01.

Python Fundamentals - Jupyter Notebook 22/05/24, 5:53 PM

Python Fundamentals Cheat Sheet

Introduction Python is a versatile, high-level programming language known for its
readability and ease of use. This cheat sheet covers the fundamental concepts that are
essential for anyone starting with Python.

1. Introduction

1.1 What is Python?

Python is an interpreted, high-level, general-purpose programming language. Created by
Guido van Rossum and first released in 1991, Python's design philosophy emphasizes
code readability with its notable use of significant whitespace.

1.2 Setting Up Python Environment ¶

1. Download Python from python.org (https://www.python.org/).
2. Install Python following the instructions for your operating system.
3. Verify the installation by typing python --version in your command line.

1.3 Running Python Code

You can run Python code in several ways:

Interactive Mode: Open a terminal and type python .

Script Mode: Write your code in a .py file and run it using python
filename.py .
Integrated Development Environment (IDE): Use an IDE like PyCharm, VSCode, or
Jupyter Notebook for more features and better code management.

2. Variables and Data Types

2.1 Variables
Variables are containers for storing data values. In Python, variables are created when
you assign a value to them.

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In [36]: # Creating variables

x = 10 # Integer
y = 20.5 # Float
name = 'Ashish' # String
is_active = True # Boolean

2.2 Data Types

Python supports several data types including integers, floats, strings, and booleans.

In [37]: # Data Types examples

x = 10
y = 20.5
name = 'Ashish'
is_active = True

2.3 Type Conversion

You can convert between different data types using functions like int() , float() ,
str() , etc.

In [38]: # Converting between types

int_to_float = float(10) # Output: 10.0
float_to_int = int(20.5) # Output: 20
int_to_str = str(10) # Output: '10'
str_to_int = int('10') # Output: 10

3. Basic Operations

3.1 Arithmetic Operations

Python supports the following arithmetic operations:

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In [39]: a = 10
b = 3

print(a + b) # Addition: 13
print(a - b) # Subtraction: 7
print(a * b) # Multiplication: 30
print(a / b) # Division: 3.3333...
print(a % b) # Modulus: 1
print(a ** b) # Exponentiation: 1000

13
7
30
3.3333333333333335
1
1000

3.2 Assignment Operations

In [40]: x = 5
x += 3 # Equivalent to x = x + 3
x -= 2 # Equivalent to x = x - 2
x *= 4 # Equivalent to x = x * 4
x /= 2 # Equivalent to x = x / 2

3.3 Comparison Operations

In [41]: a = 5
b = 10

print(a == b) # Equal: False

print(a != b) # Not equal: True
print(a > b) # Greater than: False
print(a < b) # Less than: True

False
True
False
True

3.4 Logical Operations

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In [42]: is_mentor = True

is_student = False

print(is_mentor and is_student) # Logical AND: False

print(is_mentor or is_student) # Logical OR: True
print(not is_mentor) # Logical NOT: False

False
True
False

4. Control Flow

4.1 If-Else Statements

Control flow statements in Python allow you to execute code based on conditions.

In [43]: age = 18

if age >= 18:

print('You are an adult.')
else:
print('You are a minor.')

You are an adult.

4.2 For Loops

In [44]: # Looping through a list

fruits = ['apple', 'banana', 'cherry']
for fruit in fruits:
print(fruit)

# Using range()
for i in range(5):
print(i)

apple
banana
cherry
0
1
2
3
4

4.3 While Loops

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In [45]: count = 0

while count < 5:

print(count)
count += 1

0
1
2
3
4

4.4 Break and Continue

In [46]: # Break statement

for i in range(10):
if i == 5:
break
print(i)

# Continue statement
for i in range(10):
if i == 5:
continue
print(i)

0
1
2
3
4
0
1
2
3
4
6
7
8
9

5. Data Structures
Python provides various data structures to store collections of data.

5.1 Lists
Lists are used to store multiple items in a single variable.

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In [47]: # Creating a list

fruits = ['apple', 'banana', 'cherry']

# Accessing elements
print(fruits[0]) # Output: apple

# Adding elements
fruits.append('orange')

# Removing elements
fruits.remove('banana')

# List comprehension
squares = [x**2 for x in range(10)]

apple

5.2 Dictionaries

In [48]: # Creating a dictionary

person = {'name': 'Ashish', 'age': 25, 'city': 'Delhi'}

# Accessing values
print(person['name']) # Output: Ashish

# Adding key-value pairs

person['email'] = '[email protected]'

# Removing key-value pairs

del person['age']

Ashish

5.3 Tuples

In [49]: # Creating a tuple

coordinates = (10, 20)

# Accessing elements
print(coordinates[0]) # Output: 10

# Tuples are immutable

# coordinates[0] = 15 # This will raise an error

10

5.4 Sets

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In [50]: # Creating a set

unique_numbers = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}

# Adding elements
unique_numbers.add(6)

# Removing elements
unique_numbers.remove(3)

6. Functions
Functions in Python are defined using the def keyword. They allow you to encapsulate
code for reuse and better organization.

6.1 Defining and Calling Functions

In [51]: # Defining a function

def greet(name):
return f'Hello, {name}!'

# Calling a function
print(greet('Ashish')) # Output: Hello, Ashish!

Hello, Ashish!

6.2 Lambda Functions

In [52]: # Lambda function to add two numbers

add = lambda x, y: x + y
print(add(5, 3)) # Output: 8

6.3 Decorators

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In [53]: # Defining a simple decorator

def debug(func):
def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
print(f'Calling {func.__name__} with {args} and {kwargs}')
result = func(*args, **kwargs)
print(f'{func.__name__} returned {result}')
return result
return wrapper

@debug
def multiply(a, b):
return a * b

print(multiply(3, 4)) # Output: Calling multiply with (3, 4) and {}

Calling multiply with (3, 4) and {}

multiply returned 12
12

7. File Handling
Python provides built-in functions to read from and write to files. This is essential for data
persistence and manipulation.

7.1 Writing to a File

In [54]: with open('file.txt', 'w') as file:

file.write('Hello, world!')

7.2 Reading a File

In [55]: with open('file.txt', 'r') as file:

content = file.read()
print(content)

Hello, world!

7.3 Appending to a File

In [56]: with open('file.txt', 'a') as file:

file.write('\nAppended text.')

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8. Error Handling
Python uses try-except blocks to handle exceptions and errors gracefully. This ensures
your program can handle unexpected situations without crashing.

8.1 Try-Except Block

In [57]: try:
x = 10 / 0
except ZeroDivisionError:
print('Cannot divide by zero!')

Cannot divide by zero!

8.2 Custom Exception

In [58]: class CustomError(Exception):

pass

try:
raise CustomError('This is a custom error')
except CustomError as e:
print(e) # Output: This is a custom error

This is a custom error

9. Libraries and Packages

Python's standard library and third-party packages extend its capabilities. Using libraries
and packages allows you to leverage pre-written code for various tasks.

9.1 Importing Libraries

In [59]: import math

# Using math library

print(math.sqrt(16)) # Output: 4.0

4.0

9.2 Installing Packages

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In [60]: # Using pip to install a package

!pip install numpy

Requirement already satisfied: numpy in /Users/ashishzangra/opt/an

aconda3/lib/python3.9/site-packages (1.21.5)

9.3 Using Packages

In [61]: import numpy as np

# Creating an array
arr = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4])
print(arr)

# Basic array operations

print(arr + 5) # Output: [ 6 7 8 9]

[1 2 3 4]
[6 7 8 9]

10. Object-Oriented Programming

Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm based on the concept
of 'objects', which can contain data and code.

10.1 Classes and Objects

In [62]: # Defining a class

class Dog:
def __init__(self, name, age):
self.name = name
self.age = age

def bark(self):
return 'Woof!'

# Creating an object
my_dog = Dog('Buddy', 3)
print(my_dog.name) # Output: Buddy
print(my_dog.bark()) # Output: Woof!

Buddy
Woof!

10.2 Methods

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In [63]: # Adding methods to a class

class Dog:
def __init__(self, name, age):
self.name = name
self.age = age

def bark(self):
return 'Woof!'

def get_age(self):
return self.age

# Creating an object and using methods

my_dog = Dog('Buddy', 3)
print(my_dog.get_age()) # Output: 3

10.3 Inheritance

In [64]: # Inheritance in Python

class Animal:
def __init__(self, name):
self.name = name

def make_sound(self):
return 'Some sound'

class Dog(Animal):
def bark(self):
return 'Woof!'

# Creating an object of the derived class

my_dog = Dog('Buddy')
print(my_dog.name) # Output: Buddy
print(my_dog.make_sound()) # Output: Some sound
print(my_dog.bark()) # Output: Woof!

Buddy
Some sound
Woof!

10.4 Polymorphism

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In [65]: # Polymorphism in Python

class Cat:
def speak(self):
return 'Meow'

class Dog:
def speak(self):
return 'Woof'

def make_animal_speak(animal):
print(animal.speak())

my_cat = Cat()
my_dog = Dog()
make_animal_speak(my_cat) # Output: Meow
make_animal_speak(my_dog) # Output: Woof

Meow
Woof

11. Advanced Topics

11.1 List Comprehensions

List comprehensions provide a concise way to create lists.

In [66]: # List comprehension to create a list of squares

squares = [x**2 for x in range(10)]
print(squares) # Output: [0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81]

[0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81]

11.2 Generators

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In [67]: # Generator function

def generate_numbers(n):
for i in range(n):
yield i

# Using the generator

gen = generate_numbers(5)
for num in gen:
print(num) # Output: 0 1 2 3 4

0
1
2
3
4

11.3 Context Managers

In [68]: # Using a context manager

with open('file.txt', 'w') as file:
file.write('Hello, world!')

12. Surprise Elements

Interactive exercises can help reinforce your understanding of Python. Try these
exercises to apply what you've learned.

12.1 Interactive Exercise:

Try creating a small program that calculates the factorial of a number provided by the
user. This will help reinforce your understanding of loops and conditional statements.

In [69]: def factorial(n):

if n == 0:
return 1
else:
return n * factorial(n-1)

# Taking user input

num = int(input('Enter a number: '))
print(f'The factorial of {num} is {factorial(num)}')

Enter a number: 5
The factorial of 5 is 120

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12.2 Data Science Exercise:

Here's a quick data science exercise. Calculate the mean of a list of numbers provided
by the user.

In [70]: def calculate_mean(numbers):

return sum(numbers) / len(numbers)

# Taking user input

user_input = input('Enter numbers separated by spaces: ')
numbers = list(map(int, user_input.split()))
print(f'The mean of the numbers is {calculate_mean(numbers)}')

Enter numbers separated by spaces: 1 2 3

The mean of the numbers is 2.0

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