1.

Exercise: Fill in the Blanks with the Correct Nouns

Choose the correct noun to fill in the blanks in the following sentences. Use
appropriate types
of nouns based on the context.

1. The ________ is barking loudly. (Hint: A common animal)

2. My ________ is a doctor. (Hint: A person who is related to you)
3. We visited to the ________ to see the latest movie. (Hint: A place where you
watch movies)
4. ________ is the capital of France. (Hint: A famous city)
5. She showed great ________ during the competition. (Hint: An abstract concept
related to
bravery)
6. The ________ of students are preparing for the exam. (Hint: A collective noun)
7. Please pass me the ________. (Hint: Something you write with)
8. The ________ is shining brightly today. (Hint: A celestial object)
9. He gave me a ________ for my birthday. (Hint: Something you receive on special
occasions)
10.________ is known for its delicious chocolate. (Hint: A country famous for)

𝟏. 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐝𝐨𝐠 𝐢𝐬 𝐛𝐚𝐫𝐤𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐥𝐨𝐮𝐝𝐥𝐲.

𝟐. 𝐌𝐲 𝐟𝐚𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐫 𝐢𝐬 𝐚 𝐝𝐨𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫.
𝟑. 𝐖𝐞 𝐯𝐢𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐭𝐨 𝐬𝐞𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐬𝐭 𝐦𝐨𝐯𝐢𝐞.
𝟒. 𝐏𝐚𝐫𝐢𝐬 𝐢𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐜𝐚𝐩𝐢𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐨𝐟 𝐅𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞.
𝟓. 𝐒𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐡𝐨𝐰𝐞𝐝 𝐠𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐭 𝐜𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐝𝐮𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐞𝐭𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧.
𝟔. 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐦𝐚𝐣𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐭𝐮𝐝𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐬 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐞𝐱𝐚𝐦.
𝟕. 𝐏𝐥𝐞𝐚𝐬𝐞 𝐩𝐚𝐬𝐬 𝐦𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐞𝐧.
𝟖. 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐮𝐧 𝐢𝐬 𝐬𝐡𝐢𝐧𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐛𝐫𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭𝐥𝐲 𝐭𝐨𝐝𝐚𝐲.
𝟗. 𝐇𝐞 𝐠𝐚𝐯𝐞 𝐦𝐞 𝐚 𝐠𝐢𝐟𝐭 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐦𝐲 𝐛𝐢𝐫𝐭𝐡𝐝𝐚𝐲.
𝟏𝟎. 𝐁𝐞𝐥𝐠𝐢𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐬 𝐤𝐧𝐨𝐰𝐧 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐢𝐭𝐬 𝐝𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐨𝐮𝐬 𝐜𝐡𝐨𝐜𝐨𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐞.

2. Exercise: Fill in the Blanks with the Correct Prepositions

Choose the correct preposition to fill in the blanks in the following sentences:

1. She sat ___ the chair and waited patiently.

2. We will meet ___ 7 PM ___ Friday.
3. The kids are playing ___ the garden.
4. He walked ___ the store to buy some groceries.
5. The gift is ___ the table, next to the flowers.
6. They traveled ___ bus to the city.
7. The picture was painted ___ an artist from Italy.
8. The cat jumped ___ the wall to catch the bird.
9. She is known ___ her generosity.
10. The meeting is scheduled ___ the afternoon.

𝟭. 𝗦𝗵𝗲 𝘀𝗮𝘁 𝗼𝗻 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗶𝗿 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘄𝗮𝗶𝘁𝗲𝗱 𝗽𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗹𝘆.

𝟮. 𝗪𝗲 𝘄𝗶𝗹𝗹 𝗺𝗲𝗲𝘁 𝗮𝘁 𝟳 𝗣𝗠 𝗼𝗻 𝗙𝗿𝗶𝗱𝗮𝘆.
𝟯. 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗸𝗶𝗱𝘀 𝗮𝗿𝗲 𝗽𝗹𝗮𝘆𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗶𝗻 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗴𝗮𝗿𝗱𝗲𝗻.
𝟰. 𝗛𝗲 𝘄𝗮𝗹𝗸𝗲𝗱 𝗶𝗻𝘁𝗼 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝘀𝘁𝗼𝗿𝗲 𝘁𝗼 𝗯𝘂𝘆 𝘀𝗼𝗺𝗲 𝗴𝗿𝗼𝗰𝗲𝗿𝗶𝗲𝘀.
𝟱. 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗴𝗶𝗳𝘁 𝗶𝘀 𝗼𝗻 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝘁𝗮𝗯𝗹𝗲, 𝗻𝗲𝘅𝘁 𝘁𝗼 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗳𝗹𝗼𝘄𝗲𝗿𝘀.
𝟲. 𝗧𝗵𝗲𝘆 𝘁𝗿𝗮𝘃𝗲𝗹𝗲𝗱 𝗯𝘆 𝗯𝘂𝘀 𝘁𝗼 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗰𝗶𝘁𝘆.
𝟳. 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗽𝗶𝗰𝘁𝘂𝗿𝗲 𝘄𝗮𝘀 𝗽𝗮𝗶𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗱 𝗯𝘆 𝗮𝗻 𝗮𝗿𝘁𝗶𝘀𝘁 𝗳𝗿𝗼𝗺 𝗜𝘁𝗮𝗹𝘆.
𝟴. 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗰𝗮𝘁 𝗷𝘂𝗺𝗽𝗲𝗱 𝗼𝘃𝗲𝗿 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝘄𝗮𝗹𝗹 𝘁𝗼 𝗰𝗮𝘁𝗰𝗵 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗯𝗶𝗿𝗱.
𝟵. 𝗦𝗵𝗲 𝗶𝘀 𝗸𝗻𝗼𝘄𝗻 𝗳𝗼𝗿 𝗵𝗲𝗿 𝗴𝗲𝗻𝗲𝗿𝗼𝘀𝗶𝘁𝘆.
𝟭𝟬. 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗺𝗲𝗲𝘁𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗶𝘀 𝘀𝗰𝗵𝗲𝗱𝘂𝗹𝗲𝗱 𝗳𝗼𝗿 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗮𝗳𝘁𝗲𝗿𝗻𝗼𝗼𝗻.
3. Exercise: Choosing the Correct Conjunction
Fill in the blanks with the correct conjunctions:
1. I want to go to the party, _______ I have to finish my homework first.
2. _______ you study hard, you will pass the exam.
3. She is _______ intelligent _______ hardworking.
4. He didn’t like the movie, _______ he watched it until the end.
5. You can have _______ cake _______ ice cream, but not both.
6. They wanted to go hiking, _______ it started raining.
7. _______ the teacher was strict, the students respected her.
8. You must complete your assignment, _______ you cannot attend the meeting.
9. She couldn’t decide _______ to go out _______ stay home.
10. He was tired, _______ he went to bed early.

𝟭. 𝗜 𝘄𝗮𝗻𝘁 𝘁𝗼 𝗴𝗼 𝘁𝗼 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗽𝗮𝗿𝘁𝘆, 𝗯𝘂𝘁 𝗜 𝗵𝗮𝘃𝗲 𝘁𝗼 𝗳𝗶𝗻𝗶𝘀𝗵 𝗺𝘆 𝗵𝗼𝗺𝗲𝘄𝗼𝗿𝗸 𝗳𝗶𝗿𝘀𝘁.

𝟮. 𝗜𝗳 𝘆𝗼𝘂 𝘀𝘁𝘂𝗱𝘆 𝗵𝗮𝗿𝗱, 𝘆𝗼𝘂 𝘄𝗶𝗹𝗹 𝗽𝗮𝘀𝘀 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗲𝘅𝗮𝗺.
𝟯. 𝗦𝗵𝗲 𝗶𝘀 𝗯𝗼𝘁𝗵 𝗶𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗹𝗹𝗶𝗴𝗲𝗻𝘁 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗵𝗮𝗿𝗱𝘄𝗼𝗿𝗸𝗶𝗻𝗴.
𝟰. 𝗛𝗲 𝗱𝗶𝗱𝗻’𝘁 𝗹𝗶𝗸𝗲 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗺𝗼𝘃𝗶𝗲, 𝘆𝗲𝘁 𝗵𝗲 𝘄𝗮𝘁𝗰𝗵𝗲𝗱 𝗶𝘁 𝘂𝗻𝘁𝗶𝗹 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗲𝗻𝗱.
𝟱. 𝗬𝗼𝘂 𝗰𝗮𝗻 𝗵𝗮𝘃𝗲 𝗲𝗶𝘁𝗵𝗲𝗿 𝗰𝗮𝗸𝗲 𝗼𝗿 𝗶𝗰𝗲 𝗰𝗿𝗲𝗮𝗺, 𝗯𝘂𝘁 𝗻𝗼𝘁 𝗯𝗼𝘁𝗵.
𝟲. 𝗧𝗵𝗲𝘆 𝘄𝗮𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗱 𝘁𝗼 𝗴𝗼 𝗵𝗶𝗸𝗶𝗻𝗴, 𝗯𝘂𝘁 𝗶𝘁 𝘀𝘁𝗮𝗿𝘁𝗲𝗱 𝗿𝗮𝗶𝗻𝗶𝗻𝗴.
𝟳. 𝗔𝗹𝘁𝗵𝗼𝘂𝗴𝗵 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝘁𝗲𝗮𝗰𝗵𝗲𝗿 𝘄𝗮𝘀 𝘀𝘁𝗿𝗶𝗰𝘁, 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝘀𝘁𝘂𝗱𝗲𝗻𝘁𝘀 𝗿𝗲𝘀𝗽𝗲𝗰𝘁𝗲𝗱 𝗵𝗲𝗿.
𝟴. 𝗬𝗼𝘂 𝗺𝘂𝘀𝘁 𝗰𝗼𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲𝘁𝗲 𝘆𝗼𝘂𝗿 𝗮𝘀𝘀𝗶𝗴𝗻𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁, 𝗼𝗿 𝘆𝗼𝘂 𝗰𝗮𝗻𝗻𝗼𝘁 𝗮𝘁𝘁𝗲𝗻𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗺𝗲𝗲𝘁𝗶𝗻𝗴.
𝟵. 𝗦𝗵𝗲 𝗰𝗼𝘂𝗹𝗱𝗻’𝘁 𝗱𝗲𝗰𝗶𝗱𝗲 𝘄𝗵𝗲𝘁𝗵𝗲𝗿 𝘁𝗼 𝗴𝗼 𝗼𝘂𝘁 𝗼𝗿 𝘀𝘁𝗮𝘆 𝗵𝗼𝗺𝗲.
𝟭𝟬. 𝗛𝗲 𝘄𝗮𝘀 𝘁𝗶𝗿𝗲𝗱, 𝘀𝗼 𝗵𝗲 𝘄𝗲𝗻𝘁 𝘁𝗼 𝗯𝗲𝗱 𝗲𝗮𝗿𝗹𝘆.

4. Exercise: Choosing the Correct Conjunction

Instructions: Fill in the blanks with the correct conjunction from the list
provided. You can
use each conjunction more than once.
Conjunctions: and, but, or, so, because, although, since, either…or, neither…nor

1. I wanted to go to the park, ______ it started raining heavily.

2. She can’t come to the meeting ______ she has a doctor’s appointment.
3. You can have ______ the chocolate cake ______ the vanilla ice cream for dessert.
4. He studied very hard for the exam, ______ he passed with excellent grades.
5. ______ he was tired, he continued working late into the night.
6. We need to leave now, ______ we’ll miss the train.
7. They didn’t go to the beach ______ the weather was too cold.
8. ______ Sam ______ Jane knows how to solve this math problem.
9. I like tea, ______ I don’t drink coffee.
10. She was hungry, ______ she made herself a sandwich.

𝟭. 𝗜 𝘄𝗮𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗱 𝘁𝗼 𝗴𝗼 𝘁𝗼 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗽𝗮𝗿𝗸, 𝗯𝘂𝘁 𝗶𝘁 𝘀𝘁𝗮𝗿𝘁𝗲𝗱 𝗿𝗮𝗶𝗻𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗵𝗲𝗮𝘃𝗶𝗹𝘆.

𝟮. 𝗦𝗵𝗲 𝗰𝗮𝗻’𝘁 𝗰𝗼𝗺𝗲 𝘁𝗼 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗺𝗲𝗲𝘁𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗯𝗲𝗰𝗮𝘂𝘀𝗲 𝘀𝗵𝗲 𝗵𝗮𝘀 𝗮 𝗱𝗼𝗰𝘁𝗼𝗿’𝘀 𝗮𝗽𝗽𝗼𝗶𝗻𝘁𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁.
𝟯. 𝗬𝗼𝘂 𝗰𝗮𝗻 𝗵𝗮𝘃𝗲 𝗲𝗶𝘁𝗵𝗲𝗿 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗰𝗵𝗼𝗰𝗼𝗹𝗮𝘁𝗲 𝗰𝗮𝗸𝗲 𝗼𝗿 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝘃𝗮𝗻𝗶𝗹𝗹𝗮 𝗶𝗰𝗲 𝗰𝗿𝗲𝗮𝗺 𝗳𝗼𝗿
𝗱𝗲𝘀𝘀𝗲𝗿𝘁.
𝟰. 𝗛𝗲 𝘀𝘁𝘂𝗱𝗶𝗲𝗱 𝘃𝗲𝗿𝘆 𝗵𝗮𝗿𝗱 𝗳𝗼𝗿 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗲𝘅𝗮𝗺, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗵𝗲 𝗽𝗮𝘀𝘀𝗲𝗱 𝘄𝗶𝘁𝗵 𝗲𝘅𝗰𝗲𝗹𝗹𝗲𝗻𝘁 𝗴𝗿𝗮𝗱𝗲𝘀.
𝟱. 𝗔𝗹𝘁𝗵𝗼𝘂𝗴𝗵 𝗵𝗲 𝘄𝗮𝘀 𝘁𝗶𝗿𝗲𝗱, 𝗵𝗲 𝗰𝗼𝗻𝘁𝗶𝗻𝘂𝗲𝗱 𝘄𝗼𝗿𝗸𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗹𝗮𝘁𝗲 𝗶𝗻𝘁𝗼 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗻𝗶𝗴𝗵𝘁.
𝟲. 𝗪𝗲 𝗻𝗲𝗲𝗱 𝘁𝗼 𝗹𝗲𝗮𝘃𝗲 𝗻𝗼𝘄, 𝗼𝗿 𝘄𝗲’𝗹𝗹 𝗺𝗶𝘀𝘀 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝘁𝗿𝗮𝗶𝗻.
𝟳. 𝗧𝗵𝗲𝘆 𝗱𝗶𝗱𝗻’𝘁 𝗴𝗼 𝘁𝗼 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗯𝗲𝗮𝗰𝗵 𝗯𝗲𝗰𝗮𝘂𝘀𝗲 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝘄𝗲𝗮𝘁𝗵𝗲𝗿 𝘄𝗮𝘀 𝘁𝗼𝗼 𝗰𝗼𝗹𝗱.
𝟴. 𝗡𝗲𝗶𝘁𝗵𝗲𝗿 𝗦𝗮𝗺 𝗻𝗼𝗿 𝗝𝗮𝗻𝗲 𝗸𝗻𝗼𝘄𝘀 𝗵𝗼𝘄 𝘁𝗼 𝘀𝗼𝗹𝘃𝗲 𝘁𝗵𝗶𝘀 𝗺𝗮𝘁𝗵 𝗽𝗿𝗼𝗯𝗹𝗲𝗺.
𝟵. 𝗜 𝗹𝗶𝗸𝗲 𝘁𝗲𝗮, 𝗯𝘂𝘁 𝗜 𝗱𝗼𝗻’𝘁 𝗱𝗿𝗶𝗻𝗸 𝗰𝗼𝗳𝗳𝗲𝗲.
𝟭𝟬. 𝗦𝗵𝗲 𝘄𝗮𝘀 𝗵𝘂𝗻𝗴𝗿𝘆, 𝘀𝗼 𝘀𝗵𝗲 𝗺𝗮𝗱𝗲 𝗵𝗲𝗿𝘀𝗲𝗹𝗳 𝗮 𝘀𝗮𝗻𝗱𝘄𝗶𝗰𝗵.

5. Exercise: Choosing the Correct Form

Instructions: Choose the correct form of the word in parentheses to complete each
sentence.

1. Every student in the class (is/are) ready for the exam.

2. She (run/runs) five miles every morning.
3. Neither the teacher nor the students (was/were) aware of the change in schedule.
4. If she (study/studies) hard, she will pass the test.
5. The team (has/have) won the championship for three consecutive years.
6. He (go/goes) to the gym every evening after work.
7. The information you provided (is/are) very useful.
8. By the time I arrived, the train (left/had left).
9. Each of the children (was/were) given a gift at the party.
10. They (has/have) been living in this neighborhood for ten years.

𝟭. 𝗘𝘃𝗲𝗿𝘆 𝘀𝘁𝘂𝗱𝗲𝗻𝘁 𝗶𝗻 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗰𝗹𝗮𝘀𝘀 𝗶𝘀 𝗿𝗲𝗮𝗱𝘆 𝗳𝗼𝗿 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗲𝘅𝗮𝗺. (𝗦𝗶𝗻𝗴𝘂𝗹𝗮𝗿 𝘀𝘂𝗯𝗷𝗲𝗰𝘁)
𝟮. 𝗦𝗵𝗲 𝗿𝘂𝗻𝘀 𝗳𝗶𝘃𝗲 𝗺𝗶𝗹𝗲𝘀 𝗲𝘃𝗲𝗿𝘆 𝗺𝗼𝗿𝗻𝗶𝗻𝗴. (𝗦𝗶𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲 𝗽𝗿𝗲𝘀𝗲𝗻𝘁 𝘁𝗲𝗻𝘀𝗲)
𝟯. 𝗡𝗲𝗶𝘁𝗵𝗲𝗿 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝘁𝗲𝗮𝗰𝗵𝗲𝗿 𝗻𝗼𝗿 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝘀𝘁𝘂𝗱𝗲𝗻𝘁𝘀 𝘄𝗲𝗿𝗲 𝗮𝘄𝗮𝗿𝗲 𝗼𝗳 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲 𝗶𝗻
𝘀𝗰𝗵𝗲𝗱𝘂𝗹𝗲. (𝗣𝗹𝘂𝗿𝗮𝗹 𝘀𝘂𝗯𝗷𝗲𝗰𝘁, 𝗻𝗼𝗿 𝗺𝗮𝗸𝗲𝘀 𝗶𝘁 𝗽𝗹𝘂𝗿𝗮𝗹)
𝟰. 𝗜𝗳 𝘀𝗵𝗲 𝘀𝘁𝘂𝗱𝗶𝗲𝘀 𝗵𝗮𝗿𝗱, 𝘀𝗵𝗲 𝘄𝗶𝗹𝗹 𝗽𝗮𝘀𝘀 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝘁𝗲𝘀𝘁. (𝗣𝗿𝗲𝘀𝗲𝗻𝘁 𝘁𝗲𝗻𝘀𝗲, 𝗰𝗼𝗻𝗱𝗶𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝗮𝗹)
𝟱. 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝘁𝗲𝗮𝗺 𝗵𝗮𝘀 𝘄𝗼𝗻 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗶𝗼𝗻𝘀𝗵𝗶𝗽 𝗳𝗼𝗿 𝘁𝗵𝗿𝗲𝗲 𝗰𝗼𝗻𝘀𝗲𝗰𝘂𝘁𝗶𝘃𝗲 𝘆𝗲𝗮𝗿𝘀.
(𝗦𝗶𝗻𝗴𝘂𝗹𝗮𝗿 𝘀𝘂𝗯𝗷𝗲𝗰𝘁)
𝟲. 𝗛𝗲 𝗴𝗼𝗲𝘀 𝘁𝗼 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗴𝘆𝗺 𝗲𝘃𝗲𝗿𝘆 𝗲𝘃𝗲𝗻𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗮𝗳𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝘄𝗼𝗿𝗸. (𝗦𝗶𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲 𝗽𝗿𝗲𝘀𝗲𝗻𝘁 𝘁𝗲𝗻𝘀𝗲)
𝟳. 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗶𝗻𝗳𝗼𝗿𝗺𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝘆𝗼𝘂 𝗽𝗿𝗼𝘃𝗶𝗱𝗲𝗱 𝗶𝘀 𝘃𝗲𝗿𝘆 𝘂𝘀𝗲𝗳𝘂𝗹. (𝗦𝗶𝗻𝗴𝘂𝗹𝗮𝗿 𝘀𝘂𝗯𝗷𝗲𝗰𝘁)
𝟴. 𝗕𝘆 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝘁𝗶𝗺𝗲 𝗜 𝗮𝗿𝗿𝗶𝘃𝗲𝗱, 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝘁𝗿𝗮𝗶𝗻 𝗵𝗮𝗱 𝗹𝗲𝗳𝘁. (𝗣𝗮𝘀𝘁 𝗽𝗲𝗿𝗳𝗲𝗰𝘁 𝘁𝗲𝗻𝘀𝗲)
𝟵. 𝗘𝗮𝗰𝗵 𝗼𝗳 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗰𝗵𝗶𝗹𝗱𝗿𝗲𝗻 𝘄𝗮𝘀 𝗴𝗶𝘃𝗲𝗻 𝗮 𝗴𝗶𝗳𝘁 𝗮𝘁 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗽𝗮𝗿𝘁𝘆. (𝗦𝗶𝗻𝗴𝘂𝗹𝗮𝗿 𝘀𝘂𝗯𝗷𝗲𝗰𝘁,
𝗲𝗮𝗰𝗵 𝗺𝗮𝗸𝗲𝘀 𝗶𝘁 𝘀𝗶𝗻𝗴𝘂𝗹𝗮𝗿)
𝟭𝟬. 𝗧𝗵𝗲𝘆 𝗵𝗮𝘃𝗲 𝗯𝗲𝗲𝗻 𝗹𝗶𝘃𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗶𝗻 𝘁𝗵𝗶𝘀 𝗻𝗲𝗶𝗴𝗵𝗯𝗼𝗿𝗵𝗼𝗼𝗱 𝗳𝗼𝗿 𝘁𝗲𝗻 𝘆𝗲𝗮𝗿𝘀. (𝗣𝗹𝘂𝗿𝗮𝗹
𝘀𝘂𝗯𝗷𝗲𝗰𝘁, 𝗽𝗿𝗲𝘀𝗲𝗻𝘁 𝗽𝗲𝗿𝗳𝗲𝗰𝘁 𝘁𝗲𝗻𝘀𝗲)

6. Exercise: Joining Clauses

Instructions: Combine the following pairs of sentences by joining the clauses with
appropriate conjunctions (and, but, because, so, although, since, etc.), relative
pronouns (who,
which, that), or proper punctuation.

1. She was tired. She finished the report.

2. I like the book. It has a lot of pictures.
3. The train was delayed. We were late for the meeting.
4. He enjoys playing football. He doesn’t like watching it on TV.
5. The teacher gave us extra homework. We didn’t have time to finish it.
6. I met the woman. She lives next door.
7. It was raining. We decided to go for a walk.
8. The movie was interesting. It was too long.
9. He failed the exam. He didn’t study enough.
10. The restaurant was full. We found a table.

𝟭. 𝗦𝗵𝗲 𝘄𝗮𝘀 𝘁𝗶𝗿𝗲𝗱, 𝗯𝘂𝘁 𝘀𝗵𝗲 𝗳𝗶𝗻𝗶𝘀𝗵𝗲𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗿𝗲𝗽𝗼𝗿𝘁.

𝟮. 𝗜 𝗹𝗶𝗸𝗲 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗯𝗼𝗼𝗸 𝗯𝗲𝗰𝗮𝘂𝘀𝗲 𝗶𝘁 𝗵𝗮𝘀 𝗮 𝗹𝗼𝘁 𝗼𝗳 𝗽𝗶𝗰𝘁𝘂𝗿𝗲𝘀.
𝟯. 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝘁𝗿𝗮𝗶𝗻 𝘄𝗮𝘀 𝗱𝗲𝗹𝗮𝘆𝗲𝗱, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘄𝗲 𝘄𝗲𝗿𝗲 𝗹𝗮𝘁𝗲 𝗳𝗼𝗿 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗺𝗲𝗲𝘁𝗶𝗻𝗴.
𝟰. 𝗛𝗲 𝗲𝗻𝗷𝗼𝘆𝘀 𝗽𝗹𝗮𝘆𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗳𝗼𝗼𝘁𝗯𝗮𝗹𝗹, 𝗯𝘂𝘁 𝗵𝗲 𝗱𝗼𝗲𝘀𝗻’𝘁 𝗹𝗶𝗸𝗲 𝘄𝗮𝘁𝗰𝗵𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗶𝘁 𝗼𝗻 𝗧𝗩.
𝟱. 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝘁𝗲𝗮𝗰𝗵𝗲𝗿 𝗴𝗮𝘃𝗲 𝘂𝘀 𝗲𝘅𝘁𝗿𝗮 𝗵𝗼𝗺𝗲𝘄𝗼𝗿𝗸, 𝘄𝗵𝗶𝗰𝗵 𝘄𝗲 𝗱𝗶𝗱𝗻’𝘁 𝗵𝗮𝘃𝗲 𝘁𝗶𝗺𝗲 𝘁𝗼
𝗳𝗶𝗻𝗶𝘀𝗵.
𝟲. 𝗜 𝗺𝗲𝘁 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝘄𝗼𝗺𝗮𝗻 𝘄𝗵𝗼 𝗹𝗶𝘃𝗲𝘀 𝗻𝗲𝘅𝘁 𝗱𝗼𝗼𝗿.
𝟳. 𝗜𝘁 𝘄𝗮𝘀 𝗿𝗮𝗶𝗻𝗶𝗻𝗴, 𝘀𝗼 𝘄𝗲 𝗱𝗲𝗰𝗶𝗱𝗲𝗱 𝗻𝗼𝘁 𝘁𝗼 𝗴𝗼 𝗳𝗼𝗿 𝗮 𝘄𝗮𝗹𝗸. (𝗔𝗹𝘁𝗲𝗿𝗻𝗮𝘁𝗶𝘃𝗲𝗹𝘆:
𝗔𝗹𝘁𝗵𝗼𝘂𝗴𝗵 𝗶𝘁 𝘄𝗮𝘀 𝗿𝗮𝗶𝗻𝗶𝗻𝗴, 𝘄𝗲 𝗱𝗲𝗰𝗶𝗱𝗲𝗱 𝘁𝗼 𝗴𝗼 𝗳𝗼𝗿 𝗮 𝘄𝗮𝗹𝗸.)
𝟴. 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗺𝗼𝘃𝗶𝗲 𝘄𝗮𝘀 𝗶𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗿𝗲𝘀𝘁𝗶𝗻𝗴, 𝗯𝘂𝘁 𝗶𝘁 𝘄𝗮𝘀 𝘁𝗼𝗼 𝗹𝗼𝗻𝗴.
𝟵. 𝗛𝗲 𝗳𝗮𝗶𝗹𝗲𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗲𝘅𝗮𝗺 𝗯𝗲𝗰𝗮𝘂𝘀𝗲 𝗵𝗲 𝗱𝗶𝗱𝗻’𝘁 𝘀𝘁𝘂𝗱𝘆 𝗲𝗻𝗼𝘂𝗴𝗵.
𝟭𝟬. 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗿𝗲𝘀𝘁𝗮𝘂𝗿𝗮𝗻𝘁 𝘄𝗮𝘀 𝗳𝘂𝗹𝗹, 𝘆𝗲𝘁 𝘄𝗲 𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗮𝗴𝗲𝗱 𝘁𝗼 𝗳𝗶𝗻𝗱 𝗮 𝘁𝗮𝗯𝗹𝗲.
(𝗔𝗹𝘁𝗲𝗿𝗻𝗮𝘁𝗶𝘃𝗲𝗹𝘆: 𝗔𝗹𝘁𝗵𝗼𝘂𝗴𝗵 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗿𝗲𝘀𝘁𝗮𝘂𝗿𝗮𝗻𝘁 𝘄𝗮𝘀 𝗳𝘂𝗹𝗹, 𝘄𝗲 𝗳𝗼𝘂𝗻𝗱 𝗮 𝘁𝗮𝗯𝗹𝗲.)

7. Exercise: Joining Clauses

Instructions: Combine the two sentences into one using a conjunction or appropriate
connecting word. Use words like and, but, because, although, if, so, while, or.

1. She loves reading books. She doesn’t have much time to read.
2. It started raining. We continued playing football.
3. I will call you. I reach home.
4. The teacher explained the lesson. Some students didn’t understand it.
5. He wanted to go to the concert. He couldn’t get tickets.
6. You can go for a walk. You finish your homework.
7. She was tired. She finished all her work.
8. I like the blue shirt. The red one is more expensive.
9. He didn’t attend the meeting. He was sick.
10. We need to leave now. We will miss the bus.

𝟭. 𝗦𝗵𝗲 𝗹𝗼𝘃𝗲𝘀 𝗿𝗲𝗮𝗱𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗯𝗼𝗼𝗸𝘀, 𝗯𝘂𝘁 𝘀𝗵𝗲 𝗱𝗼𝗲𝘀𝗻’𝘁 𝗵𝗮𝘃𝗲 𝗺𝘂𝗰𝗵 𝘁𝗶𝗺𝗲 𝘁𝗼 𝗿𝗲𝗮𝗱.
𝟮. 𝗜𝘁 𝘀𝘁𝗮𝗿𝘁𝗲𝗱 𝗿𝗮𝗶𝗻𝗶𝗻𝗴, 𝘆𝗲𝘁 𝘄𝗲 𝗰𝗼𝗻𝘁𝗶𝗻𝘂𝗲𝗱 𝗽𝗹𝗮𝘆𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗳𝗼𝗼𝘁𝗯𝗮𝗹𝗹. (𝗔𝗹𝘁𝗲𝗿𝗻𝗮𝘁𝗶𝘃𝗲𝗹𝘆:
𝗔𝗹𝘁𝗵𝗼𝘂𝗴𝗵 𝗶𝘁 𝘀𝘁𝗮𝗿𝘁𝗲𝗱 𝗿𝗮𝗶𝗻𝗶𝗻𝗴, 𝘄𝗲 𝗰𝗼𝗻𝘁𝗶𝗻𝘂𝗲𝗱 𝗽𝗹𝗮𝘆𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗳𝗼𝗼𝘁𝗯𝗮𝗹𝗹.)
𝟯. 𝗜 𝘄𝗶𝗹𝗹 𝗰𝗮𝗹𝗹 𝘆𝗼𝘂 𝘄𝗵𝗲𝗻 𝗜 𝗿𝗲𝗮𝗰𝗵 𝗵𝗼𝗺𝗲.
𝟰. 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝘁𝗲𝗮𝗰𝗵𝗲𝗿 𝗲𝘅𝗽𝗹𝗮𝗶𝗻𝗲𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗹𝗲𝘀𝘀𝗼𝗻, 𝗯𝘂𝘁 𝘀𝗼𝗺𝗲 𝘀𝘁𝘂𝗱𝗲𝗻𝘁𝘀 𝗱𝗶𝗱𝗻’𝘁 𝘂𝗻𝗱𝗲𝗿𝘀𝘁𝗮𝗻𝗱
𝗶𝘁.
𝟱. 𝗛𝗲 𝘄𝗮𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗱 𝘁𝗼 𝗴𝗼 𝘁𝗼 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗰𝗼𝗻𝗰𝗲𝗿𝘁, 𝗯𝘂𝘁 𝗵𝗲 𝗰𝗼𝘂𝗹𝗱𝗻’𝘁 𝗴𝗲𝘁 𝘁𝗶𝗰𝗸𝗲𝘁𝘀.
𝟲. 𝗬𝗼𝘂 𝗰𝗮𝗻 𝗴𝗼 𝗳𝗼𝗿 𝗮 𝘄𝗮𝗹𝗸 𝗮𝗳𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝘆𝗼𝘂 𝗳𝗶𝗻𝗶𝘀𝗵 𝘆𝗼𝘂𝗿 𝗵𝗼𝗺𝗲𝘄𝗼𝗿𝗸.
𝟳. 𝗗𝗲𝘀𝗽𝗶𝘁𝗲 𝗯𝗲𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝘁𝗶𝗿𝗲𝗱, 𝘀𝗵𝗲 𝗳𝗶𝗻𝗶𝘀𝗵𝗲𝗱 𝗮𝗹𝗹 𝗵𝗲𝗿 𝘄𝗼𝗿𝗸. (𝗔𝗹𝘁𝗲𝗿𝗻𝗮𝘁𝗶𝘃𝗲𝗹𝘆: 𝗦𝗵𝗲 𝘄𝗮𝘀
𝘁𝗶𝗿𝗲𝗱, 𝗯𝘂𝘁 𝘀𝗵𝗲 𝗳𝗶𝗻𝗶𝘀𝗵𝗲𝗱 𝗮𝗹𝗹 𝗵𝗲𝗿 𝘄𝗼𝗿𝗸.)
𝟴. 𝗜 𝗹𝗶𝗸𝗲 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗯𝗹𝘂𝗲 𝘀𝗵𝗶𝗿𝘁 𝗯𝗲𝘁𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝗯𝗲𝗰𝗮𝘂𝘀𝗲 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗿𝗲𝗱 𝗼𝗻𝗲 𝗶𝘀 𝗺𝗼𝗿𝗲 𝗲𝘅𝗽𝗲𝗻𝘀𝗶𝘃𝗲.
𝟵. 𝗛𝗲 𝗱𝗶𝗱𝗻’𝘁 𝗮𝘁𝘁𝗲𝗻𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗺𝗲𝗲𝘁𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗯𝗲𝗰𝗮𝘂𝘀𝗲 𝗵𝗲 𝘄𝗮𝘀 𝘀𝗶𝗰𝗸.
𝟭𝟬. 𝗪𝗲 𝗻𝗲𝗲𝗱 𝘁𝗼 𝗹𝗲𝗮𝘃𝗲 𝗻𝗼𝘄 𝘀𝗼 𝘄𝗲 𝘄𝗼𝗻’𝘁 𝗺𝗶𝘀𝘀 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗯𝘂𝘀.

8. Exercise: Rewriting Sentences

Instructions: Rewrite each sentence according to the given instructions, keeping
the original
meaning.

1. Change to Passive Voice:

o The chef prepared a delicious meal.

2. Convert Direct Speech to Indirect Speech:

o She said, “I will be late to the meeting.”

3. Change from Active to Passive Voice:

o The manager reviews the reports every week.

4. Rewrite Using a Conditional Structure:

o I will buy a new car. I get a promotion.

5. Convert Indirect Speech to Direct Speech:

o He asked if I was coming to the party.

6. Change the Sentence to a Question:

o She enjoys playing the piano.
7. Rewrite Using Past Tense:
o They are studying for their exams.

8. Change from Complex to Simple Sentence:

o Although it was raining, we decided to go for a walk.

9. Rewrite Using Different Vocabulary:

o The meeting was postponed due to unforeseen circumstances.

10. Rewrite with a Different Grammar Structure:

o He has finished the report, so he can relax now.

𝟭. 𝗔 𝗱𝗲𝗹𝗶𝗰𝗶𝗼𝘂𝘀 𝗺𝗲𝗮𝗹 𝘄𝗮𝘀 𝗽𝗿𝗲𝗽𝗮𝗿𝗲𝗱 𝗯𝘆 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗰𝗵𝗲𝗳. (𝗣𝗮𝘀𝘀𝗶𝘃𝗲 𝗩𝗼𝗶𝗰𝗲)

𝟮. 𝗦𝗵𝗲 𝘀𝗮𝗶𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗮𝘁 𝘀𝗵𝗲 𝘄𝗼𝘂𝗹𝗱 𝗯𝗲 𝗹𝗮𝘁𝗲 𝘁𝗼 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗺𝗲𝗲𝘁𝗶𝗻𝗴. (𝗜𝗻𝗱𝗶𝗿𝗲𝗰𝘁 𝗦𝗽𝗲𝗲𝗰𝗵)
𝟯. 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗿𝗲𝗽𝗼𝗿𝘁𝘀 𝗮𝗿𝗲 𝗿𝗲𝘃𝗶𝗲𝘄𝗲𝗱 𝗯𝘆 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗮𝗴𝗲𝗿 𝗲𝘃𝗲𝗿𝘆 𝘄𝗲𝗲𝗸. (𝗣𝗮𝘀𝘀𝗶𝘃𝗲 𝗩𝗼𝗶𝗰𝗲)
𝟰. 𝗜 𝘄𝗶𝗹𝗹 𝗯𝘂𝘆 𝗮 𝗻𝗲𝘄 𝗰𝗮𝗿 𝗶𝗳 𝗜 𝗴𝗲𝘁 𝗮 𝗽𝗿𝗼𝗺𝗼𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻. (𝗖𝗼𝗻𝗱𝗶𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝗮𝗹 𝗦𝘁𝗿𝘂𝗰𝘁𝘂𝗿𝗲)
𝟱. 𝗛𝗲 𝗮𝘀𝗸𝗲𝗱, "𝗔𝗿𝗲 𝘆𝗼𝘂 𝗰𝗼𝗺𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝘁𝗼 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗽𝗮𝗿𝘁𝘆?" (𝗗𝗶𝗿𝗲𝗰𝘁 𝗦𝗽𝗲𝗲𝗰𝗵)
𝟲. 𝗗𝗼𝗲𝘀 𝘀𝗵𝗲 𝗲𝗻𝗷𝗼𝘆 𝗽𝗹𝗮𝘆𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗽𝗶𝗮𝗻𝗼? (𝗤𝘂𝗲𝘀𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻)
𝟳. 𝗧𝗵𝗲𝘆 𝘄𝗲𝗿𝗲 𝘀𝘁𝘂𝗱𝘆𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗳𝗼𝗿 𝘁𝗵𝗲𝗶𝗿 𝗲𝘅𝗮𝗺𝘀. (𝗣𝗮𝘀𝘁 𝗧𝗲𝗻𝘀𝗲)
𝟴. 𝗪𝗲 𝗱𝗲𝗰𝗶𝗱𝗲𝗱 𝘁𝗼 𝗴𝗼 𝗳𝗼𝗿 𝗮 𝘄𝗮𝗹𝗸 𝗱𝗲𝘀𝗽𝗶𝘁𝗲 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗿𝗮𝗶𝗻. (𝗦𝗶𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲 𝗦𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗻𝗰𝗲)
𝟵. 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗺𝗲𝗲𝘁𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝘄𝗮𝘀 𝗿𝗲𝘀𝗰𝗵𝗲𝗱𝘂𝗹𝗲𝗱 𝗱𝘂𝗲 𝘁𝗼 𝘂𝗻𝗲𝘅𝗽𝗲𝗰𝘁𝗲𝗱 𝗲𝘃𝗲𝗻𝘁𝘀. (𝗗𝗶𝗳𝗳𝗲𝗿𝗲𝗻𝘁
𝗩𝗼𝗰𝗮𝗯𝘂𝗹𝗮𝗿𝘆)
𝟭𝟬. 𝗡𝗼𝘄 𝘁𝗵𝗮𝘁 𝗵𝗲 𝗵𝗮𝘀 𝗳𝗶𝗻𝗶𝘀𝗵𝗲𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗿𝗲𝗽𝗼𝗿𝘁, 𝗵𝗲 𝗰𝗮𝗻 𝗿𝗲𝗹𝗮𝘅. (𝗗𝗶𝗳𝗳𝗲𝗿𝗲𝗻𝘁
𝗚𝗿𝗮𝗺𝗺𝗮𝗿 𝗦𝘁𝗿𝘂𝗰𝘁𝘂𝗿𝗲)

9. Exercise: Replace Indicated Sections

Instructions: Replace the indicated part of each sentence with a single word, its
opposite, or a synonym as specified.

1. The movie was very exciting.(Replace exciting with a synonym.)

2. She was very happy with the results.(Replace happy with an antonym.)
3. The manager is, in charge of the overall operations. (Replace overall with a
single
word.)
4. The weather was unpleasant today. (Replace unpleasant with a synonym.)
5. He made a mistake in the calculations.(Replace mistake with an antonym.)
6. The office has a very formal environment. (Replace formal with a single word.)
7. The company is known for its innovative products. (Replace innovative with a
synonym.)
8. She spoke with a soft voice during the meeting. (Replace soft with an antonym.)
9. His inability to meet deadlines is a concern.(Replace inability with a single
word.)
10. They decided to celebrate the occasion with a party.(Replace celebrate with a
synonym.)
11. She was very happy about the results. Replace "happy" with a synonym.
12. The weather was very hot yesterday. Replace "very hot" with its antonym.
13. He always arrives early to work. Replace "early" with a synonym.
14. The movie was boring and not entertaining at all. Replace "boring" with a
synonym.
15. She decided to keep the old furniture instead of buying new ones. Replace
"keep"
with an antonym.
16. The manager was extremely pleased with the team's performance. Replace
"extremely pleased" with a synonym.
17. The book is long but interesting. Replace "long" with a synonym.
18. He felt disappointed after the game. Replace "disappointed" with a synonym.
19. They had to wait for an hour before the meeting started. Replace "wait" with a
synonym.
20. The instructions were unclear and confusing. Replace "unclear" with a synonym.

𝟭. 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗺𝗼𝘃𝗶𝗲 𝘄𝗮𝘀 𝘃𝗲𝗿𝘆 𝘁𝗵𝗿𝗶𝗹𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗴. (𝗦𝘆𝗻𝗼𝗻𝘆𝗺 𝗳𝗼𝗿 𝗲𝘅𝗰𝗶𝘁𝗶𝗻𝗴)

𝟮. 𝗦𝗵𝗲 𝘄𝗮𝘀 𝘃𝗲𝗿𝘆 𝘂𝗻𝗵𝗮𝗽𝗽𝘆 𝘄𝗶𝘁𝗵 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗿𝗲𝘀𝘂𝗹𝘁𝘀. (𝗔𝗻𝘁𝗼𝗻𝘆𝗺 𝗳𝗼𝗿 𝗵𝗮𝗽𝗽𝘆)
𝟯. 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗮𝗴𝗲𝗿 𝗶𝘀 𝗶𝗻 𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗿𝗴𝗲 𝗼𝗳 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗶𝗿𝗲 𝗼𝗽𝗲𝗿𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝘀. (𝗦𝗶𝗻𝗴𝗹𝗲 𝘄𝗼𝗿𝗱
𝗿𝗲𝗽𝗹𝗮𝗰𝗲𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁 𝗳𝗼𝗿 𝗼𝘃𝗲𝗿𝗮𝗹𝗹)
𝟰. 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝘄𝗲𝗮𝘁𝗵𝗲𝗿 𝘄𝗮𝘀 𝗱𝗿𝗲𝗮𝗱𝗳𝘂𝗹 𝘁𝗼𝗱𝗮𝘆. (𝗦𝘆𝗻𝗼𝗻𝘆𝗺 𝗳𝗼𝗿 𝘂𝗻𝗽𝗹𝗲𝗮𝘀𝗮𝗻𝘁)
𝟱. 𝗛𝗲 𝗺𝗮𝗱𝗲 𝗮 𝗰𝗼𝗿𝗿𝗲𝗰𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝗶𝗻 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗰𝗮𝗹𝗰𝘂𝗹𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝘀. (𝗔𝗻𝘁𝗼𝗻𝘆𝗺 𝗳𝗼𝗿 𝗺𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗮𝗸𝗲)
𝟲. 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗼𝗳𝗳𝗶𝗰𝗲 𝗵𝗮𝘀 𝗮 𝘃𝗲𝗿𝘆 𝗽𝗿𝗼𝗳𝗲𝘀𝘀𝗶𝗼𝗻𝗮𝗹 𝗲𝗻𝘃𝗶𝗿𝗼𝗻𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁. (𝗦𝗶𝗻𝗴𝗹𝗲 𝘄𝗼𝗿𝗱 𝗿𝗲𝗽𝗹𝗮𝗰𝗲𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁
𝗳𝗼𝗿 𝗳𝗼𝗿𝗺𝗮𝗹)
𝟳. 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗰𝗼𝗺𝗽𝗮𝗻𝘆 𝗶𝘀 𝗸𝗻𝗼𝘄𝗻 𝗳𝗼𝗿 𝗶𝘁𝘀 𝗴𝗿𝗼𝘂𝗻𝗱𝗯𝗿𝗲𝗮𝗸𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗽𝗿𝗼𝗱𝘂𝗰𝘁𝘀. (𝗦𝘆𝗻𝗼𝗻𝘆𝗺 𝗳𝗼𝗿
𝗶𝗻𝗻𝗼𝘃𝗮𝘁𝗶𝘃𝗲)
𝟴. 𝗦𝗵𝗲 𝘀𝗽𝗼𝗸𝗲 𝘄𝗶𝘁𝗵 𝗮 𝗹𝗼𝘂𝗱 𝘃𝗼𝗶𝗰𝗲 𝗱𝘂𝗿𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗺𝗲𝗲𝘁𝗶𝗻𝗴. (𝗔𝗻𝘁𝗼𝗻𝘆𝗺 𝗳𝗼𝗿 𝘀𝗼𝗳𝘁)
𝟵. 𝗛𝗶𝘀 𝗳𝗮𝗶𝗹𝘂𝗿𝗲 𝘁𝗼 𝗺𝗲𝗲𝘁 𝗱𝗲𝗮𝗱𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗲𝘀 𝗶𝘀 𝗮 𝗰𝗼𝗻𝗰𝗲𝗿𝗻. (𝗦𝗶𝗻𝗴𝗹𝗲 𝘄𝗼𝗿𝗱 𝗿𝗲𝗽𝗹𝗮𝗰𝗲𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁 𝗳𝗼𝗿
𝗶𝗻𝗮𝗯𝗶𝗹𝗶𝘁𝘆)
𝟭𝟬. 𝗧𝗵𝗲𝘆 𝗱𝗲𝗰𝗶𝗱𝗲𝗱 𝘁𝗼 𝗰𝗼𝗺𝗺𝗲𝗺𝗼𝗿𝗮𝘁𝗲 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗼𝗰𝗰𝗮𝘀𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝘄𝗶𝘁𝗵 𝗮 𝗽𝗮𝗿𝘁𝘆. (𝗦𝘆𝗻𝗼𝗻𝘆𝗺
𝗳𝗼𝗿 𝗰𝗲𝗹𝗲𝗯𝗿𝗮𝘁𝗲)
𝟭𝟭. 𝗦𝗵𝗲 𝘄𝗮𝘀 𝘃𝗲𝗿𝘆 𝗲𝗰𝘀𝘁𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗰 𝗮𝗯𝗼𝘂𝘁 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗿𝗲𝘀𝘂𝗹𝘁𝘀. (𝗦𝘆𝗻𝗼𝗻𝘆𝗺 𝗳𝗼𝗿 𝗵𝗮𝗽𝗽𝘆)
𝟭𝟮. 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝘄𝗲𝗮𝘁𝗵𝗲𝗿 𝘄𝗮𝘀 𝘃𝗲𝗿𝘆 𝗰𝗵𝗶𝗹𝗹𝘆 𝘆𝗲𝘀𝘁𝗲𝗿𝗱𝗮𝘆. (𝗔𝗻𝘁𝗼𝗻𝘆𝗺 𝗳𝗼𝗿 𝘃𝗲𝗿𝘆 𝗵𝗼𝘁)
𝟭𝟯. 𝗛𝗲 𝗮𝗹𝘄𝗮𝘆𝘀 𝗮𝗿𝗿𝗶𝘃𝗲𝘀 𝗽𝗿𝗼𝗺𝗽𝘁𝗹𝘆 𝘁𝗼 𝘄𝗼𝗿𝗸. (𝗦𝘆𝗻𝗼𝗻𝘆𝗺 𝗳𝗼𝗿 𝗲𝗮𝗿𝗹𝘆)
𝟭𝟰. 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗺𝗼𝘃𝗶𝗲 𝘄𝗮𝘀 𝘁𝗲𝗱𝗶𝗼𝘂𝘀 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗻𝗼𝘁 𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗿𝘁𝗮𝗶𝗻𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗮𝘁 𝗮𝗹𝗹. (𝗦𝘆𝗻𝗼𝗻𝘆𝗺 𝗳𝗼𝗿 𝗯𝗼𝗿𝗶𝗻𝗴)
𝟭𝟱. 𝗦𝗵𝗲 𝗱𝗲𝗰𝗶𝗱𝗲𝗱 𝘁𝗼 𝗱𝗶𝘀𝗰𝗮𝗿𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗼𝗹𝗱 𝗳𝘂𝗿𝗻𝗶𝘁𝘂𝗿𝗲 𝗶𝗻𝘀𝘁𝗲𝗮𝗱 𝗼𝗳 𝗯𝘂𝘆𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗻𝗲𝘄 𝗼𝗻𝗲𝘀.
(𝗔𝗻𝘁𝗼𝗻𝘆𝗺 𝗳𝗼𝗿 𝗸𝗲𝗲𝗽)
𝟭𝟲. 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗮𝗴𝗲𝗿 𝘄𝗮𝘀 𝗱𝗲𝗹𝗶𝗴𝗵𝘁𝗲𝗱 𝘄𝗶𝘁𝗵 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝘁𝗲𝗮𝗺'𝘀 𝗽𝗲𝗿𝗳𝗼𝗿𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗰𝗲. (𝗦𝘆𝗻𝗼𝗻𝘆𝗺
𝗳𝗼𝗿 𝗲𝘅𝘁𝗿𝗲𝗺𝗲𝗹𝘆 𝗽𝗹𝗲𝗮𝘀𝗲𝗱)
𝟭𝟳. 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗯𝗼𝗼𝗸 𝗶𝘀 𝗹𝗲𝗻𝗴𝘁𝗵𝘆 𝗯𝘂𝘁 𝗶𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗿𝗲𝘀𝘁𝗶𝗻𝗴. (𝗦𝘆𝗻𝗼𝗻𝘆𝗺 𝗳𝗼𝗿 𝗹𝗼𝗻𝗴)
𝟭𝟴. 𝗛𝗲 𝗳𝗲𝗹𝘁 𝗱𝗲𝗷𝗲𝗰𝘁𝗲𝗱 𝗮𝗳𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗴𝗮𝗺𝗲. (𝗦𝘆𝗻𝗼𝗻𝘆𝗺 𝗳𝗼𝗿 𝗱𝗶𝘀𝗮𝗽𝗽𝗼𝗶𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗱)
𝟭𝟵. 𝗧𝗵𝗲𝘆 𝗵𝗮𝗱 𝘁𝗼 𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗿 𝗳𝗼𝗿 𝗮𝗻 𝗵𝗼𝘂𝗿 𝗯𝗲𝗳𝗼𝗿𝗲 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗺𝗲𝗲𝘁𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝘀𝘁𝗮𝗿𝘁𝗲𝗱. (𝗦𝘆𝗻𝗼𝗻𝘆𝗺
𝗳𝗼𝗿 𝘄𝗮𝗶𝘁)
𝟮𝟬. 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗶𝗻𝘀𝘁𝗿𝘂𝗰𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝘀 𝘄𝗲𝗿𝗲 𝗮𝗺𝗯𝗶𝗴𝘂𝗼𝘂𝘀 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗰𝗼𝗻𝗳𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗻𝗴. (𝗦𝘆𝗻𝗼𝗻𝘆𝗺 𝗳𝗼𝗿 𝘂𝗻𝗰𝗹𝗲𝗮𝗿)

𝗥𝗲𝗽𝗹𝗮𝗰𝗲𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁 𝘄𝗼𝗿𝗱𝘀:

𝗘𝘅𝗰𝗶𝘁𝗶𝗻𝗴: 𝘁𝗵𝗿𝗶𝗹𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗴
𝗛𝗮𝗽𝗽𝘆: 𝘂𝗻𝗵𝗮𝗽𝗽𝘆 (𝗮𝗻𝘁𝗼𝗻𝘆𝗺), 𝗲𝗰𝘀𝘁𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗰 (𝘀𝘆𝗻𝗼𝗻𝘆𝗺)
-

𝗢𝘃𝗲𝗿𝗮𝗹𝗹: 𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗶𝗿𝗲
-

𝗨𝗻𝗽𝗹𝗲𝗮𝘀𝗮𝗻𝘁: 𝗱𝗿𝗲𝗮𝗱𝗳𝘂𝗹
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𝗠𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗮𝗸𝗲: 𝗰𝗼𝗿𝗿𝗲𝗰𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 (𝗮𝗻𝘁𝗼𝗻𝘆𝗺)

-

𝗙𝗼𝗿𝗺𝗮𝗹: 𝗽𝗿𝗼𝗳𝗲𝘀𝘀𝗶𝗼𝗻𝗮𝗹
-

𝗜𝗻𝗻𝗼𝘃𝗮𝘁𝗶𝘃𝗲: 𝗴𝗿𝗼𝘂𝗻𝗱𝗯𝗿𝗲𝗮𝗸𝗶𝗻𝗴
-

𝗦𝗼𝗳𝘁: 𝗹𝗼𝘂𝗱 (𝗮𝗻𝘁𝗼𝗻𝘆𝗺)

-

𝗜𝗻𝗮𝗯𝗶𝗹𝗶𝘁𝘆: 𝗳𝗮𝗶𝗹𝘂𝗿𝗲
-

𝗖𝗲𝗹𝗲𝗯𝗿𝗮𝘁𝗲: 𝗰𝗼𝗺𝗺𝗲𝗺𝗼𝗿𝗮𝘁𝗲
-

𝗘𝗮𝗿𝗹𝘆: 𝗽𝗿𝗼𝗺𝗽𝘁𝗹𝘆
-

𝗕𝗼𝗿𝗶𝗻𝗴: 𝘁𝗲𝗱𝗶𝗼𝘂𝘀
-

𝗞𝗲𝗲𝗽: 𝗱𝗶𝘀𝗰𝗮𝗿𝗱 (𝗮𝗻𝘁𝗼𝗻𝘆𝗺)

-

𝗘𝘅𝘁𝗿𝗲𝗺𝗲𝗹𝘆 𝗽𝗹𝗲𝗮𝘀𝗲𝗱: 𝗱𝗲𝗹𝗶𝗴𝗵𝘁𝗲𝗱

-

𝗟𝗼𝗻𝗴: 𝗹𝗲𝗻𝗴𝘁𝗵𝘆
-

𝗗𝗶𝘀𝗮𝗽𝗽𝗼𝗶𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗱: 𝗱𝗲𝗷𝗲𝗰𝘁𝗲𝗱
-

𝗪𝗮𝗶𝘁: 𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗿
-

𝗨𝗻𝗰𝗹𝗲𝗮𝗿: 𝗮𝗺𝗯𝗶𝗴𝘂𝗼𝘂𝘀
-
-

10. EXERCISE Transcribe the following words and divide them into syllables.
Word syllabification no of syllables
1. Management
2. Linguistics
3. Register
4. Day
5. Episode
6. Interview
7. Pronunciation
8. Raider

𝟭. 𝗠𝗮𝗻-𝗮𝗴𝗲-𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁 (𝟯)
𝟮. 𝗟𝗶𝗻-𝗴𝘂-𝗶𝘀-𝘁𝗶𝗰𝘀 (𝟰)
𝟯. 𝗥𝗲𝗴-𝗶𝘀-𝘁𝗲𝗿 (𝟯)
𝟰. 𝗗𝗮𝘆 (𝟭)
𝟱. 𝗘-𝗽𝗶-𝘀𝗼𝗱𝗲 (𝟯)
𝟲. 𝗜𝗻-𝘁𝗲𝗿-𝘃𝗶𝗲𝘄 (𝟯)
𝟳. 𝗣𝗿𝗼-𝗻𝘂𝗻-𝗰𝗶-𝗮-𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 (𝟱)
𝟴. 𝗥𝗮𝗶𝗱-𝗲𝗿 (𝟮)

11. EXERCISE: Create three words with contrasts by supplying different vowels
(diph#thongs) in the following consonantal frames.
Example: [b t]: beat, bait, bet

(a) [s l]:
(b) [pl ]:
(c) [sp k]:
(d) [m T]:
(e) [l n]:
(f) [k n]:
(g) [d m]:
(h) [t k]:
(i) [g@nd]:

(𝗮) [𝘀 𝗹]:
𝟭. 𝘀𝗮𝗹𝗲
𝟮. 𝘀𝗶𝗹𝗹
𝟯. 𝘀𝗼𝗹𝗲

(𝗯) [𝗽𝗹 ]:
𝟭. 𝗽𝗹𝗮𝗰𝗲
𝟮. 𝗽𝗹𝗶𝗴𝗵𝘁
𝟯. 𝗽𝗹𝗮𝘆

(𝗰) [𝘀𝗽 𝗸]:

𝟭. 𝘀𝗽𝗲𝗮𝗸
𝟮. 𝘀𝗽𝗶𝗸𝗲
𝟯. 𝘀𝗽𝗮𝗿𝗸

(𝗱) [𝗺 𝗧]:
𝟭. 𝗺𝗮𝘁𝗲
𝟮. 𝗺𝗲𝘁
𝟯. 𝗺𝗶𝗴𝗵𝘁

(𝗲) [𝗹 𝗻]:
𝟭. 𝗹𝗮𝗻𝗲
𝟮. 𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗲
𝟯. 𝗹𝗲𝗮𝗻
(𝗳) [𝗸 𝗻]:
𝟭. 𝗰𝗮𝗻𝗲
𝟮. 𝗸𝗲𝗲𝗻
𝟯. 𝗸𝗶𝗻

(𝗴) [𝗱 𝗺]:
𝟭. 𝗱𝗮𝗺𝗲
𝟮. 𝗱𝗶𝗺
𝟯. 𝗱𝗼𝗺𝗲

(𝗵) [𝘁 𝗸]:
𝟭. 𝘁𝗮𝗸𝗲
𝟮. 𝘁𝗶𝗰𝗸
𝟯. 𝘁𝗼𝗸𝗲

(𝗶) [𝗴 𝗻𝗱]:
𝟭. 𝗴𝗹𝗮𝗻𝗱
𝟮. 𝗴𝗼𝗻𝗱
𝟯. 𝗴𝗿𝗼𝘂𝗻𝗱

12. EXERCISE: Underline the silent sounds and write the phonetic script.

1. Wednesday
2. Handkerchief
3. Plumber
4. Hour
5. Honest
6. Listen
7. Island
8. Pneumatic
9. Psychology
10. Knowledge
11. Subtle
12. Bouquet
13. Aisle
14. Womb
15. Know

1. Wed-nes-day (Wed-nes-day /ˈwɛnzdeɪ/)

- Silent: none

2. Hand-ker-chief (Hand-ker-chief /hæŋkərˈtʃɪf/)

- Silent: none

3. Plumb-er (Plumb-er /ˈplʌmər/)

- Silent: none

4. Hour (Hour /aʊər/)

- Silent: H

5. Hon-est (Hon-est /ˈɒnɪst/)

- Silent: H
6. Lis-ten (Lis-ten /ˈlɪsən/)
- Silent: none

7. Is-land (Is-land /ˈaɪlənd/)

- Silent: none

8. Pneu-mat-ic (Pneu-mat-ic /njuːˈmætɪk/)

- Silent: P

9. Psy-chol-o-gy (Psy-chol-o-gy /saɪˈkɒlədʒi/)

- Silent: P

10. Know-ledge (Know-ledge /ˈnɒlɪdʒ/)

- Silent: K

11. Sub-tle (Sub-tle /ˈsʌtəl/)

- Silent: none

12. Bou-quet (Bou-quet /buːˈkeɪ/)

- Silent: none

13. A-isle (A-isle /aɪl/)

- Silent: none

14. Womb (Womb /wuːm/)

- Silent: none

15. Know (Know /noʊ/)

- Silent: K

13. EXERCISE: Tick the appropriate word in the following sentences.

1. He wants to sell / sail his boat.
2. The ship is ready to sell / sail.
3. My hurt / heart aches.
4. I am hurt / heart.
5. That’s what he thought / taught by the teacher.
6. That’s what he thought / taught in his mind.
7. Don’t you want to leave / live this room?
8. Don’t you want to leave / live your life fully?
9. Their / There is a dog in the farm.
10. It is their / there domain of activity.

𝑯𝒆 𝒘𝒂𝒏𝒕𝒔 𝒕𝒐 𝒔𝒂𝒊𝒍 𝒉𝒊𝒔 𝒃𝒐𝒂𝒕.

𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒉𝒊𝒑 𝒊𝒔 𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒅𝒚 𝒕𝒐 𝒔𝒂𝒊𝒍.
1.

𝑴𝒚 𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒓𝒕 𝒂𝒄𝒉𝒆𝒔.
2.

𝑰 𝒂𝒎 𝒉𝒖𝒓𝒕.
3.

𝑻𝒉𝒂𝒕’𝒔 𝒘𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝒉𝒆 𝒘𝒂𝒔 𝒕𝒂𝒖𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝒃𝒚 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒕𝒆𝒂𝒄𝒉𝒆𝒓.

4.

𝑻𝒉𝒂𝒕’𝒔 𝒘𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝒉𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒐𝒖𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝒊𝒏 𝒉𝒊𝒔 𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒅.

5.

𝑫𝒐𝒏’𝒕 𝒚𝒐𝒖 𝒘𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝒕𝒐 𝒍𝒆𝒂𝒗𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒊𝒔 𝒓𝒐𝒐𝒎?

6.

𝑫𝒐𝒏’𝒕 𝒚𝒐𝒖 𝒘𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝒕𝒐 𝒍𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒚𝒐𝒖𝒓 𝒍𝒊𝒇𝒆 𝒇𝒖𝒍𝒍𝒚?

7.

𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝒊𝒔 𝒂 𝒅𝒐𝒈 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒇𝒂𝒓𝒎.

8.
9.
10. 𝑰𝒕 𝒊𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒊𝒓 𝒅𝒐𝒎𝒂𝒊𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒕𝒚

Phonology Questions and Answers

1. What is phonology?
Phonology is the study of the sound systems of languages, focusing on how
sounds function and
pattern in a particular language or languages.

2. What is the difference between phonetics and phonology?

Phonetics deals with the physical properties of sounds (articulation, acoustic
properties, and auditory
perception), while phonology studies the abstract, cognitive aspects of sounds and
how they interact in
a language.

3. What is a phoneme?
A phoneme is the smallest unit of sound in a language that can distinguish
meaning. For example, the
words "bat" and "pat" differ by one phoneme /b/ and /p/.

4. What is an allophone?
An allophone is a variant pronunciation of a phoneme that occurs in specific
contexts. For example,
the /p/ in "pat" is aspirated [pʰ], while the /p/ in "spat" is unaspirated [p].

5. What is a minimal pair?

A minimal pair is a pair of words that differ by only one phoneme,
demonstrating that the sounds are
distinct phonemes in that language. For example, "bit" and "bat."

6. What is the concept of syllable structure?

Syllable structure refers to the organization of sounds within a syllable,
typically consisting of an
onset (consonant sound), nucleus (vowel sound), and coda (final consonant sound).
For example, in
the word "cat," /k/ is the onset, /æ/ is the nucleus, and /t/ is the coda.

7. What is stress in phonology?

Stress refers to the emphasis placed on certain syllables within words, which
can affect the meaning
and pronunciation. For example, the noun "record" has stress on the first syllable,
while the verb
"record" has stress on the second syllable.

8. Define grapheme
A grapheme is the written form of a sound. For example, the word tap consists
of three graphemes
t, a, and p. The word trap consists of four graphemes t, r, a, and p.
9. Define Intonation
Intonation refers to the rise and fall of voice pitch while speaking. It plays
a crucial role in
conveying meaning, emotion, and emphasis in language.

10. Communication and its importance

11. Barriers to communication

12. Swot analysis and its usag