re
Understand the following :
Fig. 7.10 (c) Geometric Pattern
Dimensions or properties of colour : There
are three dimensions or properties of colour.
i. Hue : It is the dimension of colour that
helps to identify colour, in simple words
it is the name given to a colour for
example red, blue, orange all are the
hues. It also represents the warmth or
coolness of a colour for example; red is
a warm hue, blue is a cool hue and green
an intermediate hue. The hue of a colour
can be changed by mixing adjoining hues.
Fig. 7.10 (d) Abstract Pattern
Fig. 7.10 Types of Patterns ii. Value : Value indicates the lightness or
darkness of a colour. The value of a
7. Colour : Colours have a tremendous effect
colour can be changed by adding white or
on the emotions of people and are largely
black to any colour. When white is added
responsible for the atmosphere created.
to a colour in more or less quantity, one
Different colours create different emotional
gets many ‘tints’ and when black is added
responses. Some people are more sensitive
to a colour in more or less quantity, one
and more stimulated than others by certain
gets many ‘shades’. White has the highest
colour schemes. Thus selection of colours
in Home Decoration needs to be done value while black has the lowest value.
carefully. iii. Intensity or Chroma : Intensity refers to
the brightness or dullness of a colour. It
Denition : Colour is the quality of light
is the strength or weakness of a colour.
reected
 from an object to the human eye.
Colours can be made bright by adding
Colour is the impression received by the more colour and dull by diluting the
mind from certain stimulations of the retina. colour or by adding grey colour to it.
When light falls upon an object, some of it For example, pure red has high intensity
is absorbed and remaining is re
ected back. while brick red has low intensity.
The apparent colour of an object depends

71
 Always Remember : iii. Intermediate colours : These colours
are midway between each primary and
Colour Wheel : The colour wheel has the its adjacent secondary hue. There are
same progression of hues as in the spectrum six intermediate colours namely Yellow-
and they are bent into a circle. In Prang colour green, Blue-green, Blue-purple, Red-
wheel, the twelve hues in a colour wheel can be purple, Red-orange, Yellow-orange.
divided into primary, secondary and intermediate y Yellow-green = Yellow + Green
hues.  y Blue-green = Blue + Green
i. Primary colours : Red, yellow and y Blue-purple = Blue + Purple
blue are primary hues. They are so  y Red-purple = Red + Purple
called because they cannot be produced  y Red-orange = Red + Orange
by mixing other hues. But many other  y Yellow-orange = Yellow + Orange
colours can be produced by mixing them.
YO YG

RO BG

Red Blue
RP BP

Fig. 7.13 Intermediate colours

Fig. 7.11 Primary colours Y

YG
ii. Secondary colours : Green, orange YO
and purple are secondary colours. Equal O G
amounts of two primary hues produce
secondary hues. RO BG

y Green = Yellow + Blue

R B
y Orange= Red + Yellow
y Purple= Red + Blue RP BP
P

Fig. 7.14 Colour Wheel

Green Internet my friend :

Orange
1. Search various elements of art on
internet and observe various pictures.
2. Search for colour wheel and colour
schemes on the internet.
3. Read about the psychological effects of
colour on human mind.
Purple
4. Find out warm, cool and neutral
Fig. 7.12 Secondary colours colours.
72
 Colour Schemes : While using colours for 2. Analogous colour scheme : This colour
home decoration, number of times it is observed scheme uses the colours that are next
that colour combinations done by some people to each other on the colour wheel. For
look very appealing. Such people have colour example; yellow, yellow green, green,
sense and whatever combinations are done by blue green. The selection of colours
them look interesting. But not everyone has needs to be done very carefully in this
such colour sense and colour schemes provide colour scheme otherwise it may become
guidelines for them in selecting colours. It is too warm or too cold.
necessary to remember that colour schemes are
3. Complementary colour scheme :
not the rules for selection of colours and that
Colours that are exactly opposite each
they just provide guidelines.
other on the colour wheel are called
Classication of Colour Schemes as complementary colours. Two such
Schemes of Related Colours
colours are used in this colour scheme.
For example; blue and orange. Such
colour schemes are usually dynamic and
evoke a lot of interest.
Monochromatic 4. Double complementary colour scheme :
Two colours next to each other on the
Analogous
colour wheel and their complementary
colours are used in this colour scheme.
Schemes of Contrasting Colours
For example, yellow, yellow-green,
purple and red-purple.
Triad 5. Split complementary colour scheme :
Complimentary The selection of one colour along with
two colours that are on either sides of
its complementary colour creates split
complementary colour scheme. For
Double Complementary Split Complimentary example; blue, yellow orange and red
orange. This is also a contrasting colour
Fig. 7.15 Colour Schemes
scheme.
Theoretically the following types of colour 6. Triad colour scheme : This colour
schemes are identied : scheme uses three colours which occur
1. Monochromatic colour scheme : This at the points of an equilateral triangle
scheme is also called as ‘single colour placed anywhere on the colour wheel.
scheme’. In this colour scheme only For example ; primary triad- yellow, red
one colour is selected from the colour and blue.
wheel and used. For example, red, pink, Use your brain : Note that for each of
maroon etc. This colour scheme is likely the colour schemes, an example has
to be monotonous. To create interest, been given. Find out one more different
variations in colour values, colour example for each colour scheme and write
intensities and textures need to be done. the same in the table given below.
73
 Sr. Name of the Example 1. Harmony : In simple words harmony is
No. Colour Scheme unity. It means similarity in appearance
1. Monochromatic and characteristics of the elements of art
2. Analogous used in a combined manner.
3. Complementary Denition : Harmony is the art principle
4. Double which produces an impression of unity
Complementary through the selection and arrangement
5. Split of consistent objects and ideas.
Complementary
It can be achieved through the selection
6. Traid of consistent lines, shapes, sizes, textures and
7.2 Introduction to principles of design : colours. For example; for an article that is
A designer uses various elements of art to rectangular in shape, one should use horizontal
create design. The arrangement and selection of and vertical lines for its decoration whereas for
elements of art namely light, line, space, form a circular object the use of curved lines turns
and shape, texture, pattern and colour help the out to be harmonious.
designer to express his/her ideas. Along with
these elements of art, basic principles of design
namely harmony, balance, rhythm, emphasis
and proportion are used by the designer to
create design and achieve his/her objectives.

Harmony

Balance Fig. 7.17 Harmony Through Lines

Too much similarity may create monotonous

Rhythm
effect. To avoid monotony some variety is
Emphasis needed which can be achieved through shapes,
size, texture, idea and colour. A good design
Proportion must combine these two important principles
Fig. 7.16 Principles of Design
namely unity and variety to add interest.
In home decoration, in the arrangement of
The principles of design serve as guides in the furniture shape harmony should be considered.
process of formulating good designs. Large objects or masses should be placed to
In home decoration (home design), a follow the boundary lines of the enclosing shape,
person should take help of the elements of art and only the smaller objects should vary from
and the principles of design to create beautiful the general directions. To give variety, some
and functional places. This helps to enhance of the small objects may be placed at slightly
the aesthetic appeal of interior spaces. Person varied angles.
must have the knowledge of manipulating the The rst picture given below is a picture of
elements of art and principles of design for a living room where the sofa is placed parallel
achieving this objective. to the wall length and the sofa chair is placed
Let’s Discuss all the principles : an angle to add a touch of variety. The second

74
picture has cartoon images on the wall which a. Symmetrical balance : This is also called
harmonize in the room as it is the children’s as formal balance. This balance is obtained
bedroom. by arranging identical objects or the objects
having identical visual weights at equal
distances from the central point. It creates
formal atmosphere especially suitable in
places where formal atmosphere is required
for example in of
fces where formal meetings
are to be held. It is quiet and dignied. It
lacks variety and may become monotonous.
b. Asymmetrical or informal balance : It
is also termed as informal balance. It is
created when the objects that do not attract
same amount of attention are arranged at
Fig. 7.18 (a) Shape harmony in Furniture
Arrangement different distances from the central point.
It creates informal atmosphere and affords
greater opportunity for variation in the
arrangement.
c. Radial balance : When all the parts or
elements radiate from the canter out to
the periphery the balance is called radial
balance.

Fig. 7.18 (b) Harmony in Children’s Bedroom Fig. 7.19 Symmetrical and Asymmetrical Balance

Fig. 7.18 Harmony in Interior Design Balance plays an important role in home
decoration, where the visual weights on both
2. Balance : This is a principle that helps
the sides of an imaginary axis should attract
to create appealing visual impact in equal attention of the viewer’s. This can be
visual art as well as in all elds of home achieved by using bright colours, bold forms,
decoration. large patterns, strong contrasts which have more
Denition : psychological impact on human minds. It is used
Balance is de
ned as rest or repose. in almost all the aspects of home decoration
like furniture arrangement, ower arrangement,
Balance is achieved by grouping shapes
table setting etc.
and colours around a center in such a way
that there are equal weights on all sides In home decoration, while arranging the
of the center. furniture, the large pieces of furniture should
be placed rst, with regard to balancing centers
There are three types of balance-
of interest in the room. The smaller, movable
symmetrical, asymmetrical and radial.
75
objects would then be arranged so that they will Rhythmic eye movement can be created
make convenient groups as well as balanced through :
units. After the furniture has been arranged, a. Repetition of shapes
the attention is turned to the balance within b. Progression of sizes
each group. A well-balanced wall will have
c. Radiating lines
approximately the same amount of attraction
on both the sides of the center line. d. Continuous line movement
These are also called as types of rhythm.

Fig. 7.20 (a) Formal Balance - Interior Fig. 7.21 (a) Repetition of Shapes

Fig. 7.20 (b) Radial Balance - Rangoli Design

Fig. 7.20 Balance in Interior Design

Fig. 7.21 (b) Progression of Sizes
3. Rhythm : Rhythm helps to create an
orderly movement of the eye throughout
the design or decoration.

Denition : Rhythm is de ned as a kind

of movement in a design. But it must be
recognized that not all kinds of movements
in a design are rhythmic. In art, rhythm
means an easy connected path along which
the eye may travel in any arrangement of
lines, forms or colours in a design.
Fig. 7.21 (c) Radiating Lines

76
 Fig. 7.21 (d) Continuous Line Movement
Fig. 7.22 (b) Rhythm in Flower Arrangement
Fig. 7.21 Ways of Creating Rhythm in Design
Fig. 7.22 Rhythm in Interior Design
In home decoration rhythm is seen in the
4. Emphasis : In simple words, emphasis
pleats of curtains and draperies, arrangement
means giving importance to some
of arti
cial lights, in rangoli design, in ower
feature in the design or an object in an
arrangement etc. It may also be observed
in a wall paper or a rug pattern. It is easy arrangement. It helps to create a centre
to imagine a wall paper or a rug pattern with of interest or focal point in a design.
bold, swinging, rhythmic line which may be It is necessary to understand how to
very agreeable when seen in a small piece, but subordinate some elements in order to
repeated over so large an area as the whole wall emphasize speci c element in a design
or oor, it will show too much action and will or arrangement.
detract from the objects in the room. In other
Denition : Emphasis is the art principle
words, the coverings of walls and oors should
by which the eye is carried rst to the
either be plain or have a very quiet design so
that they create the effect of backgrounds for most important thing in any arrangement,
furnishings and furniture to be seen or placed and from that point to every other detail
against them. One can enjoy rhythmic movement in the order of its importance.
in small areas, such as in curtain materials or A designer needs to understand the
in posters. In arranging furniture and decorative following aspects for creating emphasis:
objects in the room, these should be so arranged
a. What to emphasize : In each eld of
as to carry the eye towards the centres of interest
decoration, the most important features
where it should remain at rest for a while and
then slowly moves through the other objects. may vary, but the one that should
have the least emphasis is likely to be
the same, it is the background against
which objects are seen. That means the
background should be less conspicuous
than the objects to be seen against them.
b. How to emphasize : There are many
ways of creating emphasis:
i. by placing or grouping of objects
Fig. 7.22 (a) Rhythm in Wallpaper ii. by using contrasts of colour
77
 iii. by using decoration
iv. by leaving suffcient space as
background around an object
v. by Contrasting or using unusual
lines, shapes or sizes
c. How much to emphasize : The simplest
answer to this question is “keep it
simple”. There should not be too much
Fig. 7.23 (b) Emphasis-Party Decoration
decoration in a design.
Fig. 7.23 Emphasis in Interior Design
d. Where to place emphasis : If the object
is to be viewed on a horizontal surface, 5. Proportion : It is the basic principle of
it should be placed at the centre of the design. This principle nds application
space under consideration, with equal in all designs, be it dress design, interior
margins on all the sides. If it to be viewed design or any other kind of design.
in vertical position, the lowest margin at
Denition : The principle of proportion is
the bottom should be the widest one,
also called the law of relationship.
with equal margins on all the other sides.
In home decoration, one should keep it in This principle states that the relations
mind that the amount of emphasis suitable varies between various parts of the same object, the
with the room and with the people who live in relationship with the objects in a group and
the relationship with the whole area should
it. It is advisable to limit the amount of pattern
be pleasing and consistent. For example; the
in a room, so one should decide where it will
sizes of various parts of furniture should be
be enjoyed most and then subordinate the other
proportionate to each other, the size of the
objects in the room, so that the pattern may be
furniture should be proportionate with the rest
appreciated. It is desirable to have one principal
of the furniture pieces in the group and size
center of interest in every room, but each wall
of the complete group should be proportionate
should have its own focal point so that the room
with the size of the room.
may be agreeable to look at from any position.
The ‘Greek oblong’ is a standard for good
proportion. It is also called as ‘the golden
oblong’. This oblong uses the ratio of 2:3 or 3:5
which are useful in deciding any space division
or arrangement, sizes of objects or decorative
designs.
The Greek oblong measured approximately
two units on the short side and three equal units
on the long side. Most people nd this more
beautiful than a square because the equal sides
Fig. 7.23 (a) Emphasis - Room Decoration make the square more obvious because of which

78
it has no variety. It has more beauty than a very For example, the room that is too low may have
long, narrow oblong, in which there is variety but a suggestion of vertical stripes in the design of
the breadth and length vary so greatly that they the wallpaper. Windows that are too short may
there is variety but do not seem to be related. have long, narrow draperies and no valance.
The chair that is too low may have vertically
striped cover. The stripes should be arranged to
carry the eye up and down. While selecting and
arranging the furniture, the person must have
knowledge of scale. Scale is an important aspect
of proportion. If the room is big the furniture
'A' 'B' pieces can be big and for a smaller room, the
furniture pieces should be small in size.
A B G

D E C F

'C'
Fig. 7.24 Square, Long Narrow and Golden Oblong

In the above sketch, ‘A’ depicts a square

in which all sides are equal and so there is Fig. 7.25 (a) Proportion in Furniture Arrangement
no variety. ‘B’ depicts a long narrow oblong
having variety but no unity. ‘C’ is based on the
principle of golden ratio where there are two
equal parts on the shorter side and three equal
parts on the longer side. This oblong has unity
as well as variety. Thus, the proportions are
found interesting.
In any design if the proportions seem to
be incorrect, the correct use of lines helps to
alter proportions apparently. It is often said that
Fig. 7.25 (b)Wall Paper With Vertical Design
horizontal lines add width and vertical lines add
height. Fig. 7.25 Proportion in Interior Design
In Interior Design, this property of lines to
alter the apparent sizes becomes very useful.

79
 Can you recall ?
• Every family wishes to have a well decorated • Colour is an important element of art. Colours
and nicely designed home. have a tremendous effect on the emotions
• The knowledge of elements of art and of people and are largely responsible for
principles of design can provide necessary the atmosphere created. Thus, selection of
guidance to the family members for creating a colour scheme needs to be done carefully.
beautiful, pleasant and functional spaces. • Along with the elements of art, basic
• The basic elements of art are- light, lines, principles of design namely harmony,
space, form and shape, texture, pattern and balance, rhythm, emphasis and proportion
colour. are used by the designer to create design.
• In simple words harmony means unity.
• Light is the element that makes it possible
Harmony is the art principle which produces
to produce and appreciate any design. The
an impression of unity through the selection
expression of beauty is incomplete without
and arrangement of consistent objects and
light.
ideas.
• Line is the basic element in creative design.
• Balance is de ned as rest or repose. It is
Lines add character to a room and also
achieved by grouping shapes and colours
create various psychological effects on around a center in such a way that there are
human minds. equal weights on all sides of the center.
• Space is an important element in art. For • Rhythm is de ned as a kind of movement.
any human activity space provides the In art, rhythm means an easy connected
facility for movement and experience. path along which the eye may travel in any
• Form and space are interrelated. Shapes are arrangement of lines, forms or colours in a
mostly the at enclosures of space and form design.
includes a volume surrounded by limiting • Emphasis is the art principle by which the
factors. eye is carried rst to the most important
• Each and every object whether natural or thing in any arrangement, and from that
arti
cial has its own texture. There are two point to every other detail in the order of
types of textures- Tactile and Visual. its importance.
• In home decoration pattern helps to create • Proportion is the basic principle in art and
liveliness and interest in a room. design. It is also called the law of relationship.

Exercises

yObjective questions : 2. The feeling of life and action is indicated

1) Multiple choice questions : through __________ _ lines.
1. Natural light varies widely in colour and a) horizontal b) vertical
___________ throughout the day. c) curved d) diagonal
3. The feeling of movement and restlessness
a) Intensity b) darkness
is created by __________ _ type of lines.
c) colour value d) lightness
a) vertical b) curved
c) diagonal d) horizontal
80
 4. In interior design walls and oor create 3) Identify whether the following statements
__________ _ of a room and enclose the are true or false :
space within. a) Lines do not create psychological effect
a) shape b) form on human beings.
c) area d) texture b) The form of a room encloses space.
5. The texture that is understood by touching c) Texture is realized by touching as well
the object is called __________ _ texture. as through vision.
a) tactile b) visual d) Stylized patterns look like forms observed
c) rough d) smooth in the nature.
6. The at enclosures of space are called as e) Intermediate colours are prepared by
__________ _. mixing two primary colours.
a) shapes b) forms ects all the waves of light
f) Black object re
c) area d) volume and absorbs none.
7. The patterns that use pictures of owers, g) Analogous colour scheme uses colours
fruits etc. are called as __________ _ patterns. that are next to each other on the colour
a) geometric b) stylized wheel.
c) naturalistic d) abstract h) Harmony is achieved through the
8. Out of the following colours __________ selection and arrangement of consistent
is a secondary colour. objects and ideas.
a) Green b) Blue i) Symmetrical balance is achieved by
c) Pink d) yellow arranging unidentical objects around the
9. The colours prepared by mixing two primary axis.
colours are called __________ _ colours. j) In art rhythm is related to movement of
a) Intermediate b) cool the eye.
c) Secondary d) warm k) In creating any design, the background
10. The colour scheme that uses only one is always kept less conspicuous.
colour is called as ______________ colour l) The Golden Oblong uses the proportion
scheme. of 3:3.
a) complementary b) monochromatic yShort answer questions :
c) analogous d) triad 1) Dene the following terms :
2) Match the following pairs : a) Harmony
A B b) Asymmetrical balance
Form Impression of unity c) Rhythm
Pattern Identical objects d) Emphasis
Complementary Repetition of shapes
e) Proportion
colour scheme
Symmetrical Surface Enrichment 2) Differentiate between the following :
balance a) Natural and arti
cial lighting.
Harmony Yellow and Purple b) Psychological effects of vertical and
Rhythm Volume horizontal lines.

81
 c) Shape and form yLong answer questions :
d) Tactile and visual texture a) What is harmony? Explain its use in
e) Symmetrical and asymmetrical balance interior decoration.
3) Write short notes on the following : b) Describe how the principle of balance is
a) Importance of texture in human life useful in interior design.

b) Monochromatic and analogous colour c) Explain the term rhythm and describe
schemes how it is useful in interior decoration.
c) Complementary and double d) What are the various aspects of emphasis?
complementary colour schemes Explain with the help of sketches.
d) Radial balance e) What is emphasis? How is it useful in
interior design?
4) Answer the following in brief :
a) What are the various characteristics of Project / Assignment :
lines as an art element? 1. Download ve pictures from the internet
b) What is space? What is its importance in showing furniture arrangements in
Interior Design? various rooms and try to identify the use
c) Describe various types of patterns in of various elements of art and principles
brief. of design.

d) What are the various dimensions of

colour?
Practical / Related Activities :
e) Explain split complementary and triad
1. Prepare a colour wheel.
colour scheme with the help of suitable
2. Draw freehand designs in the squares
examples.
of 10 cm u 10 cm on plain paper and
colour them up by using any two colour
schemes.

•••

82
 8. HOUSEHOLD ACCESSORIES

8.1 Meaning and De

nition
8.2 Classi
cation of Accessories
8.3 Some Important Accessories and their Care
8.4 Importance of Accessories
8.5 Guidelines in Selection and Placement of Accessories
Introduction : y ‘Interior design accessories are decorative
Accessories play an important role in the or functional items that add the nishing
furnishing of room and add functional and touches to a chosen home style’.
aesthetic appeal to any room in the house.
Accessories have functional as well as
They are purchased gradually for the purpose
aesthetic value and thus are acquired by the
of decoration of a house or because they are felt
families carefully. These are things, which are
necessary for carrying out certain activities. A
acquired by collection or bought for the need
house without accessories would be unattractive
of it.
and uninteresting.
8.2 Classication of accessories :
Can you tell the meaning of accessories ?
Accessories are classi ed into two types:
8.1 Meaning and denition : functional accessories and decorative accessories.
In every design, there are certain elements 1. Functional accessories : As the name
that are of primary importance. There are certain suggests, these accessories are the
items that support such primary elements and items or objects that are meant for
are of secondary importance. However, these carrying out some function. The process
items are necessary from the point of view of manufacture of these accessories
of aesthetics and functionality of that design. emphasizes the structural aspects rather
These support items are called accessories. than the appearance. This is because
For example,items like wall clock, a ower the function that they serve is far more
vase, a painting put up on the wall etc. are the
important than their appearance. Though
supporting secondary items which are termed
the aesthetical appearance is considered
as accessories.
as secondary, it should be pleasing and
Denition : attractive. Such functional accessories
y Accessories are dened as: ‘The elements should meet certain requirements.
that bring charm, individuality and vitality These accessories are used in residential as
to a room’. well as commercial places. The interiors
y Accessories can be de ned as: ‘The of of
fces for example, require more
objects used to decorate and de ne the functional accessories, than other places.
purpose of the room, which also exhibits In a typical of
fce,on a desk accessories
the taste, individuality and personality of like a le tray, pen and pencil holder,
the inmates’. calendar, telephone etc. are commonly

83
 found. Along with these,a waste basket, Always remember :
a clock, calendar, an umbrella stand
etc. are also found necessary. These Accessories may be decorative only or
same accessories may be needed in a decorative cum functional : Almost all
number of rooms in a residence also. accessories have some functional as well as
In residences, the number of functional aesthetic value. But usually a few articles are
accessories increases to help in the ow selected for their beauty and for the purpose
of work. Living rooms and bedrooms of enhancing the aesthetical value of interior.
needs to have accessories such as clocks, A decorative accessory may also serve to be
ower vases, lamps and trays for holding a functional accessory for example, a clock
smaller objects etc. in a living room or a decorative lamp on the
bed side table. Some accessories can either
Use your brain :
be purely decorative like art objects, antique
Make a list of functional accessories for implements, paintings and so on, or be
the following rooms. functional like lamps, pillows, ower vases
and room dividers.
Sr. No. Room List of accessories
1. Kitchen 8.3 Some important accessories and their care
2. Dining Room • Some Important Accessories :
3. Children's Can you make a list of household
Room accessories ?
4. Bathroom
There are number of accessories which
2. Decorative accessories : The objects, can be used in a house. The choice depends
in an interior that cannot be described on individual likes, dislikes and interest.
as having a "real" function and are Following are some important accessories that
exclusively used to enhance the beauty are commonly found in houses.
of a space are called as decorative • Pictures : In home decoration, pictures
accessories. These accessories are used are considered as important decorative
for the purpose of decoration in a room. accessories. They should be selected
Some examples of decorative accessories carefully by considering their aesthetic
are paintings, wall hangings, ower appeal and theme of their subject matter.
arrangements, arti cial owers, indoor They should be placed at the eye level of a
plants, sculptures etc. Such decorative standing person. Pictures should be placed
accessories should have pleasing at against the wall with no strings showing.
appearance for enhancing the aesthetic For hanging pictures and creating attractive
value of interiors. Their decorative as design in a room, one requires to use the
well as structural design should be good. knowledge of a few art principles. Pictures
Their selection should be done very should harmonize in colour and style with
carefully so that they harmonize with the the colour of the room and other furnishing.
furnishings and the theme of the room. Along with the room, their size and shape
That means their number, size, shape and should relate to the wall area and furniture
colour should blend with the rest of the against which they are placed. The outline
furnishing materials used in a room. of the pictures will produce a division of
84
 wall space that should establish pleasing table and the room. They should be low
proportions. It is frequently more interesting in height when placed on dining table so
to group several related pictures rather that people can see each other and do not
than have them distributed. Symmetrical interfere in the communication. The colours
or asymmetrical balance may be created in should harmonize with the colour of the
their placement in a group. room and other items placed on the table.
The arrangement should be balanced in
itself. The ower arrangement should be
proportionate to the ower vase used.

Fig. 8.1 (a) Pictures as Accessories

Fig. 8.2 (a) Flowers and Foliage as Accessory

Fig. 8.1 (b) Picture as an Accessories

• Flowers and foliage : The fresh owers
and foliage as accessories add liveliness to
a room. They can be placed on a center
table in the living room, on dining table
etc. Such ower arrangements should be
large enough to attract attention but not
too large to dominate the room. They
should be proportionate to the size of the Fig. 8.2 (b) Flowers and Foliage as Accessory

85
• Flower Vases : Its main function is to hold • Indoor Plants : Green plants placed in the
the owers and the foliage. It should have room become a very attractive decorative
capacity to hold suf
fcient quantity of water accessory and add life and interest to a
so that the ower arrangement done in it room. They are not very expensive and are
remains fresh for hours together. Flower commonly used by many families. Placement
vase should not have too dominant design of plants depends upon the size of the overall
plant, the size, colour and texture of the
otherwise the attention of the viewers may be
leaves. Large plants should stand on the
attracted towards it rather than the beautiful
oor in the corners of the room, hanging or
arrangement done in it. The size, shape and drooping plants should be placed high on
colour of the vase should harmonize with the hanging baskets. Plants with small leaves and
room or the place where it is to be placed. lot of foliage can be kept at the table level
for all round viewing.

Fig. 8.4 (a) Indoor Plant as an Accessory

Fig. 8.3 (a) Flower Vases as Accessory

Fig. 8.4 (b) Indoor Plant as an Accessory

Fig. 8.3 (b) Flower Vases as Accessory
cial Flowers : These turn out to be
• Arti
At times vases without owers are used
an attractive decorative accessory. They
as accessory in a room. Their graceful
are not very expensive and do not require
lines can themselves add to the beauty of much attention. They should harmonize
a room. They should harmonize with the with the colour of the room, colour of the
colour, size, shape of the room and also be other furnishings and the other accessories
proportionate to the room. placed in the room. They should also be
86
 proportionate with the place where it is to
be kept. Now days running ower libraries
is being taken up as a career by a number of
women. It is an asset for working women.

Fig. 8.6 (a) Lamps as an Accessory

Fig. 8.5 (a) Arti

cial Flowers as an Accessory

Fig. 8.6 (b) Lamp as an Accessory

• Wall Clocks : As a functional accessory,the
rst and the foremost important requirement
is that it must keep time. The numbers
and hands should be bold and clear. As
an accessory though it must be beautiful
and should harmonize with the colour of
the room. Also its size and shape should
Fig. 8.5 (b) Arti
cial Flowers as an Accessory harmonize with the size and shape of the
room.
• Lamps : A lamp is functional only when
it turns out to be a source of good lighting
arrangement. Its height, the spread of light,
dispersion of light through the lamp shade
is of prime importance. Lamps should be 28
to 30 inches tall if they are to be used on
low or medium height tables. They should
harmonize in colour, size and shape, texture
with the rest of objects in the room. The
lamp itself should have balanced design so
that it stands erect. Fig. 8.7 (a) Wall Clock as an Accessory

87
 • Wastepaper Basket : It is an important
functional accessory as it is required in
every room. Being a functional accessory,
it should be large, made of durable material
and should be placed at convenient place. It
is also considered as a decorative accessory
and from that point of view its colour should
blend with the room and the shape should
harmonize with the other shapes.
Fig. 8.7 (b) Wall Clock as an Accessory
• Mirrors : Mirrors are considered as
functional as well as decorative accessory.
Mirrors are essential in the dressing area of
the bedrooms. As a functional accessory it
should reect the image clearly and should
be free from distortions. Large mirrors
produce a feeling of spaciousness in the
area where they are placed. As decorative
accessory, mirrors are obtained with
beautifully designed frames. In general,
they should harmonize with the room space.

Fig. 8.9 (a) Wastepaper Basket as an Accessory

Fig. 8.8 (a) Mirrors as an Accessory

Fig. 8.8 (b) Mirrors as an Accessory Fig. 8.9 (b) Wastepaper Basket as an Accessory

88
 • Accessories in the form of Handicrafts Sr. No. States/ Accessories
of India : Number of beautiful Handicraft Region
materials are manufactured in various states
patterns in walnut
of India, which can be used in a house for wood, inlay work
increasing the aesthetical appeal. These in wood, sankheda
include metalwork, wood carving, pottery, style furniture from
basketry and Indian Textiles etc. Following Gujarat, rose wood
table depicts various handcrafted and and sandal wood
traditional accessories from various states: work for decorative
articles etc.
Sr. No. States/ Accessories 6. Rajasthan, Pottery in blue and
Region
Uttar Pradesh turquoise glazes
1. Maharashtra, Fine Terracotta work (Khurja, (Rajasthan), black
South India articles. Examples: Azamgarh, pottery (U.P.)
and Ben- pots in various Aligarh),
gal shapes, lamps, bells,
7. Assam, West Varied basketry
animals gures etc.
Bengal, accessories as a folk
2. Uttar Pradesh Engraved Orissa, Uttar craft from bamboo,
(Varanasi, brassware with or Pradesh and cane, grasses, reeds,
Moradabad), without enamel Tamilnadu leaves of coconut
Rajasthan covering. Examples- and date palms.
(Jaipur) ower vases, fruit Examples- baskets,
bowls, table tops, mats, boxes, trays,
bells, candle stands toys, dolls, costume
etc. jewellery, wall hang-
3. Karnataka Bidri work : ings etc.
(Bidar), lustrous silver and 8. Uttar Pradesh Indian Textiles-
Telangana gold inlay on strik- (Banaras), varied articles and
(Hyderabad) ing jet-black oxi- Gujarat silks like brokades,
dized background. (Saurashtra), patolas, kanjivaram,
Examples : Wall Rajasthan chanderi, kota ma-
plaques, paper cut- (Jaipur), terials etc. are used
ters, fruit dishes etc. Tamilnadu for making beautiful
4. South India Metal sculptures in (Madurai) and ne accesso-
(Madras, ne Chola ries along with tie
Madurai tradition represent- and dye technique
and Banga- ing gods and articles.
lore) goddesses made in 9. Chhattis- Tribal art of Bastar.
brass, bell metal or garh Examples- Bam-
oxidised metal. boo art, bell metal
(Dhokra), Tatoo
5. Punjab, Wood work- Wood motifs on textiles
Kashmir and carving, new designs (Gonda), Wrought
Gujarat in wooden furniture, Iorn (Loha Shilpa),
variegated designs in Terracotta Tumba,
raised or engraved wood carving etc.

89
Use your brain : Examples of accessories ¾ Wood : Wood is used extensively in
from various categories are given in the interior design for making furniture as
table below. Can you state some more well as accessories. For maintenance of the
examples ? wooden accessories processes like repairing,
polishing, varnishing, painting are useful.
Type of Indian Examples These processes give a new appearance to
No. Handicraft the articles and also increase their durability.
1. Metal Sculptures, candle ¾ Glass : Recently glass has become a very
stands, ..................... popular material for accessories used in
.................................. residential as well as commercial interiors.
2. Wood Low stools, ower Glass can be cleaned with warm soapy water
Carvings vases, ....................... or a tissue paper or simple newspaper which
.................................. is dipped in soap water.
3. Pottery Lamps, pots, ........... ¾ Ceramic : Number of accessories made
(Terracotta .................................. from ceramic may nd place in interiors.
Work) ................................. Cleaning and maintaining them is very easy.
These objects can be cleaned by using water
4. Basketry Baskets, wall hang-
and any mild detergents using soft fabrics
ings, .........................
or micro
ber dusters.
..................................
¾ Aluminium : This is not a very common
5. Indian Textiles Frames, Wall hang- material used for accessories. But since it
ings, ......................... is light in weight and is available in bright
.................................. colours it may be used in interiors. It can
be cleaned with mild detergent.
• Care of accessories : Proper care and ¾ Porcelain : Porcelain again is not a very
maintenance of accessories is an essential popular material for accessories. But if
aspect in the effective use of both the used, they can be cleaned easily with soap
functional and decorative accessories. solution.
The care and maintenance of accessories ¾ Plastic : Use of plastic is common for
totally depends on the material used for making various objects used in interiors.
manufacturing the accessories. They can be cleaned with soap solution.
Always remember : ¾ Cast Iron : Few years back use of cast
Following are some useful tips for care iron for manufacturing various objects was
and maintenance based on material : very common. However, now days its use
for manufacturing objects has reduced. Such
¾ Brass : Some families have a love for brass
objects rust due to humidity in the air. For
accessories. When brass comes in contact
maintaining them, rst the rust needs to be
with air, oxidation takes place. Traditional
removed and then painting can be done with
method for cleaning such accessories is
synthetic enamel.
using tamarind and salt. After cleaning,
¾ Fabric : Fabric is commonly used for
brass is generally polished by using a polish
available in the market. making various accessories. These can

90
 be cleaned and maintained by periodical 8.5 Guidelines for selection and placement of
dusting, washing and ironing. However, this accessories : The selection of accessories totally
process depends on the nature of the objects. depends on personal likes, dislikes and interests
If required dry cleaning can be done. because of which the selection of accessories
¾ Mirrors : Mirrors can be effectively cleaned varies from individual to individual. Thus,it is
by using a tissue paper or a newspaper by dif
fcult to formulate rules about them. Everyone
dipping it in soap water. The decorative is entitled to his or her own views on aesthetics
frames of the mirrors can be polished or but there are certain accepted standards, which
varnished to give a fresh look. have been put forth by people with trained eyes.
¾ Small Rugs : Normally, these are cleaned
The object should be aesthetically beautiful. It
by using a vacuum cleaner. Drying in sun should have a good structural and decorative
after removing the dust or soil is also design.
suggested. If they are washable, they can Consider this :
be washed and dried in sun. There are certain well-accepted norms
8.4 Importance of accessories : that should be followed in the selection and
arrangement of accessories. They are as
Can you tell the importance of accessories ?
follows :
• Accessories de ne the purpose of the room, • The accessories should be kept to the
complete and highlight an aspect of the minimum. Placement of too many accessories
decoration. may create confusion of the eye.
• Accessories create a visual center of interest • Accessories need to be placed with space
in a room. For example, by arranging a between individual items, so that they can
group of pictures or an antique rug. be enjoyed separately while still forming
• Without accessories, a room is sterile. An part of a unit.
interior needs to be more than just walls, • The accessories should be placed at important
oor and ceiling. The accessories, in points in the room and should create focal
addition to their basic function make the point in the room. By choosing the same
interior nished and liveable. colours or shapes, the decorator can use the
• Accessories make the interior spaces come accessories to create unity in a room.
alive as they add texture, colour, pattern and • The accessories should follow the theme
form. of the room and should be related to the
• Accessories pull the design scheme of a furniture and furniture groupings.
room together and increase the aesthetic • Accessories should have some personal
value of a room. signi
cance and importance for the family
members.
• Accessories are aesthetically pleasing and
bring in a stimulating or restful environment. • Accessories should be related to the function
and the use of the room. The living room
• A good collection and arrangement of
accessories should be of general interest and
accessories adds status, a personal character
appeal.
and reects the personality of the individual
• All accessories should have decorative or
or that of the family members.
functional values or they should have both
• Accessories can be used to create a focal
the values.
point or it can be the center of emphasis.
91
 • Accessories should have variety in colour, • Groups of accessories are more interesting
texture, size, shape etc. if the shapes and the heights are varied.
• Accessories should be rotated or changed Too many items of one shape may seem
frequently for variety and freshness. monotonous. However, if accessories are
• The functional accessories should rst of all grouped together, each must have something
be suitable for the purpose it should serve in common with the next. It may be the size,
rather than just being beautiful. shape, material or colour.
• Both functional and decorative accessories • Accessories that are gured or decorated can
should be well proportioned, harmonious be enjoyed best if they are placed against a
and balanced in appearance. plain background.

Can you recall ?

• Accessories play an important role in the accessories are required for increasing the
furnishing of a room and add functional and aesthetic value of a design or house.
aesthetic appeal to any room in the house. • Some accessories can be purely decorative.
• Accessories are de ned as: ‘The elements But sometimes a decorative accessory may
that bring charm, individuality and vitality also serve to be a functional accessory.
to a room’. • There are number of accessories which can
• Accessories can be de ned as: ‘The objects be used in a house. The choice depends on
used to decorate and de ne the purpose of individual likes, dislikes and interest.
the room, which also exhibits the taste, • The care and maintenance of accessories
individuality and personality of the inmates’. dependes on the material used for
• ‘Interior design accessories are decorative manufacturing the accessories.
or functional items that add the nishing • Accessories are important in a house for
touches to a chosen home style’. various reasons.
• Accessories are classied as functional and • There are no rules for the selection and
decorative. placements of accessories, but there are
certain well accepted norms that should be
• Functional accessories are required for
followed in the selection and arrangement
carrying out some function and decorative
of accessories.

Exercises

y Objective questions : 2. A wall hanging is a __________ _ type of

1) Multiple choice questions : accessory.
1. The accessories meant for carrying out a) decorative b) useful
some function are called as __________ c) functional d) utilitarian
accessories. 3. The height of the lamps to be used on
a) decorative low or medium height tables should be
b) useful __________ to __________ inches.
c) functional a) 20'' to 25'' b) 30'' to 32''
d) aesthetic c) 28'' to 30'' d) 18'' to 20''
92
2) Identify whether the following statements yLong answer questions :
are true or false : a) Why is use of accessories considered
1. Flower arrangements are functional important in interior design?
accessories. b) What points should be kept in mind in
2. A decorative accessory may also serve selection and arrangement of accessories
to be a functional accessory. in a room ?
3. Pictures should be placed at the eye level Projects / Assignment :
of a standing person.
1. List out the accessories used in any one
4. Plants with small leaves and lot of of the rooms in your house and identify
foliage can be used as hanging plants. the same as functional, decorative or
5. Accessories help to create focal point in functional cum decorative accessory.
a room. 2. Collect pictures of various accessories
yShort answer Questions : from newspapers, magazines or
1) Dene the following terms : pamphlets and prepare a scrap book.
a) Accessories 3. Collect pictures of handicraft accessories
b) Functional accessories from various sources available, stick
them in a scrap book.
c) Decorative accessories
2) Answer the following questions :
cation of accessories.
a) Describe the classi
Practical / Related Activities :
b) How will you take care of brass, glass
1. Click pictures of any ve accessories
and fabric accessories?
used in the living room of your house,
3) Write short notes on the following :
take printouts, stick them on blank paper
a) Pictures and ower vases as accessories. and explain the points considered in
b) Lamps, wall clocks and mirrors as their selection and arrangement by your
accessories. family.
c) Care to be taken of wooden, cast iron 2. Prepare an accessory using the technique
and ceramic accessories. of best out of waste.

•••

93
 9. FLOOR DECORATION

9.1 Introduction
9.2 Importance of Rangoli Decoration
9.3 Materials Used
9.4 Types of Rangoli

In India traditional oor decoration is well created. Such dots are connected by straight or
known as Rangoli in various forms. curved lines to create desired patterns. Lines are
drawn by taking rangoli powder in the ngers
9.1 Introduction :
and letting it drop on the oor by slowly
Rangoli is an age old traditional and one moving the thumb over the fore nger. Smooth
of the most popular arts among India. It is a movement of ngers in releasing the powder is
traditional folk art kept alive by the rural and very important for creation of ne design. The
urban women of India by passing the expertise designs may be kept in white colour or they may
down through the generations. The term be coloured by using coloured powder. The
RANGOLI is derived from 'Rang' (meaning colours may be used in pure form or by adding
colour) + avalli (meaning coloured creepers) some white powder to it. A person needs to have
or 'Rang' + 'aavalli' (meaning row of colours). some skill for doing good rangoli. It is also
The term rangoli refers to designs made with possible to acquire the skill through practice.
coloured powders on the ground in front of the Rangolis can be of any size, they can be pretty
house. The designs vary in different parts of small or even as big as to cover an entire room.
India, but the basic methodology remains the
same in all the areas. The designs are mostly Do you know?
geometric and symmetrical, while some natural Different Indian states have different ways of
elements like owers, birds etc. may be included. Rangoli-painting and also have different names
In a traditional household, the lady of the in their regional or local languages.
house starts her daily chores after purifying
herself, drawing some Rangoli lines in front of Name of the State Name of the Rangoli
the pooja room and the tulsi. Her regular routine Maharashtra Rangoli
begins after this ritual. With this, her entire day Karnataka Hase
remains fresh and lively. Traditionally, such Tamil Nadu Kolam
oor decorations were done only on auspicious Rajasthan Mandana
occasions or festivals. But today they are Utter Pradesh Chowkpurna
done on any occasions like; wedding, birthday Bengal and Asam Alpana
parties, opening ceremonies etc. irrespective of Andhra Pradesh Mugullu
any caste, creed, religion, region (urban, rural) Gujrath Sathya
for enhancing the beauty of the occasion. Kerala Aniyal
Traditionally, rangolis are done by putting
dots on the oor in specic number and manner Pay attention to :
depending on the requirement of a design to be
94
9.2 Importance of Rangoli Decoration :The • It has become a new eld of entrepreneurship.
reasons for doing rangoli and the motifs and One can earn handsome income and at the
patterns used in it are all symbolic in the context same peruse their hobby.
of philosophic, religious or ritualistic beliefs of 9.3 Material used :
the area. Can you make a list ?
• There are parts of India where rangoli is
The materials used are easily found
freshly done every day on the threshold
everywhere. Therefore, this art is prevalent in
of homes before sunrise. Such rangoli is
all homes, rich or poor.
done by using traditional motifs, graphic
motifs, geometric motifs. It is done as a • Rice : The traditional material used for
thanksgiving for a good harvest, for the making rangoli is rice our. It may be used
children of the household to grow strong as the base material to which natural colours
and Lakshmi, the goddess of wealth and may be added. Use of chemical colours is a
fortune to smile upon the family. modern variation. The purpose behind using
• Rangoli is considered auspicious as it rice is to offer food to the ants, the birds and
es showering of good luck and
signi the squirrels. Even coloured whole rice can
prosperity on the house and in the family. be used for the purpose. It is pretty simple to
get rice coloured with food colours readily
• These oor decorations originated as a form
available in the market.
of thanksgiving and an adornment of the
earth that nurtures us. • Stone powder : The use of white stone
powder for making rangoli has become very
• These  oor decorations are auspicious
common now days.
symbols. There are special motifs for
different occasions like weddings, festivals, • Red brick powder : Red brick powder
departures. During Diwali festival for may be used where red colour is required
example, the feet of Goddess Lakshmi, the in rangoli design.
Goddess of wealth are drawn by the door • Saw dust : Saw dust can also be used to
signifying her visit. The whole object of make rangoli patterns. Saw dust has an
making rangoli in Diwali is to welcome advantage that it oats on water so it can be
Goddess Laxmi, the Goddess of wealth, to utilized to create Floating Rangoli patterns.
individual homes. Thus, small footprints • Other mediums : Many other materials
coming into the home, representing the like whole grain, pebbles, pulses, brightly
footprints of the Goddess, are also made. coloured dyes, owers and petals etc. can
• During festivals, the essence of the be used effectively.
auspicious day is represented by a special • Mixed materials : The patterns are made
design. with rice powder, crushed limestone, or
• On days of fasting, the symbolic motifs are coloured chalk. They may be topped with
drawn to ward away evil spirits and bad grains, pulses, beads or owers.
omens. 9.4 Types of Rangoli :
• As an art form, the creations are decorative
Do you know ?
and embellish the courtyards and oors of
homes. Some of the Rangoli designs are The types of rangoli made vary in different
simple and others complex and intricate. parts of India. The difference is usually in the

95
type of designs, method of drawing the designs,
materials used and symbolic motifs.
i. Traditional Rangoli : In the state of
Maharashtra, traditional Rangoli involves
putting variable numbers of Rangoli-dots
in rows and columns on the oor. They are
joined together to depict cultural symbols.
These white rangoli dots are cast with
pinched ngers and the symbolic structures
thus drawn are lled with vivid colours.
Traditional designs use symbolic motifs
to a great extent. Designs usually include-
Laxmi’s feet, ceremonial lamps, shells,
moon, owers and leaves, mango, birds-
peacock, parrot, sh, tortoise, pictures of
Fig. 9.2 (a) Free Hand Rangoli
God and Goddess etc. Along with these,
geometrical gures such as round, square,
triangle etc. are also used. The lines are
usually curved with no sharp angles.

Fig. 9.2 (b) Free Hand Rangoli

Fig. 9.1 Traditional Rangoli for Home Decoration iii. Sanskar Bharati : It is an advanced type of
rangoli which is modi ed from traditional
ii. Free Hand Rangoli : Free hand Rangoli symbols and is used merely for the purpose
drawing is a comparatively contemporary of decoration. They are generally huge in
form of Rangoli. In contrast with the size and are done with bold, thick and
traditional form of rangoli, free hand rangoli curved lines. Such lines and prominent dots
does not involve casting of dots but involves are the special features of this type. The
free strokes of hands and abstract designs colours used are normally dark and bright
with sheer stylized beauty. The designs with white borders. This Rangoli uses the
do not have any metaphorical symbolic special technique of using all ve ngers and
representations, the patterns are just creative rangoli powder is allowed to ow through
waves that have pleasing appearance. them smoothly. It requires special training
96
 and practice to master this art. A sieve is the borders are done with Vallari design.
mostly used for the even spread of colours Shantiniketan Alpana is a stylized modern
that creates very attractive designs. Designs art form of Alpana with unconventional
used may be natural designs, portraits, idols designs and colours. The people of Bengal
of god and goddess etc. It uses traditional have expertise in this form of Rangoli.
symbols in the design like “go-padma”, Method of doing Alpana : Rice is soaked
“shankh”, “chakra” etc. overnight and grind it to a ne paste of liquid
consistency. Dip a wad of cotton wool in this
liquid and gently squeeze out the liquid on
the oor to create elaborate patterns of lines
and curves. The use of cotton wad gives a
continuous supply of liquid. The traditional
way of drawing these patterns is by letting
the rice our slip from between the ngers
onto a freshly swept surface.
Lines used in creating alpana designs must
Fig. 9.3 Sanskar Bharati Rangoli be of same width. Normally used designs
The use of this Rangoli is becoming quite are- Laxmi’s feet, ceremonial lamps, shells,
popular day by day for a number of occasions moon, owers and leaves, mango, birds,
for example; national and community- peacock, parrot, sh, tortoise, pictures
oriented ceremonies, and also ceremonies of God and Goddess etc. Besides these,
like a naming ceremony, an opening geometrical gures such as round, square,
ceremony of a shop or clinic, housewarming triangle shapes are also used. Alpana may
ceremony etc. and for various festivals as be white in colour or it may be coloured
well. The functions held in the schools and using various colours. Sources of colour are
colleges give an opportunity to the students burnt grass, geru or red sand, turmeric or
to exhibit their skills in doing this Rangoli. yellow earth and extract of leaves for black,
red, yellow and green colours respectively.

Fig. 9.4 Sanskar Bharati Rangoli

iv. Alpana : IIt is believed that the word alpana

is derived from the Sanskrit word meaning
alimpan. It is quite popular in Bengal and
Asam. Traditionally, it is done with rice
our using traditional symbols. In Alpana,
Fig. 9.5 (a) Alpana
97
 houses. Some are simple and others are
complex and intricate. These rangolis can
be of any size, from the size of a doormat
to covering an entire room. These are
used as decorations for any occasions
like weddings, birthday parties, naming
ceremony, housewarming ceremony etc.
b. Plywood Rangoli : A recent technique
adopted by many people is doing
rangoli on attractive pieces of plywood,
either by cold ceramic technique or by
Fig. 9.5 (b) Alpana painting with attractive colours. It is
not a traditional form, but it gives a
v. Other forms of Rangoli :
similar effect. The biggest advantage is
a. Painted Rangoli : Now Rangoli has that it can be preserved for a number of
become an art form. It uses paints and months and not just a couple of days
the application is usually with a paint like a regular rangoli, which gets spoiled
brush. The creations are decorative and easily. It saves time and the pieces can
embellish the courtyards and oors of be conveniently carried and arranged at
the place of an occasion.

Fig. 9.7 Plywood Rangoli

Fig. 9.6 (a) Painted Rangoli
c. Acrylic Rangoli : Use of acrylic pieces
for making rangoli designs is becoming
popular now days. These are light in

Fig. 9.6 (b) Painted Rangoli Fig. 9.8 Acrylic Rangoli

98
 weight and can be used easily anywhere e. Rangoli on Water : Water rangoli, as the
anytime. Other advantages are similar to name suggests is a technique of doing
plywood rangoli. rangoli on water. This rangoli is also
d. Flower Rangoli : On many occasions called as ‘Floating rangoli’ or ‘Under
rangoli designs may be created by Water Rangoli’ Creation of this rangoli
using fresh owers. The combination of requires lot of concentration along with
varied colours make such Rangoli very skill. There are various methods of doing
attractive. Some times petals of owers this rangoli :
are used which are combined with variety i. Charcoal powder method : As
of leaves available in varied shades of the name suggests the method uses
green. charcoal. Following are the steps for
doing this rangoli :
• Fill a shallow vessel with water.
• Spread charcoal powder slowly and
evenly on the surface of water.
• Create a desired rangoli on it by
using rangoli powder and colour.
The design can be done by hand or
it can be spread by means of a thin
cloth.
ii. Wax method : This method uses wax
as one of the main materials. The steps
for doing this rangoli are as follows:
• Heat the plate to be used for doing
rangoli.
Fig. 9.9 (a) Flower Rangoli
• When it is hot, rub a candle so that
a thin layer of wax settles on it.
Instead of this one can pour molten
wax onto the plate.
• Leave the plate at rest until the wax
dries.
• Once the wax is dry, a rangoli
pattern of one’s choice can be done
on the layer of wax.
• After the rangoli pattern is completed,
the plate is reheated and the rangoli
pattern is allowed to settle down.
• Keep the plate aside. And after it
Fig. 9.9 (b) Flower Rangoli cools down, pour water in the plate.

99
 iii. Oil method : The steps for making
water rangoli using oil are as follows :
• Take a bowl and apply a thin layer
of oil on its inner surface.
• Pour some cold water into the bowl
up to its edges.
• Sprinkle some white distemper
powder on the surface of the water
in the bowl.
• Draw a rangoli design on the surface
of the water and ll in the colours
as required.
• Sprinkle glitter on the surface of the Fig. 9.11 (b) Stencil Rangoli
rangoli for aesthetic appeal.
stencils are useful for beginners and for
those who do not have skill in doing
rangoli but have love for rangoli.
g. Sticker Rangoli : These are simply
available in the form of stickers. These
are ready made rangoli patterns. Those

Fig. 9.10 Rangoli on Water

f. Stencil Rangoli : This is a ready-

made design with perforations. The
rangoli powder penetrates through the
perforations to create a design. Such
Fig. 9.12 (a) Sticker Rangoli

Fig. 9.11 (a) Stencil Rangoli Fig. 9.12 (b) Sticker Rangoli

100
 who do not have the skill in making this type of rangoli. These are becoming
rangoli or those who do not have lot of popular day by day as they help to create
time to make rangoli designs, may use detailed and precise designs.

 Symbols used in traditional Rangoli and Alpana

Fig. 9.13 Symbols used in traditional Rangoli and Alpana

101
 Can you recall ?

• Rangoli is an age old traditional and one of of decoration.

the most popular arts among Indian women. • Alpana is a form of oor decoration which is
• The term rangoli refers to designs made popular in Bengal and Asam. Traditionally,
with coloured powders on the ground in it is done with rice our using traditional
front of the house. symbols.
• Different Indian states have different ways • Painted rangoli has become a very popular
of Rangoli-painting and also have different art form. It uses paints and the application
names in their regional or local languages. is usually done with a paint brush.
• The reasons for doing rangoli and the motifs • Plywood rangoli is a technique of doing
and patterns used in it are all symbolic in rangoli on attractive pieces of plywood,
the context of philosophic, religious or either by cold ceramic technique or by
ritualistic beliefs of the area. painting with attractive colours.
• Various materials that are easily available • Acrylic rangoli uses acrylic pieces for
everywhere are used for making rangoli. making rangoli designs. These are light in
• Traditional Rangoli involves putting variable weight and can be used easily anywhere
number of dots in rows and columns on the anytime.
oor which are joined together to depict • Flower rangoli is done on many occasions
cultural symbols. by using fresh owers of varied types and
• Free hand rangoli involves free strokes leaves.
of hands and abstract designs with sheer • Rangoli on water is done in a shallow vessel
stylized beauty. lled with water. Creation of this rangoli
• Sanskar Bharati is an advanced type of requires lot of skill and great concentration.
rangoli which is modi
ed from traditional • Stencil and sticker rangoli scan be easily
symbols and is used merely for the purpose used by anyone for doing oor decorations.

Exercises
y Objective questions : 3. The type of rangoli that is modi ed from
1) Multiple choice questions : traditional motifs is called as __________
rangoli.
1. Rangoli decoration from Bengal and
Asam is called __________ . a) sanskarbharti b) freehand
a) alpana b) mandana c) plywood d) shantiniketan
c) Sathya d) mugullu 2) Match the following pairs :

2. The type of rangoli that involves free A B

strokes of hands and abstract designs is Karnataka Mandana
___________ rangoli. Tamil Nadu Chowkpurna
a) traditional b) sanskarbharati Rajasthan Hase
c) freehand d) alpana Utter Pradesh Mugullu
Andhra Pradesh Kolam

102
y Short answer Questions : Projects / Assignment :
1) Differentiate between the following : Observe various types of rangoli done in
a) Traditional and sanskarbharati rangoli your nearby areas, click photographs, take
b) Traditional and freehand rangoli print outs, stick them on blank papers and
2) Write short notes on the following : maintain a le.
a) Importance of rangoli
b) Alpana
c) Plywood and acrylic rangoli Practical / Related Activities :
d) Flower rangoli and rangoli on water 1. Draw rangoli designs on plain paper and
3) Answer the following in brief : colour them up by using any two colour
a) List out the material that can be used for schemes.
making a rangoli in front of a house.
2. Demonstration and practice of various
b) Describe the method used for making
types of rangoli. Try out various colour
alpana.
schemes to colour them up.
c) Describe the method used for making
any type of rangoli. 3. Try making acrylic, wooden rangoli.
Also try out rangoli using other materials
d) What are the various methods of creating
water rangolis? like owers and leaves.
e) Write in brief about stencil and sticker 4. Try creating water rangoli by using any
rangolis. one method.

•••

103
 10. HOUSEHOLD LIGHTING

10.1 Concept of Lighting

10.2 Sources of Lighting
10.3 Principles of Lighting
10.4 Types and Methods of Lighting

Let's Discuss : the house. The area occupied by the doors

and windows should be equivalent to one-
10.1 Concept of Lighting :
seventh to one-tenth of the total oor area
Light is the basic requirement of house. of the room. Natural light helps a person
Light is necessary to create visibility, brightness, to perform household tasks easily, without
beauty and aesthetics in interior. It helps to having any strain on the eyes and helps to
create cheerful atmosphere. Light can enhance save electricity.
the colour, design, textures of material and
various surfaces in the interior of a home. The
quantity of light within a room depends on two
factors- colour and texture. The colour scheme
and the texture of walls, ceilings and objects
determine the quantity of light being re ected
and thus decide the illumination level in the
room. A dull, dark or black colour and coarse
texture will absorb more light. Another basic
factor of lighting involves the colour of the light
Fig. 10.1 (a) Natural lighting in the room
itself. Natural light appears to be bright, warm
and has yellowish glow. The colour of daylight
varies throughout the day. Arti cial light is
available in various colour.
10.2 Sources of Lighting :
Do you know ?
Natural and arti
cial lighting are the
two main and commonly used sources of
lighting.
Fig. 10.1 (b) Natural lighting in the room
1. Natural lighting : Natural light is available
naturally. The most common source of 2. Articial lighting : When day light
natural light on earth is the sun. Natural light or natural light is inadequate,arti cial
or day light is an important factor in the lighting becomes essential. Articial light
appearance of a room. The amount of light can be provided with the help of non-
that enters a room depends on the number, electrical and electrical lighting devices.
size and location of doors and windows of Non-electrical lighting devices are candles,
104
 oil lamps and gas lamps. Commonly used
electrical lighting devices are incandescent
bulbs, uorescent tubes and bulbs, CFLs
(Compact Fluorescent lamps),LED (Light
Emitting Diode) and solar lighting. Now
cial lights are available in various
days arti
colour, size and shape and are becoming
more popular day by day.
Always remember : The incandescent lamp Fig. 10.2 Incandescent Bulb
or bulb was invented by Thomas Edison in • Fluorescent Lighting : Fluorescent tubes and
1879. bulbs are available in the market in different
Sources of Articial Lighting : Most common shapes like linear, circline and u-bend etc.
sources of articial light are Incandescent The standard length of uorescent tubes is
Lighting, Fluorescent Lighting, CFLs, LED and 48 to 84 inches.
solar lighting. It is a glass tube sealed at both the ends
• Incandescent Lighting : In can descent which is coated with phosphorus from
bulbs are available in the market. In can inside and is lled with very small amount
descent bulbs produce light by heating a of mercury mixed and an inert gas Argon.
lament. The laments are made of double When electric current ows through the gas
coils of tungsten metal. It has high electrical between the electrodes, the gas is ionized
resistance. It can sustain high temperature and emits ultraviolet radiation,which cause
upto 23000 C at which it glows and becomes the phosphorus substance to produce visible
incandescent and emits white light. The light. The colour of the light depends on the
bulb is sealed glass tube which is lled with colour of the uorescent phosphor powder
Argon gas. When the electric current ows coated inside the tube.
through the bulbs and lamps, it results in Advantages :
heating of lament tungsten and giving out 1. It gives soft and shadow free light.
the visible light. The incandescent bulb lasts 2. It is economical and easy to use.
for 750 to 1000 hours.
3. There is no stress on eyes and makes it easy
Advantages : to complete task.
1. The installation cost is less in comparison 4. It produces less heat in comparison to
to other lighting sources. incandescent lamps.
2. The cost of the bulbs is less than other 5. It produces more light in less electric
xtures of lighting. current, thus turns out to be cheaper.
3. There is no icker in incandescent lighting. 6. The life of tubes is generally 7500 hours
Disadvantages : Disadvantages :
1. It has warm and bright glow. 1. It gives more icker than incandescent
2. It produces more heat and less light. bulbs.
3. It increases the temperature of a room. 2. Initial cost of installation is more as
4. It creates shadow, making it dif
fcult to work. compared to incandescent bulb.

105
 5. The cost of these lamps is less than LED
bulbs.
Disadvantages :
1. They produce full brightness of light.
2. The cost of CFL lamps is more than standard
Incandescent bulbs.
3. These lamps don’t work with dimmer
Fig. 10.3 Fluorescent Tube switches.
4. CFL lamps contain a small amount of
• CFL Lighting : These are available in the
mercury, which is toxic.
market and are becoming more popular
day by day than uorescent tubes. The
standard shapes of CFLs are single turn,
double turn, triple turn, quad turn, circular
and buttery. The full form of CFL is
“Compact Fluorescent Lamps”. These
lamps are much smaller than other sources
of lighting and are used for household and
commercial lighting. They are designed
to replace incandescent bulbs. They have
25%less energy consumption. They are more Fig. 10.4 CFLs
ef
fcient and longer lasting as compared • LED Lighting : LED bulbs are available in
to incandescent bulbs. The average life of different sizes and shapes in market. LED
these lamps is 750 hours. CFL is a tube stand forr “Light Emitting Diode". A diode
containing Argon gas and small amount of is an electrical device or component with
mercury vapor. When an electric current two electrodes. One is Anode and the other
passes through it, invisible ultraviolet light is one is Cathode, through which electricity
generated inside the tube. The tube is coated ows in one direction only. Diodes are
with phosphors that emit visible light. It has made from semi-conductor material such as
75% less energy than incandescent bulbs. Silicon or Selenium. When current passes
CFL produces 1170 lumens and uses only through the semi-conductor material the
20-21 watts of electricity. device emits visible light.
Advantages : Advantages :
1. CFL lamps and tubes consume 20to 33% 1. LED bulb is more durable than other
less electricity than Incandescent bulbs. lighting xtures. It lasts up to 50,000 to
2. Filaments are not used in CFL. 1,00,000 hours or more.
3. CFLs are safe as they do not emit UV 2. It has more energy ef
fciency than other
radiation. lighting xtures.
4. They produce 70% less heat than 3. The light received from these bulbs has
Incandescent bulbs. The risk of home re good quality.
is less and hence they are safer to use. 4. It has low maintenance cost.

106
5. The size of LED bulb is very small than
other lighting xtures.
6. It starts very fast like Incandescent bulbs.
7. It does not increase the temperature of the
room.
8. The average life of LED is ve times more
than CFLs.
9. It is environmentally friendly as it does
not contain mercury or other hazardous Fig. 10.6 (a) Solar Lighting Panels
substances.
Disadvantages :
1. LED xtures are costlier than other lighting
xtures.
2. It cannot give a point source of light and
hence it is not suitable where spherical light
eld is required.
3. Some LED lamps start with dimmer switch. Fig. 10.6 (b) Solar Lighting Panels

Fig. 10.6 (c) Solar Lighting System

Fig. 10.5 LED Lamps The Solar Lighting system consists of the
following :
• Solar Lighting : Home lighting system is
powered by solar energy using solar cells 1. Solar photovoltaic panel or solar cells
that convert solar energy (sunlight) directly 2. Solar Inverter
to electricity. The electricity is stored in 3. Battery
battery and used for the purpose of lighting 4. Fixtures like lamp, fan, etc.
whenever required. The solar photovoltaic panel is installed
The solar home lighting system is also on the roof or terrace and it is exposed to
known as photovoltaic system or solar power sunlight. The solar inverter and battery are
system. It is generally a xed installation kept inside and in a protected place of the
designed for domestic application. It can be house. The solar photovoltaic panel requires
installed virtually in any place. periodic cleaning for effective performance.

107
 Solar panels absorb the solar energy 2. Steady or steadiness : Steady or steadiness
which is then converted into electricity. of light is essential in-home lighting.
The solar inverter converts this electricity Household tasks can be performed
from direct to alternating current. Light is easily,quickly and properly and without any
received through the lighting xture. The stress on eyes if the light is steady.
solar energy collected, is usually stored in 3. Glare : Glare is a condition of vision in
chargeable battery and used later on when which there is discomfort or a reduction
there is no sunlight to produce lighting. in the ability to see the signi
cant objects.
Advantages : Excessive contrast or large changes in
1. Solar power is available every day. brightness produce the effect of glare. When
2. Solar light is free from pollution and there glare is present the ef
fciency of the vision is
is no emission of greenhouse gases. reduced and small details or subtle changes
3. It saves use of conventional energy sources. in tone cannot be perceived.
4. Saves payment of utility bills and generates 4. Light colour and colour rendering : Lamps
funds by selling the extra energy to the are assigned a colour temperature based
power company. on their “coolness” or “warmness”. Cool
light is preferred for visual tasks because it
5. The maintenance cost is minimal.
produces higher contract than warm light.
6. It is safe to use than traditional lighting Warm light is preferred for living spaces
methods.
because it is more attering to skin tones.
Disadvantages : Tubes or white glow light are used for daily
1. The initial cost of material and installation household activities. Coloured bulbs are
is very high. used for decorative purpose.
2. This lighting system needs lot of space for 5. Safety : Light is required in the interiors
installation. for safe movement and work by making
3. Since there is no solar power available at the traf
fc lanes visible. To avoid accidents,
night, the battery should have more capacity adopt good lighting system in the home.
for storage of energy. Good lighting is helpful to increase beauty,
4. On cloudy and winter days less energy is and attractiveness that would enhance the
produced. aesthetic appeal of the room.
6. Architectural framework : Construction
Always Remember :
of each house may be different according
10.3 Principles of Lighting : to needs of the family. While constructing
There are some principles to be home, rst decide the placement of
considered while adopting light in a windows and doors. Natural light is helpful
home. to do household tasks and also helpful for
1. Intensity of light : The intensity of light arrangement of arti
cial light.
must be considered while performing any 7. Improvement of decoration : Home
household task. Right amount of intensity decoration will get affected or enhanced
is required to do household tasks. If the due to proper lighting. Light is one of the
intensity of light is in excess amount, it is essential elements of art. It enhances the
harmful to eyesight or inconvenient to do beauty of the room, textured walls, furniture,
proper work. furnishings and different decorative articles.
108
10.4 Types and methods of Lighting : 3. Decorative Lighting : Decorative
Know this : lighting is used to emphasize objects
or areas. Decorative lighting is used to
y Types of Lighting : enhance the beauty of the room and to
This is an important aspect to be considered create different focal points to create
in construction of a house. The experts have different effect for giving attractiveness
given the three types of lighting based on to the room. It is more frequently used to
purpose and the effect produced. highlight decorative objects in a room. It
1. General or Ambient lighting can act as a decorative device. It is also
2. Task or Local or Speci
c lighting called as “Accent” or “Architectural”
lighting. Commonly observed examples
3. Accent or Decorative lighting
are lighting above Sculpture, Painting,
1. General or Ambient lighting : General textured wall, outdoor landscapes etc.
lighting is equivalent to day light or
sunlight. It is an overall illumination
which lights up the entire room evenly
and allows people to see objects and
surfaces. It produces safety for people to
move in a room. It produces comfortable
brightness; one can do work properly and
Fig. 10.7 Types of Lighting
quickly. General lighting can be direct,
when the light shines directly on objects
to be illuminated or indirect when the in various areas of the house. Take a note
light is thrown against a surface usually of one example given below :
the ceiling, from which some of the light Area of the house Type of lighting
ected. General lighting is also called
is re
as Ambient Lighting. Study table Task lighting-Table
lamp
2. Task Lighting : Task lighting is used
for speci c area or specic task. It
is necessary to remember that it is
used along with general lighting.
Task lighting provides more pleasant
illumination, helps to avoid harsh lights
and troublesome shadows. It helps to
increase productivity by visual comfort y Methods of Lighting :
and decrease stress level. It is also called There are ve lighting methods used in
c or directional lighting.
as local or speci every home. Lighting methods are classi ed
Some of the simple examples of task according to the direction of light, activity
lighting commonly found in household carried in a room and selection of xture.
lighting methods are table or desk lamps,
1. Direct lighting.
lamps at the dressing table etc.
2. Indirect lighting.
3. Semi direct lighting.
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4. Semi indirect lighting.
5. Diffused lighting.
1. Direct Lighting : In direct lighting
system, 90 to 100% of light is projected
downwards or towards the working area.
This is the most common type of lighting
and is used for many types of tasks.
Direct lighting spreads light evenly all
over the area. It tends to create glare,
shadow and re ect light harshly. It is
Fig. 10.9 (b) Indirect Lighting
generally used in all the room in a house
3. Semi direct Lighting : In semi direct
lighting system,60 to 90% of the light is
directed downwards; in the working area
or object and remaining light upwards
i.e. towards ceiling and walls is re
ected
back in the working area or on the object.
This lighting system softens shadows and
produces even lighting all over the room.
It is generally used in kitchen room.
Fig. 10.8 Direct Lighting
2. indirect Lighting : In indirect lighting
system, 90 to 100% of light is directed
towards ceiling and or walls from where
it is re
ected back towards the object or
in the working area. For effectiveness of
this lighting method, the surface nishes
of walls and ceiling in the room should
be light or have cool colours and they
should be highly re ective and must
be kept clean. This method of lighting, Fig. 10.10 Semi direct Lighting
minimizes glare, shadow and re ection.
It is generally used in bedrooms. 4. Semi indirect Lighting : In semi indirect
lighting system, 60 to 90% of light
from the luminaires re ects towards the
ceiling and walls from where it is re
ected
back in the working area. The remaining
10 to 40%of the light is received directly
by the working area or the object. This
method of lighting produces pleasant
atmosphere in the room. It is generally
used in dining room.
Fig. 10.9 (a) Indirect Lighting
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 Fig. 10.11 Semi indirect Lighting

5. Diffused Lighting : In diffused lighting

system, light is distributed equally in
both upward and downward areas of
the room. That means 50% of light is
directed upwards that is, towards ceiling
and walls and from there it is re ected
back in the working area or on the object.
Remaining 50% of light is directed
downwards in the working area or on the
object. It produces pleasing effect to the
eye. It is generally used in all the room.
Fig. 10.12 Diffused Lighting

Can you recall ?

• Light is the basic requirement of house. lamps (Compact Fluorescent lamps),LED

Light is necessary to create visibility, (Light Emitting Diode) and solar lighting.
brightness, beauty and aesthetics in interior. • The incandescent lamp or bulb was invented
• The purpose of lighting in a house is to by Thomas Edison in 1879.
provide visibility, create cheerful atmosphere • Intensity of light, steadiness, glare, light
and also give light to carry out various tasks colour and colour rendering, safety,
in a room. architectural framework and improvement
• Natural and arti
cial lighting are the sources of decoration are the principles of lighting.
of lighting. • General lighting, Task lighting, and decorative
• Nonelectrical lighting devices are candles, lighting are the three types of lighting.
oil lamps and gas lamps. • Direct lighting, indirect lighting, semi direct
• Electrical lighting devices are incandescent lighting, semi indirect lighting and diffused
bulbs, uorescent tubes and bulbs, CFLs lighting are the methods of lighting.

111
 Exercises
y Objective questions : c) CFL bulbs are more durable than
1) Multiple choice questions : incandescent bulbs.
1. The incandescent bulb was invented by d) The life of LED lamps is ve times more
__________________ in 1879. than CFL.
a) Thomas Edison b) James Maxwell e) LED has more energy ef fciency than
c) Michael Faraday d) Benjamin Franklin other lighting sources.
2. Incandescent bulbs use __________ y Short answer Questions :
lament to produce light. 1) Dene the following terms :
a) copper b) brass a) Natural lighting
c) tungsten d) steel b) Task lighting
3. The standard size of uorescent tube is c) Diffused lighting
__________ _ inches.
2) Differentiate between the following :
a) 28-38 b) 38-48 a) Incandescent lighting and Fluorescent
c) 48-84 d) 84 to 90 lighting
4. The full form of CFL is ______________. b) CFL and LED
a) Common uorescent lamps c) Direct lighting and Indirect lighting
b) Compact uorescent lamps 3) Write short notes on the following :
c) Compound uorescent lamps a) Incandescent bulbs
d) Common lament lamps b) Fluorescent tubes
5. Bulbs create ______________ and makes c) CFL
d) LED
it dif
fcult to work.
e) Solar lighting
a) shadow b) light
c) rays d) re
ection y Long answer Questions :
a) Explain any two types of arti cial
2) Match the following pairs : lighting sources.
A B b) Write general, task and decorative lighting.
i) General lighting a) For speci
c ask c) Describe the methods of lighting.
ii) Task lighting b) To enhance the d) Write about the principles of lighting.
objects Projects / Assignment :
iii) Decorative c) Light up the a. Observe the methods of lighting used in
lighting entire room your home and analyze.
3) Identify whether the following statements b. Observe the types of lighting used in your
are true or false : college and list them out.
a) Filament tungsten metal is used in CFLs c. Identify houses with solar lighting system
bulbs. in your locality and collect pictures.
b) LED stands for Light Emitting Diode. •••

112
 Related Activities

1. Observe and classify various ways 4. Prepare a time plan for study.
of supplementing family income. Procedure :
Procedure : a) Set a goal for coming examination.
b) List out the Subjects.
b) Classify them c) Calculate the available time for study.
c) Note down in the following table d) Prioritise the subjects according to your
d) Draw conclusion dif
fculty level.
e) Prepare an urgent important matrix.
By increasing By Cutting down
No. family Income Expenditure f) Allocate the required time for speci
c
subjects.
g) Prepare a time plan for actual utilization
h) Note down your remarks
5. Write down the reasons of fatigue after
2. Visit to a Bank. performing the activities in a day by you.
Procedure : Procedure :
a) Visit various banks available in your a) List out all the activities carried out in a
locality. day.
b) Write down the facilities provided by b) Think about the fatigue experienced by
them. you on the following aspects
z Working conditions
c) Draw conclusion
z Likes and dislikes in work

Name of the Facilities z Posture during work

No. Bank
z Duration of work

z Type of work - Light, moderate, heavy

z Success in work

3. Prepare a "To Do List" for a week. z Appreciation received

Procedure : c) Write down the conclusions

a) Think about the tasks to be completed in 6. Prepare 'Pathway chart' of any household
a weak. activity.
b) Prioritise them Procedure :
c) Allocate required time a) Select any activity
d) Prepare a nal "To Do List" b) Draw a oor plan of work place in scale
e) Draw conclusion c) Place it on a soft board
d) Select work centers and x pins
accordingly
113
 e) Ask the worker to perform an activity z Medicines - Tablets, injections, creams,
f) Observe the path taken and wind the sprays, drops, syrups, etc.
thread around the speci
c pins. z Electrical and electronic products : Mixer,
g) After completion of task, remove the food processor, iron, water heaters, plug
pins and measure the length of the thread pins, electric wire, television, micro
and note it down and convert the thread oven, refrigerator, mobiles etc.
length into distance travelled. z Tools and utensils - kitchenware, nonstick
h) Give suggestions for improvement of utensils, water lters, containers etc.
path travelled during the activity. z Others - Toys, stationery items, mosquito
coils, match sticks, etc.
i) Prepare a fresh plan according to
suggestions and follow the previous b) Analyse the collected labels on the
procedure for the modi
ed activity. basis of the following points.
j) Compare the length of the thread to know z Informative labels : weight, date of
the distance travelled in original and manufacturing, date of expiry, content,
modi
ed plan. price, nutritional value, care and storage,
information regarding use, barcode,
k) Write down the conclusions.
mail address, website, address of the
7. Collection and analysis of labels. manufacturer.
Procedure : z Brand labels : Identify the brand name
a) Collect minimum one label from the and brand logo of the product.
following - z Certi
cation labels : Identify the
z Agricultural Products : Sugar, jaggery, certi
cation mark such as ISI mark,
cereals, pulses, oils, fats, etc. Agmark, Vegetarian and Non -vegetarian
z Preserved foods : Pickles, jams, jellies, marks, FSSAI, BEE star label mark,
squash, mineral water, juices, canned Handloom mark, Wool mark, Silk mark,
food etc. Eco mark.
z Ready to eat products : Various masala c) Paste the collected labels and write the
gravies, baby foods, ready to eat analysis in the journals.
vegetables, poha, upama and other 8. Prepare a colour wheel.
products. Procedure :
z Milk products : Paneer, cheese, ghee, a) Draw a circle and devide it in 12 equal
curd, yogurt, lassi, ice-creams, shrikhand, parts.
basundi, burfee, etc. b) Locate the places of primary colours rst
z Clothes : Fabrics, readymade garments, by placing yellow at top centre of the
woolen clothes, hosiery garments, circle
furnishing materials like sofa covers, bed c) Locate the places of secondary colours
sheets etc. and then intermediate colours.
z Cosmetics : Hair oils, body lotions, d) Apply the primary colours in the
creams, soaps, shampoo, nail paint, respective places and let them dry.
lipsticks, talcum powder etc.

114
 e) Prepare secondary colours and apply z Traditional - With dots and traditional
them in the respective places. Allow symbols.
them to dry. z Sanskarbharti - by using appropriate
f) Now prepare intermediate colours and symbols and their variations given in
apply them in proper places. Let them the unit.
dry. z Aplana - with traditional material and
Note : Refer the colour wheel given in gure symbols.
7.14 for accurate locations of colour and z Freehand rangoli
colour hue. z Water rangoli using any one method
9. Prepare freehand design. given in the unit.

Procedure : b) Write down the material used and the

method.
a) Draw square of 10 × 10 cms. on a plain
paper. c) Click a picture and paste it in practical
b) Draw freehand design of your imagination book.
and choice 12. Observe the types of lighting used in
c) Select a colour scheme and choose different rooms in your house.
appropriate colours. Procedure :
d) Use the speci ed colour scheme for a) Note down the observation in the
colouring the design. following table and draw conclusion.
e) Apply the colours carefully and smoothly
Sr. Name of the room Type of lighting
to make the design attractive. No.
10. Prepare an accessory.
Procedure :
a) Think about the waste material available
in your house.
b) Apply your imagination to create a useful 13. Collect Pictures of solar lighting for the
and decorative accessory for example a following :
wall hanging, ower vase, lamp shades, House, educational institutions, hospitals,
penstand, cushion covers, oor mats, table social place, farms or farm house etc.
mats, table covers and such accessory. Procedure :
c) Write down the material used and the a) Collect pictures from various sources
procedure used for making the accessory. including internet.
11. Demonstrate and practice various types b) Identify the various parts.
of rangoli. c) Label and describe them.
Procedure : d) Prepare a le.
a) Demonstrate the following types of rangoli •••
by using proper material and method.

115
 Glossary
¾ Accessories : Are the elements that bring charm, individuality and vitality to a room.
¾ Alpana : It is a kind of oor decoration which is quite popular in Bengal and Asam.
¾ A.T.M. : Automatic Teller Machine.
¾ Balance : Balance is a restful effect created in a design or arrangement.
¾ Biological Time : A pattern of repeated, routine, biological bodily activities.
¾ Body Alignment : Keeping head, shoulders, spine, hips, knees and ankles line up with each other.
¾ Budget : Budget is a plan for future expenditure.
¾ CFLs : Compact Fluorescent Lamps.
¾ CGS System : Fundamental system of measurement of length, mass and time.
¾ Clock Time : The time of the day as shown in clock.
¾ Colour Value : Colour value indicates the lightness or darkness of any colour.
¾ Consumer : A consumer is one who buys or acquires goods or services. It does not include a
person who obtains such goods for resale or for any commercial purpose.
¾ Decorative Accessories : The objects that are exclusively used to enhance the beauty of a space
are called as decorative accessories.
¾ Delegation : The act of process of entrusting task to another person.
¾ Direct income : Direct income refers to material goods and services available to the family without
the use of money.
¾ Discretionary Time : Time spends for own sake and creative activities.
¾ Effort : Effort means earnest and conscientious activities intended to or accomplish something.
¾ Emphasis : In simple words, emphasis is giving importance to some particular element in a design
or arrangement.
¾ Energy : Energy is de ned as capacity to do the work.
¾ Energy Cost : The energy required to perform any task.
¾ Energy Management : It is the process of monitoring, controlling and conserving energy for
doing a particular activity.
¾ Fatigue : Fatigue is tiredness or boredom experienced after performing a particular task.
¾ Functional Accessories : These are the items or objects that are meant for carrying out some
function in a room.
¾ Goal Setting : First step of time management.
¾ Golden oblong : It is a standard for good proportion.
¾ Harmony : The art principle which produces an impression of unity in a design or arrangement.
¾ Hue : In simple words hue is the name given to a colour. It also tells the warmth or coolness of
a colour.
¾ Income : The ow of money, goods and services received or created and the satisfaction received
during a specic time period.
¾ Indirect income : Indirect income refers to the goods and services available to the family only
after the use of some means of exchange.
¾ Intensity or Chroma : Intensity refers to the brightness or dullness of a colour. It is the strength
or weakness of a colour.
¾ Investment : Saving money for getting more pro t.

116
¾ Labels : Paper, plastic or fabric attached to a product, giving written information about the product.
¾ LED : Light Emitting Diode.
¾ Leisure Time : Free time or non work time.
¾ Light : Light is an art element as well as utilitarian element that makes everything visible.
¾ Line : Line is a basic element of art. It is a chain of dots joined together.
¾ Money Income : The income in speci
c form of currency of the country.
¾ Pattern : Any enrichment done on a surface of an object is called as pattern.
¾ Planning : Picture of future action and activities.
¾ Posture : The way a person positions his body at work.
¾ Prioritizing : Treat as more important than other task.
¾ Proportion : In simple words it refers to the law of relationships.
¾ Psychological Time : Awareness of passage of time.
¾ Rangoli : It a traditional form of oor decoration in India.
¾ Real income : Flow of commodities and services available for satisfaction of human wants and
needs over a given period.
¾ Resting/Basal Metabolism : Energy required for natural body processes such as respiration,
circulation, secretion, excretion etc
¾ Rest Period : Time needed for taking rest after completion of activity.
¾ Sanskar Bharati Rangoli : It is an advanced type of rangoli which is modi ed from traditional
symbols and is used merely for the purpose of decoration.
¾ Saving : Keeping aside some money from present consumption for future use.
¾ Services : A system supplying a public need such as transport, communications, or utilities such
as water supply, drainage, electricity.
¾ Setting Deadlines : Setting time limits for completion of task.
¾ Shape and form : Shape and form enclose space. Shape is two-dimensional and form is three
dimensional.
¾ SMART Goals : Speci c, Measurable, Attainable, Relevant and Time bound goals.
¾ Space : Space is de ned as emptiness, void or interval between things.
¾ Sustainable consumption : The use of products or services to ful ll basic needs and for better
quality life with minimum use of natural resources and toxic materials without harming the
environment and society.
¾ Texture : Texture is the surface quality of a material which is understood through the sense of
touch or vision.
¾ Time : Continuum in which event succeeds one after another from past through present to future.
¾ Time Allocation : Distribution of time for various activities.
¾ Time Management : A system of controlling and using time as ef fcient as possible.
¾ To Do List : preparing list of various tasks on the basis of urgency, importance, priority and
spending time.
¾ U.T.I. : Unit Trust of India.
¾ Work Simplication : Accomplishing more work in given amount of time and energy by making
work easier.
¾ Work Time : Time spent for the performance of work. •••

117
 Bibliography

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University Book House Pvt. Ltd., Jaipur.
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118
z Puri G.K., Interior Decoration for All (1986), IIMS Publications, New Delhi.
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•••

119
 Websites

z https://www.brg.in/news/bhim-to-add-support-for-7-regional-languages-by-
the-end-of- this-week-report
z www.consumer.tn.gov.in
z https://www.epsom-sthelier.nhs.uk
z https://www.consumer-voice.org/food/know-your-quality-marks/
z http://ecoursesonline.iasri.res.in/mod/page/view.php?id=27206
z https://www.egazette.nic.in/Write Read Data/2019/210422.pdf
z www.energy.com
z https://en.wikipedia.org/index.php?title=BHIM&oldid=923600112
z http://www.fcamin.nic.in
z https//www.hgtv.com
z https://hmhub.me/accessories-interior-decoration/
z http://www.habbitgrowth.com/time-management-matrix/
z https://www.impressiveinteriordesign.com/home-interior-design-accessories-style/
z https://theinterioreditor.com/accessories/the-importance-of-accessories-the-dos-donts/
z https://www.kullabs.com/classes/subjects/units/lessons/notes/note-detail/6820
z https//www.ledwatcher.com.
z https://www.linkedin.com/compony/nipponindiamf/
z www.Lumans.com
z wikipedia.org/wiki/Time
z https//www.speco.solarlighting.com
z www.thoughtco.com>science
z https// www.ylighting.com>blog
z https://www.youtube.com/c/NipponIndiaMutualFund
•••

120
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