I.

Purpose of the Module

This module is designed to help learners understand the functions, meanings, and correct usage of
various conjunctions in English. Conjunctions are essential tools that connect words, phrases, or
clauses, and show relationships between ideas.
II. Types of Conjunctions and Their Uses
1. Cause and Effect Conjunctions
 Therefore – shows a result based on previous information.
Example: He was very tired; therefore, he went to bed early.
 So – shows a consequence.
Example: It was raining, so we stayed inside.
 So that – shows purpose.
Example: I study hard so that I can pass the exam.
 Hence – formal; shows conclusion or result.
Example: The roads were icy; hence, the accident.
 Because – gives a reason.
Example: She was late because she missed the bus.
 Since – similar to “because”, gives a reason.
Example: Since it’s raining, we’ll stay home.
 For – formal; means "because".
Example: He must be tired, for he has been working all day.
 Now that – means “because now”.
Example: Now that you are here, we can start the meeting.
2. Addition Conjunctions
 Moreover – adds more important or supporting information.
Example: The job is difficult; moreover, it is poorly paid.
 Besides – adds information, often in a persuasive way.
Example: I don't want to go. Besides, I don’t have the money.
 Furthermore – formal; adds more emphasis or support.
Example: The solution is expensive; furthermore, it may not work.
 In addition – formal; adds supporting detail.
Example: In addition to English, she speaks French and Spanish.
 And – joins two similar ideas.
Example: She bought apples and oranges.
 As well as – joins two positive ideas; similar to “and”.
Example: He plays the guitar as well as the piano.
3. Concessive or Contrast Conjunctions
 Although / Even though – shows contrast.
Example: Although it was cold, he didn’t wear a jacket. Example: Even though she tried hard,
she didn’t win.
  Despite / In spite of – shows contrast with a noun or gerund.
Example: Despite the rain, we went out. Example: In spite of being tired, she cooked dinner.
 However – shows strong contrast.
Example: He is rich; however, he is not happy.
 Nevertheless / Nonetheless – similar to "however".
Example: It was raining; nevertheless, they went hiking.
 Yet / Still – informal contrast.
Example: I called him many times, yet he didn’t answer.
Example: She was angry; still, she helped him.
 On the other hand – shows different perspective.
Example: I love city life. On the other hand, it can be stressful.
 Whereas – shows contrast between two clauses.
Example: He likes tea, whereas she prefers coffee.
4. Comparison and Degree
 … so … that … – shows result.
Example: He was so tired that he fell asleep in class.
 … such … that … – also shows result.
Example: It was such a boring movie that I left early.
5. Time Conjunctions
 When – indicates time of an event.
Example: Call me when you arrive.
 While – shows simultaneous actions.
Example: She was cooking while I was cleaning.
 Not … until … – indicates delay.
Example: He didn’t go out until he finished his work.
 As long as / Provided that – conditional time.
Example: You can borrow my car as long as you drive carefully. Example: You may go out
provided that you finish your homework.
6. Conditionals and Alternatives
 Otherwise – shows consequence if not.
Example: Study now, otherwise you’ll fail.
 Unless – means “if not”.
Example: I won’t go unless she invites me.
 If not – alternative form of “unless”.
Example: Bring your ID card. If not, you can’t enter.
7. Examples and Clarifications
 For example / For instance – introduces an example.
Example: Many countries, for example Japan and Korea, use high-speed trains.
1. He was very tired; __________, he continued working.
2. She brought sandwiches __________ drinks for the picnic.
3. I left early __________ I wasn’t feeling well.
4. We can’t go outside __________ it’s still storming.
5. He was late, __________ he missed the bus.
6. They didn’t stop working, __________ they were exhausted.
7. She loves reading; __________, she owns over 500 books.
8. You can join us __________ you behave properly.
9. He bought a car __________ he could drive to work.
10. __________ it was snowing, we went skiing.
11. They didn’t arrive __________ the movie had started.
12. __________ you don’t study, you won’t pass.
13. She was __________ a good dancer that everyone applauded.
14. She passed the exam __________ she studied hard.
15. We’ll go hiking tomorrow, __________ it doesn’t rain.
16. He eats a lot, __________ he never gains weight.
17. __________ being tired, he finished the project.
18. I will help you __________ you promise to help me too.
19. The movie was boring; __________, I stayed until the end.
20. She likes tea, __________ he prefers coffee.
21. I like spicy food. __________, my brother prefers bland meals.
22. __________ she was nervous, she performed well.
23. The store was closed; __________, we went to another one.
24. I wanted to leave early. __________, I had a lot to do.
25. __________ the rain, the match was played.
26. We’ll start __________ everyone is ready.
27. Don’t touch that, __________ you’ll get burned.
28. He must be sick, __________ he looks pale.
29. __________ you call, I’ll be here.
30. It was __________ a hot day that we stayed indoors.
31. I won't lend you money __________ you pay me back.
32. He was very tired; __________, he continued working.
33. She brought sandwiches __________ drinks for the picnic.
34. I left early __________ I wasn’t feeling well.
35. We can’t go outside __________ it’s still storming.
36. He was late, __________ he missed the bus.
37. They didn’t stop working, __________ they were exhausted.
38. She loves reading; __________, she owns over 500 books.
39. You can join us __________ you behave properly.
40. He bought a car __________ he could drive to work.
41. __________ it was snowing, we went skiing.
42. They didn’t arrive __________ the movie had started.
43. __________ you don’t study, you won’t pass.
44. She was __________ a good dancer that everyone applauded.
45. She passed the exam __________ she studied hard.
46. We’ll go hiking tomorrow, __________ it doesn’t rain.
47. He eats a lot, __________ he never gains weight.
 48. __________ being tired, he finished the project.
49. I will help you __________ you promise to help me too.
50. The movie was boring; __________, I stayed until the end.
51. She likes tea, __________ he prefers coffee.
52. I like spicy food. __________, my brother prefers bland meals.
53. __________ she was nervous, she performed well.
54. The store was closed; __________, we went to another one.
55. I wanted to leave early. __________, I had a lot to do.
56. __________ the rain, the match was played.
57. We’ll start __________ everyone is ready.
58. Don’t touch that, __________ you’ll get burned.
59. He must be sick, __________ he looks pale.
60. __________ you call, I’ll be here.
61. It was __________ a hot day that we stayed indoors.
62. I won't lend you money __________ you pay me back.
63. __________ I was walking, it started to rain.
64. He is rich; __________, he is not happy.
65. I don't want to go. __________, I’m too tired.
66. She can draw __________ paint very well.
67. __________ she apologized, he didn’t forgive her.
68. He was too busy to help me, __________ he offered some advice.
69. I will forgive you, __________ you are honest with me.
70. He is hardworking. __________, he’s responsible.
71. He enjoys football, __________ basketball.
72. I’ll go out __________ I finish this assignment.
73. They love cats. __________, they adopted three last year.
74. She is allergic to nuts. __________, avoid giving her peanut butter.
75. __________ you come with us, you must follow the rules.
76. __________ her fear of heights, she climbed the tower.
77. __________ you don’t hurry, we’ll miss the train.
78. He ran fast __________ he could catch the bus.
79. He’s __________ a talented artist that galleries want his work.
80. They enjoy traveling. __________, they plan trips every year.
PLEASE JOIN THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES INTO ONE SENTENCE WITH PROPER CONJUNSTIONS.
1–8: Cause and Effect Conjunctions
1. He didn’t eat breakfast. He felt very weak during class.
→ ______________________________________________________
2. You are here. We can start the interview.
→ ______________________________________________________
3. She works hard every day. She wants to support her family.
→ ______________________________________________________
4. It rained heavily. The match was canceled.
→ ______________________________________________________
5. He missed the train. He woke up late.
→ ______________________________________________________
 6. They had no map. They got lost.
→ ______________________________________________________
7. We’ll stay home. It’s getting dark.
→ ______________________________________________________
8. My laptop is broken. I have been using my phone.
→ ______________________________________________________

9–13: Addition Conjunctions

9. He is good at football. He’s also excellent at swimming.
→ ______________________________________________________
10. This phone is cheap. It’s very durable.
→ ______________________________________________________
11. I don’t like the new teacher. I don’t understand his teaching style.
→ ______________________________________________________
12. She can speak Chinese. She can speak Korean.
→ ______________________________________________________
13. The new system saves time. It reduces errors.
→ ______________________________________________________

14–18: Contrast / Concessive Conjunctions

14. She is very rich. She lives a simple life.
→ ______________________________________________________
15. The weather was terrible. We went hiking.
→ ______________________________________________________
16. They lost the game. They tried their best.
→ ______________________________________________________
17. I enjoy working from home. My brother prefers the office.
→ ______________________________________________________
18. He didn’t study. He passed the test.
→ ______________________________________________________

19–20: Comparison and Degree

19. The movie was very boring. I fell asleep in the middle.
→ ______________________________________________________
20. It was an exciting story. I couldn’t stop reading it.
→ ______________________________________________________

21–23: Time Conjunctions

 21. I was washing the dishes. She was vacuuming the floor.
→ ______________________________________________________
22. He didn’t call me. He arrived at the airport.
→ ______________________________________________________
23. You may join the trip. You behave well.
→ ______________________________________________________

24–25: Conditionals and Examples

24. Do your homework. You won’t be allowed to play games.
→ ______________________________________________________
25. Many European cities have excellent public transport. Paris and Berlin are good examples.
→ ______________________________________________________