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In general, it is more convenientto work with equations rather than with inequal-ities. RAM BILAS
MISRA Profit Optimization Using Linear Programming Model: A Case Study of Ethiopian Chemical
Company. Introduction. In a recent survey of Fortune 500 firms, 85% of those responding said that
they used linear programming. Demand for deluxe paint can not exceedthat of standard paint by
more than 1 ton. To alleviate this, artifi-cial variables are introduced in each of the. Thus the cost
matrix is P1 P2 P3 P4 M1 5 7 9 7 M2 5 4 3 2 M3 ? 2 5 6 M4 2 3 ? 7 Row matrix P1 P2 P3 P4 M1 3
5 6 5 M2 3 2 0 0 M3 ? 0 2 4 M4 0 1 ? 5 TOC Matrix Revised TOC 0 2 3 2 0 1 2 1 ? 0 2 4 ? 0 2 4 3 2
0 0 4 2 0 0 0 1 5 ? 0 0 4. But the present version of simplex method was developed by Geoge B.
Dentzig in. The model equations with adequate restraints taking into account manufacturing
limitations are solved using MS-Excel solver. This is called the non-negativity constraint, which the
variables must satisfy xA, xB and xC? 0. Try multiple attempts with different scenarios OR Use
Linear Programming (LP). Four men can perform any of the four tasks withdifferent efficiency
measured in terms of timerequired to complete each task which is given inthe following table. No
transportationproblem has ever been known to cycle. Classical examples include transportation
problem, activity-analysis problem, diet problems and network problem. Transhipment problem
consists of transportingfrom source to destination via (through) intermedi-ate or transient nodes,
known as transhipment nodeswhich act as both sources and destination. Here linearity is
characterized by proportion- ality and additivity properties. WORKED OUT EXAMPLES
Enumeration Example 1: Solve the following LPP by enumerat-ing all basic feasible solutions. Once
your refund is processed, PayPal will return the money to the card used. Then the relative loss
matrixis ?3 6 5 7 4 2 0 8 1 12 14 4 3 2 1 9 2 10 2 11 1 Applying vogel’s method we get max penalty
3. To determine the variableleaving the basis, construct ? -loop from cells (4, 3)to (2, 3) to (2, 2) to
(4, 2). As such, companies find it challenging to distribute scarce resources in a manner that
maximizes profit. The tender amounts (in lakhs of rupees) quoted is given in the pay-off matrix
below. Artificial Variable Technique For a LPP in which all the constraints are less than orequal to
type with bi ? 0, an all-slack, initial basicfeasible solution readily exists. Now test for optimality.If
yes, stop. Otherwise go to step I. Solution: Fortunately the problem contains alreadya starting basic
feasible solution with x1, x2, x3 as the basic variables. In Java, GUI-based programs are
implemented by using classes from the javax.swing and java.awt packages. The transformed
entriesgive the “relative costs”. 3. Alternative Optima: The presence of alternative optimal solutions
is indi-cated by the existance of a row or column in the finalTOC matrix with more than one zero
cells. 4. Unbalanced Problem: When the cost matrix is rectangular, a dummy rowor a dummy column
added makes the cost matrix asquare matrix. Refunds will be credited to the original credit card used
for payment 24-48 HOURS after receiving the product back. Thus this solutioncorresponds to the
corner (extreme) point A (0, 0) inthe graph. However, the total amount of resource A available is20
units only. OO Programming (procedural V.S. OO) Basic concepts of OO.
Blending Problem Portfolio Planning Problem Product Mix Problem Transportation Problem Data
Envelopment Analysis Revenue Management. Out of thethree ratios 2 ?9,101, 0 ?7, the first and
third are ignored(because the denominator is negative). The amount of time taken by the fourth man
istaken as zero for each job. Chapter 4 Computing with Strings. Objectives. To understand the string
data type and how strings are represented in the computer. Thus the cost matrix is P1 P2 P3 P4 M1 5
7 9 7 M2 5 4 3 2 M3 ? 2 5 6 M4 2 3 ? 7 Row matrix P1 P2 P3 P4 M1 3 5 6 5 M2 3 2 0 0 M3 ? 0 2 4
M4 0 1 ? 5 TOC Matrix Revised TOC 0 2 3 2 0 1 2 1 ? 0 2 4 ? 0 2 4 3 2 0 0 4 2 0 0 0 1 5 ? 0 0 4.
Note that this new basis corresponds to thecorner point E(0, 5) with value of OF as 15. Data were
extracted from the record unit for an item blend fabricating industry, Fortunate Bakery, Ilorin,
Nigeria. Identify basic, feasible, nonfeasible, degen-erate, non degenerate solutions and optimal
solu-tion. This feasibility conditiondetermines the leaving variable. The tender amounts (in lakhs of
rupees) quoted is given in the pay-off matrix below. Minimal cost is 15with three alternative
optimumsolutions. (i) M1J4, M2J3, M3J2, M4J1, M5J5 (ii) M1J4, M2J3, M3J5, M4J2, M5J1 (iii)
M1J4, M2J3, M3J2, M4J5, M5J1 12. The objective function that can be increased without bound
(i.e., unbounded solution) for maximization problem. Now using v4, u3 is obtainedfrom the basic
variable x34. Assign one task to one manso as to minimize the total time spent on accom-plishing the
four tasks. Motivations. In the preceding chapter, you learned how to create, compile, and run a Java
program. The five corner points ofthe feasible region are A(0, 0), B(7, 0), C(6, 3), D(4,5), E(0, 6).
When all the artificial variables have left the basisand optimality condition is satisfied, then the cur-
rent solution is optimal. 2. When one or more artificial variables are presentin the basis at zero level
and the optimality condi-tion is satisfied, then the solution is optimal withsome redundant constraints
3. The problem is solved in the usual waytreating the. The transformed entriesgive the “relative
costs”. 3. Alternative Optima: The presence of alternative optimal solutions is indi-cated by the
existance of a row or column in the finalTOC matrix with more than one zero cells. 4. Unbalanced
Problem: When the cost matrix is rectangular, a dummy rowor a dummy column added makes the
cost matrix asquare matrix. These vari- ables, should also satisfy the nonnegativity restric- tions since
these physical quantities can not be neg- ative. Finally, some conclusive observations have been
drawn and recommendations have been suggested. Since x1, x2 are physical quantities (the number
ofclocks produced), they must be non negative i.e. x1 ? 0 and x2 ? 0. Thus the LPP consists of the
O.F., three inequalityconstraints and the non-negativity restrictions. 5.3 GRAPHICAL SOLUTION
OF LPP When the number of decision variables (or products)is two, the solution to linear
programming probleminvolving any number of constraints can be obtainedgraphically. Test for
optimality If all the z-row coefficients of the nonbasic variablesare nonnegative, then the current
solution is optimal.Stop. Otherwise goto step I.Step I. Entering variables: Suppose - cj, the z-
rowcoefficient of the non basic variables xj is the mostnegative, then the variable xj will enter the
basis. Find the optimal solution(c) Is it economical to replace one of the existingmachines by the new
(5th) machine(d) In such case which machine is to be replaced(unused). (A dash indicates that
assignment is notpossible because of the restrictions imposed) Solution: (a) Since first person can not
be assignedto machine 3 a prohibitive (penalty) cost is imposed,denoted by. Linear Programming
itself was first developed by Leonid Kantorovich, a Russian mathematician, in 1939. Presented at
Intel’s workshop on “Machine learning for the life sciences”, Berkeley, CA, 3 November 2003.
Overview. Supervised learning Unsupervised learning Graphical models. Determine optimal location
of three machines atfour different locations in a shop floor given thecost estimate per unit of time of
material han-dling is given in the following matrix. To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet
faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to upgrade your browser. Acknowledgement:
Most of the slides are adapted from the ones prepared by R.E. Bryant, D.R. O’Hallaron of Carnegie-
Mellon Univ. Move the Objective Function Line Toward Optimality Move it in the direction which
lowers its value (down), since we are minimizing, until it touches the last point of the feasible region,
determined by the last two constraints.
Example applications: airline crew scheduling manufacturing and production planning portfolio
selection telecommunications network design. M-Method (also Known as Charne’s Methodor Big
M-Method) Since artificial variables are undesirable, the coeffi-cient for the artificial variable in the
objective func-tion is taken as. The two phase method consistsof two phases and alleviates the
difficulty in the M-method. Click HERE for more on Refund and Replacement Policy. Economic
Significance of Linearity The simplifying assumption of linearity causes some problems: 1.
Determine the location ofwork centres that minimizes total handling cost. Karmarkar’s method
developed in 1984 has been found to be upto 50 times as fast as the simplex algorithm. Adding slack
variables to convert the inequalities into equations In the case of less-than-or-equal-to constraints,
slack variables are used to increase the left-hand side to equal the right-hand side limits of the
constraint conditions. If com-pany sells a chair for a profit of Rs. 25 and desk Page 6. The tran-
shipment node should be large enough to allow theentire supply or demand to pass through it.
Similarly, models B and C will require 3xB and 6xC hours, respectively. Four men can perform any
of the four tasks withdifferent efficiency measured in terms of timerequired to complete each task
which is given inthe following table. Note that this new basis corresponds to thecorner point E(0, 5)
with value of OF as 15. However, we do not do that because each country charges a different
amount, while some do not even charge. Concepts and geometric interpretations Basic assumptions
and limitations Post-optimal, results analysis. Assembly-line balancing: This problem is likely to arise
when. Repeat steps II and III initial an optimalassignment is reached: Step V. Now the
corresponding balanced problem issolved by the method of multipliers. S S S b 1 2 3 j D1 D2 D3 D4
ai 3 0 2 0 1 5 1 2 0 2 4 0 10 25 30 35 100 30 20 50 (a) Initial solution by Vogel’s method. Currently
XYZ, inc. has 19 pounds of steel and 8 cubic feet of wood. A manual widget requires the use of the
machine A for 2 hours, machine B for 1 hour, and machine C for 1 hour. By a test reference point,
the correct sideof the inequality is identified. Introduction to LP. Linear programming (LP) problems
are optimization problems where the objective function and the constraints of the problem are all
linear. A Linear Programming model seeks to maximize or minimize a linear function, subject to a set
of linear constraints. It is proved thatthe set of feasible solutions to a LPP form a convexset (the line
joining any two points of the set lies inthe set) and the corner (extreme) points of the convexset are
basic feasible solutions. Because of the limitedresources, for input A we have the following restric-
tion. Note: Formulating models is an art that can only be mastered with practice and experience.
Linear resource constraints imply constant combination of inputs; this means constant returns to
scale. Ans: Produce 3 tons of standard and 1.5 tons of deluxepaint, making a profit of Rs 2100. This
feasibility conditiondetermines the leaving variable.
However considering the up-to-date situation in the enterprises, linear programming is one of the
most efficient techniques. Since x1, x2 are physical quantities (the number ofclocks produced), they
must be non negative i.e. x1 ? 0 and x2 ? 0. Thus the LPP consists of the O.F., three
inequalityconstraints and the non-negativity restrictions. 5.3 GRAPHICAL SOLUTION OF LPP
When the number of decision variables (or products)is two, the solution to linear programming
probleminvolving any number of constraints can be obtainedgraphically. A high penalty cost M is
associatedwith cell cij when there is no route from ith origin tothe j th destination. Constructing
Linear Programming Models Next we list what is required in order to construct a linear programming
model: 1. Motivations. In the preceding chapter, you learned how to create, compile, and run a Java
program. From the analysis, it was observed that Family loaf and the Chocolate bread contributed
objectively to the profit. Once your return is received and inspected, and if you agree to a refund,
refunds will be credited to the original credit card used for payment in 24-48 hours. Machine 1 2 3 4
5 1 5 11 10 12 4 2 2 4 6 3 5 3 3 12 5 14 6 4 6 14 4 11 7 5 7 9 8 12 5 Job Ans. Thus 1 25 65 0 0 0 2 50
0 20 0 75 3 0 0 10 25 55 4 10 10 0 10 20 5 15 5 65 25 0 A B C D E ? i.e. assign A to 3. Cross off
first column and 3rd row. Product 1 needs 2 pounds of steel and 1 cubic foot of wood, while Product
2 needs to 3 pounds of steel and 1 cubic foot of wood. Professor Stephen Lawrence Leeds School of
Business University of Colorado Boulder, CO 80309-0419. Agenda. Examples of LPs Graphical
solution method Standard form Assumptions of LP Solving LP’s with Excel More LP examples. So
it is economical tointroduce 5th machine. Page 36. Professor Ahmadi. Chapter 3 Linear
Programming: Sensitivity Analysis and Interpretation of Solution. HTML is a kind of SGML
(Standardized general markup language). Defining linear programs Understanding the main steps in
modeling problems and assumptions of LPs. Starting from this chapter, you will learn how to solve
practical problems programmatically. The element aij at the intersection of the pivotal column and
pivotalrow is known as the pivotal element, which is encir-cled in the table step III. The editors will
have a look at it as soon as possible. The unknown ? is subtracted andadded alternatively at the
successive corners so asto adjust the supply and demand. Karmarkar’s method developedin 1984 has
been found to be upto 50 times as fast asthe simplex algorithm. Can also be accessed from the
NEOS Server: Many investment companies are now using optimization and linear programming
extensively to decide how to allocate assets. Currently XYZ, inc. has 19 pounds of steel and 8 cubic
feet of wood. Now the corresponding balanced problem issolved by the method of multipliers. The
first column is satisfiedso cross out the first column and move to x12 of thesecond column. Typical
Applications of Linear Programming continued 3. By a test reference point, the correct sideof the
inequality is identified. Software for Linear Programming. Objectives. Use of software to solve LP
problems MMO Software with example Graphical Method Simplex Method Simplex method using
optimization toolbox of MATLAB. Men Task 18 26 17 11 13 28 14 26 38 19 18 15 19 26 24 10 M T
T T T 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 M M M Ans. Demand for deluxe paint can not exceedthat of standard paint by
more than 1 ton. This allows for the reduction of the drag coefficient of the airfoil.
Thus the cost matrix is P1 P2 P3 P4 M1 5 7 9 7 M2 5 4 3 2 M3 ? 2 5 6 M4 2 3 ? 7 Row matrix P1 P2
P3 P4 M1 3 5 6 5 M2 3 2 0 0 M3 ? 0 2 4 M4 0 1 ? 5 TOC Matrix Revised TOC 0 2 3 2 0 1 2 1 ? 0 2
4 ? 0 2 4 3 2 0 0 4 2 0 0 0 1 5 ? 0 0 4. In view of the data supplied, a linear programming problem
was developed with the goal of maximizing the daily profit of the organization. Every LP problems
has some unique features, but most problems also have common features. This attribute has been
recognized as a linear programming problem mathematically built that was solved using Excel
software. Right Wood Furniture Company manufactureschairs and desks. Thank you, for helping us
keep this platform clean. Presented at Intel’s workshop on “Machine learning for the life sciences”,
Berkeley, CA, 3 November 2003. Overview. Supervised learning Unsupervised learning Graphical
models. No feasible solution exists when one or more arti-ficial variables are present in the basis at a
positivelevel although the optimality condition is satis-fied. Constrained Optimization problems
occur frequently in economics: maximizing output from a given budget; or minimizing cost of a set
of required outputs. StandardPaint DeluxPaint Total AvailableQuantity (in tons) Base Chemicals
Profit (in 100’s) 6 1 5 4 2 4 24 6 Determine the optimum (best) product mix of thepaints that
maximizes the total profit for the com-pany. Survey data is analyzed to determine the style of
decision making and the problem is defined. The simplex method, developed by GB Dantzig, in
1947, con- tinues to be the most ef?cient and popular method to solve general LPP. As that is what
guarantees its continuous existence, productivity and expansion. Operations Research Linear
programming and network f. Why don't we add tariffs to the product's retail price? - If all countries
deducted the same tariff amount, we would have added the tariff amount to the product price. For
that purpose we divide the right hand side entries of the simplex tableau by corresponding entries of
the pivot column. Therefore, we cannot accept your cancellation request after this period has passed.
A variation of the transportation problem that maximizes the total tonnage of bombs dropped on a set
of targets and the problem of community defense against disaster, the solution of which yields the
number of defense units that should be used in a given attack in order to provide the required level
of protection at the lowest possible cost. Unbalanced Transportation Problem Example 1: Three
electric power plants P1, P2, P3 with capacities of 25, 40 and 30 kWh supply electric-ity to three
cites C1, C2, C3. A Linear Programming model seeks to maximize or minimize a linear function,
subject to a set of linear constraints. You can download the paper by clicking the button above. In
order to proceed the payments company should get credit. Topics to be covered Introduction to LPP
Definition of LPP Requirements for LP Formulation of LP Example 1 Example 2. Professor Ahmadi.
Chapter 3 Linear Programming: Sensitivity Analysis and Interpretation of Solution. Instead of
emphasizing the details of a particular programming language, this course will teach how to approach
a problem in a way that makes it easy to solve using programming. The authors of the contribution
primarily took into consideration the linear programming, particularly application and results
achieved by this method. Find the optimal solution(c) Is it economical to replace one of the
existingmachines by the new (5th) machine(d) In such case which machine is to be replaced(unused).
(A dash indicates that assignment is notpossible because of the restrictions imposed) Solution: (a)
Since first person can not be assignedto machine 3 a prohibitive (penalty) cost is imposed,denoted
by. As of 2018, we are also one of the top publishers in the political science field. With Restrictions
Suppose five men are to beassigned to five jobs with assignment costs givenin the following matrix.
Of the resulting quotients we choose the smallest (minimum quotient).