NEEK-2 LECTURE NoTE ———n o——ooo—Troonw—s—aaaoa—— “Topies : Equivalones Falat on Mapping Permutation Binary Csrnpo air Sy sur oid @ Equivalence CLoys& : tp be an AB ogle ner Holahon cn a got S¥O AR MES. Let 42) bo Q Subset sf iS depined Jey [aJ= U(a) = GES + (a,b) E C3. Thor Fos a, eh(Q) 1A tue Aor EF those rements ye of S Auch tat (adel Noe not Ula) 18 Q nOn-emty fubaet of S Fine a €e(Q). (a) Ws Aad be He {- bpuivalonee CLA of a.@ Thesrom :; lt ¥€ be a, 29 vraleyen_ gelation m a pret Ss and 2, BES. Thin LAd= Lb) or 4A) d(b)=9, PES conar: (47%) € tun etx erie) ADS ab) > uw € eL(a) 2 (ANE and Asy vespotuasi» (8)») ée 3 (A*) ER ak Ww a) EO CSymmetny) 2 (bx~)eEe (Araneitivsity | 2D XE AD Nehes), “Theretwe, (A) Coe p) (Arb) & 0 Hier ereyner(y) “@) NK) +4,ut HE U(AN ee (4) x & edb) D x EU(a) and (es DER Z (aX) © Land F (AAV ER and Cun EC ( Aymmesny) > (4b) €€ (Hrawaisicrty ) arm ve at-~ R eam-toeadietm So we Hat (4&6) € &. Hromee , u(an (by >e. 2 @ Thzepem AA fepuivatenes seetation fo A AWE detorwansd 2 partition of SS. CGmdesedy, 2aenr pantie ofS yielda am equivatence. Seelation Sys $ We uit see wir by prawnple. Them tus preret cfoendExample tr Z = tua aor of integana, Ur NE DT. Depint £L = F(a” CZKZ 2 Gb) id divine dey gery vw} oD} Equi valenty) , wo asmte Qmoavn = b yodw - Ad, 2 Eb @wodn) 9 ‘a! 1 eolled cong event : [o]e ck (Od) = 9 The Sete AE yntesevr Ai vi Ar ble DY =3 0, b> iON 2 8 [Je (4) < 2 We sat sf “mbegens ln elr hove Stemairder Coben Aes be dey we git) OW HED Ato w le) £ ao 1, ltw, Ltov,---3 Pileth (M4) = 3 tue Aer BE “imteges Lolmoh Wave sumrainder) wi Duin dy ov 3= 2 Gi)» zw > MA) En »- ---3 Note not, A) V X(t) v-- -U u(r) We denste, Qo Jey Dy = 3 4 > ead) y--+9 en(n) 3 = ECA, [1], 9 Ors = cBlleehon &f- Ou da yon tpuivatanes DMA BA EN TIA geebation £, We Ol%0 , COU A seolati on an ' = tod 7 ( eongrment vuodurly YJ, For n= 5 we have, Zs = § tes, (13, . 4 C418 = emleeho 4 au dia qonr Py vivaloncs cbiaater Tf tus oeelaation . eae woduleprong Uk x bo am 2g valener owlatiom on S. Then for any a, be S we hans, ek (a) 1 eL(E) => ce eL(a) = (6). Pao, Ala) = uk (b) uf Aud only If (yb) & - Thawetate, a ct (4) tS DL - awrvalene&/ carrer (clisinee} frms & partisan sf S. Conversely » wot om Ss. Commidey tre gtelatim ~ m S Aueu stuart (apd) EL Af aud only ifs Arb boleve TO oe And TU2 Aawma— Cubarer a parton Pp. Thin it 1 Qary to verefy thot L ‘A an ogusvatence— qgulatm ao S. Prones pre ved. P be & partitionan-empty Sora. ee re Bw e pac plamani % of a Ate PVE eG) Ue 8. ‘Dapwition, + Suppose Tat SASS oe anager op Soule, 4 _wunque Be. We ca Aur on ote piowenr in & ARE plement of & AO asragnsmet Be yer v2 & ach element sf Pr 1A a acig net AY A 4 aa ne defi nite ete nent ZF Ay tye pude f W esmibe 1+ @ Exampse Q fo a Eb aebay byt 8 Bes xj gntyv3 This a a mapping. i) J 1 o Moo 4 2 M2 Pi an Ae ga,b/ Be 3 righ} tea a AE RAIN AM ignite nt 2 aul y €s. yt 4 7. dae Range (4) = BLE) = § EB: Teen aun mat flay=b g. Therefae, ROY EB.“These fo a ‘im Exompee (i) , sn yf fue £ Ash) Cyd Que R= ¥%,9, FC B. We eak Bo an he can demain ST !. £ ny we usmter Yu f(a) We eon, ‘ 2 yp image =f ‘as (demain) (co-deman~ Qe preimage of y fre? Ss = TV 7 Wao wae que, Ronse. (4) < Condemain ut £:Bo&F defined @ Exompy by Fe s, £1 =d- yet go) =f CD* 7 So, dewanr = eo dernain = Re : x zo$ Range (pe FuEwr vaii tiiathiiaiin ( m4 ective) " i A fumerion a mopping AB NA Faia te be injective Car mo-tane) if each pair of oa ayehner. tamenta sf Ag thaw {images Qre djAtinet. That a, if ren ar re FO) + POR) ny Be ere 8 ZAR DR defined e TO’ Bef Marans, OW) FPR PR serine ty we as ft nst mehr. Sinee Oe aed | ha ee Mate@ Ono Csurjeetive) mappma , B mapping fi AD Bia sajia fo) 2 ao IKRC*) ) qo Cr). eo we rho fete hr Awe A me to ono of g aud ft BNe lity, VL t+ me. Ut hW(u)= WOe) SD g (fou) = g¢crw)) BD fO) = fOr) & 315 me-bow Do ME By Cf A onan to ma Sy hm eh) 3 were@ Per mutation Cup § be a non-empty fine pak. Ray eqectioe mapping. f 825 AN wails Ce pow wt a ave capone Sx Ear 7 amd, Define f{: sas Bs, a, — ft) » 227 42) 9°" = An? Fm) Wwe perpen tanion + a biyenm 1a dansred a7 ou Pry MS -: am ( pap ar) - Flan) / ie yore uot SE FQ 73 2 Efe 1 003 a A wwe i aah @ Exomptes Ur $= $172) 2949, Papine arses by Feels FO 3) (D5 24) 44) = ee a we cont ta (g1 4 23)® Anvese permutation :- Canpider 2 permutation ff: S95 Ay - Gy ag - Qn ) FO) fp) -- - iss tie 4 Gos fC4e) - fe) © Exompsa + Lee fi SPS ety ecres a . | & 3 x nor, de (, fl 23y -(/ 3 Ni eGies) io compotion SS Ponmutat oma :— Comandax tus parnustations f! SS = (9 4e--- wd a feu) fra) ) oot J. sas 4 * 8 (gay ata). joy) “thon fog isos y defivad Joy an ( ease FGM) F001) --- ofcareya a ( 4 Fe Ae 3 (fe) df) - » dG.) . Wa wore treat fod, Sot ane Ly bijective . @ Exempla S= 31,237 43) Depiny _ r 2 3 4 doug th ey lo com be covntten ar (ax) = (a1 Re) C40) tii) Can) Rey 3) ; = (4%) &) (442). (cor watts23 54 1 x (12395) (4,6) (345) (V8) (4) O79) Se, Can be usrntten a comp f rampart howd - a Gln \) ori on Dapanins a paraded 404 ea it faa, bef usyntten % cee preeduct D ah even Yuu b ev ef —otam epee OO ant odd Jf it con be comtton an The protect an odd number 4 ere TMs, qe Equipotent Sata t- Ut A and Bo be tem sop, Thon fF and Bo ane A@id +o po 24 pore re Anew If Gud oe ye oe Axi eenee mapping of sp > B, Petive a gelato ‘As’ gue au soma Jue treat An fifi rA> Bia a bry 2etHue map pins a U) eeflentva ” Depre Fri ADA by Fojax More b- Then cf 12 @ bi gation /Tueretwe A A. fi) Ayum eme lt RRB. Thy a, . Sof: B+ Bencuen nat f iA Q rection. ey TB bh ints, Aho, 7M bin een. Bw at \ a cance Heuce ~ 5 UF RAR a BRE. Thy 2 st ‘ Der TPE ee fomenions oping cham j: 8 7G. The, tne pene on a°*fi ROO Ww Aro Q beech on, Tun aneMaye fe wd VA Qu 24UsVAleneo . PWUBHM. @ Evamerabu ( Deninereble_ : 1A 2nunevabu. it. A £ab OB q a a beanie fies ww ghey Bow IN7, weve IN = Se 57 ats Aare Natal Vuubevar . Cotten table Seka: OR bor PO A Corti haves Ya VA Qitaw pute ay Wye Be 2nume_ Wate The ON Re Fay y ag “x A ~ My 2. ROA Cot tabs , rept UW) ns aes CUA Re alle, tn) = a “ WTA even My ledeo 1A R bane Ci) The poe OR eau . ( Execerse) . —@ Binary Com poa rian ca 2g -2moty Aet, A bmay ut A pe anm av Camporitien (av a bine y operation) Vs a mappim4 fi ark ‘ Ths eammonky ured Aymbetr for binary emmpo dition ane e779 B70° © Exompl.. Ot re Zi, wen define a EAXxA PZ By db = ath wyeve Agee Z So, 9 +3, eye a pinawy competi ei pmony cam por non Thur art éP amin called que 0 Loa Consider & we RXR IP amy a, vER- eorune property TE * Conri dew x eR? Paton * cfu our aqbe @ Communtane® eae Daca aeo=ab#e Sho, fo Cotbed cammnutadi Ue:o Evampl. ci) te #1 Z2XZ OZ oy Q xb <(@rb) cfr au aj bez. ter Axb = b¥R mM atb=bta te WU a,bt Z- Ccommutarive) i) Ue ow ZKE TS Baye ae = a-b fx aU &)vtZ. Tun Qxbs b¥a fn every ab€L Cnet cam mentor 4-2) Wa alto eauedt oust: Comm uta Oi? 2am: abstion. RM o RAMONE : ur e+ RXR 3h bea pee ‘ >» caledt binary couapodi DOr: ther ¥ Qphou Ahr of axth¥®) = @xb)ee | qf ar &,b,¢ CA: © Exanpdt » (i) Uk ©: pxR OF be QaOb= ab ,warvle Ne. and eAchahue (choo)“iD @) My CR) => (3 2) ] arbrerd€ 3 Define, : ‘ina, bo Mg (IR) x Me (IR) —> Me(R) ay (07 x 9). (are BN ¢ )+G a) = (02 any “then + 2 QASoGAALL of SMALLEY Grd Commutative. (check). Defive, ©! Me cfe)x Hel) > MeLIP) > (8, SD od 24 Revie cathe hen © VW CaMrociahun ¢ bob mt (iN) Ceweidew a Aer STP: (S)= Fan pom dabrert EF ut PP Defamer Us P() KPO 7 PO joy HUB = tee umn Rant B amd An: pdx PO) 7 PO Gf han &. joy AA B= Me intersectionRu B= BUA 2'V" 2 commnta -—hv2. Ther (aus)Y ) ee pru(Buy aun BB, ¢ EPO). , 2 'v' iA BAdsociatus: nut fabve aul ‘a! ibe alae BMC BH» Gy) oe a 291d, IY os 13,00) 3, Wise [eo] = ra rleNNer nets popper? | oe 593 c g ones: are csDefine a binary se ow be ley J comforter # pal +43 aio = Tete) mod 5) es ct} ted 69) wy pos rsa ced 634 r43 tay rey Td rej [i 023 2B od ry rug ra fe) 1s) Pa to 13] 2) ry Commmutanee: it Qrsociahve? [2] Conse)@ (rveupord :- Lor G1 ba Anon-empty Akt am mony can position (openeiw) HL OXADA cic @ >i xD aad gh *e) Aayatonrs (@> gue © Eyanepls + Ci) DA (2,0 ae wernt wre OF jay Geis opevavion ao Z- a (CAL? co Spree ja a greeuport qousre Bebe tea ren operation om Z- wi) CR t+) > (Ro) > oy) ane ath grep @ Commutation Gwe ops (Go*) ba a gxoup Cammatahos grant tm ou A bhEO. aa at cabot 2 Qkbo=b¥*ae + (G,¥) be 2 Giaupaja. ci) We can an Lament ‘o! En aa ane of on onby of ") F fl ¥eealp an AEH te ee Te See Meets Uta) (Ox), Sid nal Jerasa a | fay A AEG 1A Catod! ha telenity ww earn CY) Ut ree be On & ideutty Pament sf (M *). RB 2lanan— Amo yw Aoid tb be Jnvetbe Lb seve 203tra an 2lament 2 IMG Aven +Hrat- QAxeQgea xaisze. Then Ql iA pnaid BP be On “muewae of Q iy Hee Grerr: ii@ Semi ghrf ae (Gi (G, ¥) be @ grvpar : Than ie oe a dams gree Ah : Bia. arb Ef we @yb EM mg Cana a at (p¥e)= (a¥b)¥e we Ayby te EO ® Monet _ (ot ut (hy, ¥) be @ provpad: The. iia a mows®y ¢ (Cowen prog W) Q@xBen ~*~ A,beEw Ss anerpe) Pee Ce az (bre) = (are)ee Maybe pei BOON) 7 manne NH) gan eaweer 2en * exae ate cfu oH atu. Exoumpl : Ww (Z, +),@ @,*) » (Rot) (Zy) 1 (G2) > (RD ane ath Aawigyoruf 2 wk Qa ywronotd - ) 27) DB une Aes KOp:@ Q unrig wre ! he groups (Gy #) id Adis po be a quamgrroh Of fn WY two Llawentr> aybto 5 on equenim QkK=b and YeaRk QAkxXab and YARD han @ umque- AUB OR: o Exaw jo *¢ . ; exam pe (Rot) iA A qearignet, as arrab of ytaeb ne Qa uAqduae Attupan iw A b-a)e®, 0 Gree. Ur bee panera pty BOE ant 4 pe a BVA) poration on Ten | ay) sp eaued & greet iff- — (umaery OU) AFP bn wane &% (oveupst) (aasciasiy) Gi) ar [pe Qe(ar bee we gba tbh : CCamigxoup ) [ identity ) oH) qeennum just 2A CAneHe NHQAEN- ( mowed) (verse) ww) Fo query ZED ; 3 Ql€lr Aucn duet “axe calya=t-a Preatian Graup | Ur (H,*) be @ Grup. The. It 13 eatted RA COmnurctehve pap mae abelian group if ~ A#x#b=bxa ¥ AobEO. 7 Exam pio. ASX ti) (Zot) , ee CE 54) » (G 5+) abelian Geer. GY (My (rR) 3) grep four Ut Q commutanve wo abelon, i —___