EMERGING TRENDS IN ENGINEERING, SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

FOR SOCIETY, ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT

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ICETEST_FM.indd 2 7/9/2018 4:25:53 PM
 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE IN EMERGING TRENDS IN
ENGINEERING, SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (ICETEST 2018), JANUARY 18–20, 2018,
THRISSUR, KERALA, INDIA

Emerging Trends in Engineering,

Science and Technology for
Society, Energy and Environment

Editors
Rajesh Vanchipura
Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Government Engineering College Trichur, Thrissur, Kerala, India

K.S. Jiji
Associate Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering,
Government Engineering College Trichur, Thrissur, Kerala, India

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 CRC Press/Balkema is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

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 Emerging Trends in Engineering, Science and Technology for Society,
Energy and Environment – Vanchipura & Jiji (Eds)
© 2018 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-0-8153-5760-5

Table of contents

Preface xv
Plenary sessions and keynote speeches xvii
Conference secretariat and committees xix
Editors xxiii

Civil Engineering Advancements for Sustainable Infrastructure

Development and Environment (CEASIDE)
Structural mechanics and materials
Studies on ambient cured geopolymer concrete 3
A.D. Sam & R.S. Deepa
Relationship between the modulus of elasticity and characteristic compressive
strength of B. subtilis impregnated concrete 7
C.M. Meera & V. Subha
Effect of copper slag as fine aggregate in high strength concrete 13
A. Sreelakshmi & G. Jeenu
Study on effectiveness of RC beam strengthening methods using CFRP 21
P. Prabhakaran & G. Joseph
Performance of nano-SiO2 admixed concrete under saline environment 29
M. Daniyal, S. Akhtar & A. Azam
Strengthening of structural elements using Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (FRP)—a review 37
B. Vijayasree & M. Soman
Dynamic soil parameter identification using measured vibration response data
of machine foundations 43
L. Jerard & S. Arun
Pushover analysis of GFRG-OGS building systems 51
K.S.R. Gouri, D. Menon & P.A. Meher
Low-velocity impact behaviour of composite laminates—a review 59
A. Austin & R.S. Priyadarsini
Engineering applications of laminated composites and various theories used
for their response analysis 67
R.K. Binia & K.K. Smitha

Hydraulics and water resources engineering

Trend analysis of rainfall projections of Teesta river basin, Sikkim using non-parametric
tests and ensemble empirical mode decomposition 79
S. Soorya, S. Adarsh & K.L. Priya

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 Management of beach morphological changes on the Trivandrum coast 87
M.U. Niloofar & K.P. Indulekha
Impact of climate change on stream flow 95
P. Dhanya & R. Thomas
Fluid structure interaction in transient cavitating flow in pipes—a review 101
R.M. Cherian, N. Sajikumar & K.S. Sumam
Modified roughness equations for erodible bed open channel flow 109
L. Dhanesh & K.P. Indulekha
Economic design of a surge tank: An alternative approach 117
S. Thara, K.S. Sumam & N. Sajikumar
Degradation study on coir geotextiles treated with hydrocarbon mixed soil 123
A.V. Praseeja & N. Sajikumar
Hydrodynamic behavior of Vizhinjam port using Delft3D 129
E.K.R. Shari & N. Sajikumar

Traffic and pavement engineering

Operating speed of different classes of vehicles at summit vertical curves on
two-lane non-urban roads 135
M.J. Neena, M. Harikrishna & M.V.L.R. Anjaneyulu
Comparison of level of service measures for two-lane rural highways
in mixed traffic 143
M. Sangeetha, M.V.L.R. Anjaneyulu & M. Harikrishna
Effect of rural highway geometry on driver workload: A step towards safety 149
A. Jacob, K.J. Jinesh, J. Akkara & J.P. Therattil
WebGIS enabled route planning system for tourists—a case study 157
C.B. Daniel & V.S. Manju
Comparison of demographic features, urban form and travel characteristics 165
R.S. Remjish & S. Shaheem
Integration of a multi-modal transit system for urban areas: A case study of Cochin city 171
S. Sreelekshmi & S. Shaheem
Quantitative evaluation of bus terminal using time-space analysis 179
V. Hridya & G. Geeva
Modeling of the transport of leachate contaminant in a landfill site:
A case study in Mangaluru 185
A. Divya, S. Shrihari & H. Ramesh
Critical review of water quality modeling and farm scale nutrient transport
models widely used 191
N. Nihal Pandey, V. Sharma & H.N. Udayashankar
A novel hybrid material for the trace removal of hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] from
contaminated water 197
A.R. Laiju & S. Sarkar
Solid waste management practices and decision-making in India 205
R. Rajesh & B.K. Bindhu
Powering India’s villages sustainably: A case study of Bihar 213
D. Kamath & A. Anctil

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 Geomechanics and foundation engineering
Role of sodium silicate in strength development of cement treated clayey
soil admixed with composite promoter 223
K.R. Keerthi & J. Bindu
Stabilisation of Kuttanad clay by environment friendly methods—a review 229
K. Kannan, S. Gayathri, A.K. Jose, L.P. Nair, G. Das & P. Vinod
Development of critical state line concept from hypoplastic model simulations
on triaxial strength of silty sand 235
M. Akhila, K.R. Swamy & N. Sankar
Design of an embankment laterally supported with secant piles at Kuttanad 243
J. Jayamohan, N.R. Arun, K. Balan, S. Aswathy Nair, L.K. Vaishnavi,
M.S. Thampi, D.R. Renju & C. Lekshmi
Effect of anchorage of geosynthetic reinforcement on the behaviour
of reinforced foundation bed 249
A.M. Saji, A.A. Thomas, G. Sunny, J. Jayamohan & V.R. Suresh
An artificial neural network-based model for predicting the bearing capacity
of square footing on coir geotextile reinforced soil 253
D. Lal, N. Sankar & S. Chandrakaran
Interference effect of adjacent footings resting on granular beds
overlying weak soils 259
A.A. Khader, J. Jayaraj & S.R. Soorya
Influence of shape of cross section of footing on load-settlement behaviour 265
B. Anusha Nair, A. Vijayan, S. Chandni, S. Vijayan, J. Jayamohan & P. Sajith
Experimental study to determine the elastic wave velocities of marineclay 271
K. Anagha, M.N. Sandeep & K.S. Beena
Behavior of a single pile under combined and uplift loads: A review 277
D. Divya, R.B. Jiniraj & P.K. Jayasree
Reported correlations on compaction characteristics of fine grained soils
in the standard proctor test—a critical reappraisal 281
G. Sreelekshmy Pillai & P. Vinod
A study on the correlation of the shear modulus of soil with the California bearing
ratio and dynamic cone penetration value 287
S. Athira, S. Parvathy & V. Jaya
Load-settlement behaviour of footing on laterally confined soil 293
P.S. Sreedhu Potty, M. Jeenu, A. Raj, R.S. Krishna, J.B. Ralphin Rose, T.S. Amritha Varsha,
J. Jayamohan & R. Deepthi Chandran
Deformation behavior of sheet pile walls 299
H.S. Athira, V.S. Athira, F. Farhana, G.S. Gayathri, S. Reshma Babu,
N.P. Asha & P. Nair Radhika

Progressive Developments in Mechanical Engineering (PDME)

Fluid flow and fluid power systems
On the role of leading-edge tubercles in the pre-stall and post-stall characteristics
of airfoils 307
V.T. Gopinathan, R. Veeramanikandan, J.B. Ralphin Rose & V. Gokul

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 Aerodynamic investigation of airfoil inspired HALE UAV 315
R. Saravanan, V. Vignesh, V. Venkatramasubramanian, R. Vaideeswaran & R. Naveen Rajeev

Industrial engineering and management

The usability of road traffic signboards in Kottayam 323
R. Rajesh, D.R. Gowri & N. Suhana
Development and analysis of robust neighbourhood search for flow-shop
scheduling problems with sequence dependent setup times 329
V. Jayakumar & R. Vanchipura
A real-world analysis of the impact of knowledge management on cost of quality
in construction projects 335
R. Chandran & S. Ramesh Krishnan
Maintenance strategies for realizing Industry 4.0: An overview 341
A.A. Sambrekar, C.R. Vishnu & R. Sridharan

Manufacturing technology and material science

Characterization of nanoliposomes and their modification for drug delivery 351
K.S. Athira & K.W. Ng
Investigation of compressive strength of impact damaged hybrid composite laminate 357
A. Madhan Kumar, V. Kathiresan, K. Ajithkumar, A. Hukkim Raja &
D. Balamanikandan
Effect of polarity in micro-electrical discharge machining 365
J. Boban, A. Lawrence, K.K. Manesh & L. Varghese
Characterization and Taguchi based modeling and analysis of dissimilar
TIG welded AISI 316L austenitic stainless steel-HSLA steel joints 371
P.V. Shaheer, A. Sadique & K.K. Ramachandran

Mechanical design, vibration and tribology

Behavior of stress intensity factor of semi-elliptical crack at different orientations
subjected to thermal load 381
M.B. Kumaraswamy & J.S. Basavaraja

Numerical models and computational methods

Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation of gas-liquid-solid
three-phase fluidized bed 393
G.P. Deepak & K. Shaji
Fault diagnosis of self-aligning troughing rollers in a belt conveyor system
using an artificial neural network and Naive Bayes algorithm 401
S. Ravikumar, S. Kanagasabapathy, V. Muralidharan, R.S. Srijith & M. Bimalkumar

Other topics related to mechanical engineering

Structural analysis of midship section using finite element method 411
S. Prakash & K.K. Smitha
Experimental analysis of properties of a biolubricant derived from palm kernel oil 417
K. Sandeep & M. Sekar
Influence of perforated tabs on subsonic set control 423
D.S. Chand, D.L.V.V. Kannah, S. Thanigaiarasu & S. Elangovan

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 Renewable energy and alternate fuels
Modification of a parabolic trough collector and its exergy analysis 435
O. Arjun, M.C. Nikhil & B. Sreejith
Analytical computation of GWP, ODP, RF number and TEWI analysis
of various R134a/R1270/R290 blends as R22 alternatives 443
S.V. Shaik & T.P. Ashok Babu
Indoor performance evaluation of a Photovoltaic Thermal (PVT) hybrid collector 451
K.K. Janishali, C. Sajith Babu & S. Gopi
Properties of biodiesel and blends: An investigative and comparative study 459
P.P. Yoosaf, C. Gopu & C.P. Sunil Kumar

Thermal sciences and transport phenomena

Computational study on two phase flow of liquid nitrogen with different
internal coatings 469
S.S. Bindu, S. Kafle, G.J. Philip & K.E. Reby Roy
An experimental investigation of cryogenic chilldown time in a polyurethane-coated
helical coil 479
J. Mohammed, P. Shyam Praveen & K.E. Reby Roy
Effect of concentrated solar radiation on reduction of pressure drop in oil pipeline 485
V.C. Midhun, K. Shaji & P.K. Jithesh
Effects of air jet on bluff body stabilized flame: Validation by simulation 493
S. Parvathi, V.P. Nithin, S. Nithin, N. Nived, P.A. Abdul Samad & C.P. Sunil Kumar
Identification of energy-intensified equipment for reliability analysis 501
C. Sanjeevy & J. Elias

International Conference on Advances in Chemical Engineering (ICAChE)

Design of Fractional Filter Fractional Order Proportional Integral Derivative
(FFFOPID) controller for higher order systems 511
R. Ranganayakulu, G. Uday Bhaskar Babu & A. Seshagiri Rao
Effect of parameters on electro-Fenton process for removal of oil and grease
from refinery wastewater 523
M. Vikramaraj, A.M. Manilal & P.A. Soloman
Conversion studies of methanol to olefin on boric acid treated Al/MCM-41 531
D. Kumar, N. Anand & A. Kedia
Degradation of diphenamid by UV/hydrogen peroxide advanced
oxidation process 537
M.S. Manju, V. Nishan Ahammed & K.P. Prasanth Kumar
Assessment of trihalomethanes in drinking water using gas chromatography 543
S.P. Aravind & P.A. Soloman
Adsorption of perchlorate using cationic modified rice husk 549
A.M. George, K.B. Radhakrishnan & A. Jayakumaran Nair
Biosorption of methyl orange from aqueous solution using cucurbita pepo leaves powder 555
M. Tukaram Bai, K. Latha, P. Venkat Rao & Y.V. Anudeep
Catalytic hydrodechlorination of 1,4-dichlorobenzene from wastewater 565
C. Megha, K. Sachithra & S.P. Kamble

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 Controller tuning method for nonlinear conical tank system using MATLAB/Simulink 575
S. Krishnapriya & R. Anjana
Study on multi walled carbon nanotubes synthesis, modeling and applications 583
K. Krishnarchana, N. Manoj & S. Sangita Dash
Removal of nickel from aqueous solution using sargassum tenerrimum powder
(brown algae) by biosorption: Equilibrium, kinetics and thermodynamic studies 591
M. Tukaram Bai, P. Venkateswarlu & Y.V. Anudeep
Automation of IGCC power plant using Yokogawa DCS 603
K.J. Jyothir Rose, R. Anjana & L. Jenifer
Deprotonation studies on polyaniline polymethyl methacrylate blends processed
from formic acid 611
V.O. Rejini, A.H. Divya & R.S. Nair
Characterization of brushless DC motor for control valve actuation in rocket
propulsion systems 617
K.N. Ajeesh, S. Salim & R. Sujith Kumar
Sequestration of hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide from biogas 623
A.P. Pallan, S. Antony Raja, B. Sajeenabeevi & C.G. Varma
Development of ceramic membrane for microfiltration application in
biotechnology field 631
C. Mohit Kumar & D. Vasanth
Studies on carbon felt/phenolic composites as light weight advanced ablative
TPS for launch vehicle programmes 637
C.Y. Lincy, V. Sekkar, V. Kumar, A. Smitha Alex & S. Sahadev
Desalination studies on two single-sloped solar stills with heat-absorbing materials
as coating material on aluminum basin 643
P. Suman, D. Meghavathu, S. Veluru & Z. Hussain
Towards current induced magnetization reversal in magnetic nanowires 651
A.A. Antony, P.S. Anilkumar & V.O. Rejini
Synthesis and surfactant size regulation of nanoparticles of maghemite (γ-Fe2O3) 657
M. Ahmad Rather
Hydrothermal carbonization: A promising transformation process of biomass
into various product materials 663
M. Ahmad Rather

Electronics, Signal Processing and Communication

Engineering (E-SPACE)
Denoising of musical signals using wavelets specific for musical instruments 671
P.V. Sreelakshmi, A. Gayathri & M.S. Sinith
Low complexity encoding of M-ary QAM constellation for linear index codes 681
A. Shaju & S. Dhanasekaran
Improving myoelectric grasp recognition using empirical mode decomposition
and differential evolution based approach 687
C.K. Anusha, K. AjalBabu & N. Kunju
Automated aquaponics system 695
B. Sreelekshmi & K.N. Madhusoodanan

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 A review of the methods for despeckling in optical coherence tomography 701
K. Athira, K. Brijmohan, V.P. Gopi, K.K. Riyas, G. Wilson & T. Swetha

Generic object detection in image using SIFT, GIST and SURF descriptors 707
D.P. Joy, K.S. Shanthini & K.V. Priyaja

Non-destructive classification of watermelon ripeness using acoustic cues 715

R. Rajan & R.S. Reshma

Predominant instrument recognition from polyphonic music using

feature fusion 721
R. Ajayakumar & R. Rajan

A technique for countering the integer boundary spurs in fractional phase-locked

loops with VCO 727
R. Vishnu, S.S. Anulal & J. Ravi

Adaptive neuro-fuzzy based base station and relay station deployment

for next generation wireless communication 733
M. Vincent

International Conference on Emerging Trends in Computer

Science (ICETICS)
A survey on sentence similarity based on multiple features 743
R.K. Fathima & C. Raseek

A review of extractive sentence compression 751

S.A. Fathima & C. Raseek
A survey of figurative language detection in social media 757
P.D. Manjusha & C. Raseek
A survey of various approaches for interpersonal relationship extraction 765
M. Nijila & M.T. Kala
A survey of morphosyntactic lexicon generation 773
M. Rahul & S. Shine
Classification of question answering systems: A survey 779
S. Sandhini & R. Binu
A survey of lexical simplification 785
K.S. Silpa & M. Irshad
Fast and efficient kernel machines using random kitchen sink and
ensemble methods 793
P. Melitt Akhil & K. Rahamathulla
HOG feature-based recognition for Malayalam handwritten characters 799
E.P. Anjali, A. James & S. Chandran
A novel approach for the veracity and impact prediction of rumors 805
A.R.G. Punneliparambil & N.D. Bisna
A framework for efficient object classification for images having noise
and haze using deep learning technique 811
A. Bhavyalakshmi & M. Jayasree
Bilingual handwritten numeral recognition using convolutional neural network 817
J. Joy & M. Jayasree

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 A security framework to safeguard the hybrid model of SDN from malicious applications 825
C.M. Mansoor & K.V. Manoj Kumar
A human-intervened CAPTCHA (HI-CAPTCHA) for wireless LAN-based
classroom applications 829
P. Giri, Paras & R. Singh
Semantic identification and representation of Malayalam sentence using SVM 835
S. Bhaskar, T.M. Thasleema & R. Rajesh
A survey on relation extraction methodologies from unstructured text 845
S.K. Bhaskaran & P.C. Rafeeque
Decoupling control of TRMS based on a Relative Gain Array (RGA)
and Kharitonov theorem 851
S.K. Pandey, J. Dey & S. Banerjee
Root ORB—an improved algorithm for face recognition 857
A. Vinay, A. Bharadwaj, A. Srinivasan, K.N. Balasubramanya Murthy & S. Natarajan
Face recognition using SURF and delaunay triangulation 865
A. Vinay, A. Gupta, H. Garg, S. Bhat, K.N. Balasubramanya Murthy & S. Natarajan
Opportunities and challenges in software defined networking and network
function virtualization 873
A. Roy, V.K. Asna, N. Nimisha & C.N. Sminesh
A parallel framework for maximal clique enumeration 879
T. Anusree & K. Rahamathulla
Retrieving and ranking similar questions and data-driven answer selection in
community question answering systems 883
V. Dhrisya & K.S. Vipin Kumar
Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) framework proposed for Malayalam
handwritten character recognition system using AlexNet 889
J. Manjusha, A. James & S. Chandran
A novel technique for script identification in trilingual optical character recognition 895
A. Rone Maria & K.J. Helen
An optimal controller placement strategy using exemplar-based clustering
approach for software defined networking 901
A.G. Sreejish & C.N. Sminesh
Identifying peer groups in a locality based on Twitter analysis 907
K. Sreeshma & K.P. Swaraj
Route choice analysis of metros using smart card data 913
S. Sujix

International Conference on Changing Cities-Architecture and Energy

Management (ICCC)
Architectural applications
Ecological conservation of sites through responsive design: Case of the
Muziris heritage interpretation center 925
M. Gopalakrishnan & S. Surya

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 Design strategies for daylighting in tropical high rises 933
N. Nabeel, A. John & A.K. Raseena
Internalizing the concept of sustainability—redefining the curriculum of
building construction in architecture schools 943
O.P. Bawane

Policy and assessment scenario

Effectiveness of housing schemes in rural India: A case study of Vellanad, Kerala 951
N. Vijaya, P. Prabhakaran & A. Lakshmi
Planning for solid waste management in Kuttanad wetland region, Kerala State 957
A. Sanil Kumar & V. Devadas
Green infrastructure as a tool for urban flood management 965
R. Suresh & C.A. Biju
Accessibility and interactions with urban blue spaces: A case of Conolly Canal 973
S. Usman Abdulla & C.A. Bindu
Energy efficiency governance in an Indian context 979
V.P. Shalimol & K.M. Sujith
Environmental management of a blue-green network: A case of Valapad
in Thrissur, Kerala 987
N. Basheer & C.A. Bindu
Urban metabolism and food security: Emergy as a metrics link connecting the food
security with the urban spatial aspects for enhanced livability and sustainability 995
B. Narayan & J. Jayakumar

Smart city initiatives

Smart-cities and smart-villages in the Indian context: Some behavioral aspects 1003
P. Varghese
Environment management through meditation: A sustainable approach 1011
M. Yadav
Bicycles for green mobility in urban areas 1019
M. Harisankar & C.A. Biju
Impact of foreign direct investment on the city: Form and growth of cities 1027
A. Mathew & M. Kumar Kini

Author index 1035

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 Emerging Trends in Engineering, Science and Technology for Society,
Energy and Environment – Vanchipura & Jiji (Eds)
© 2018 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-0-8153-5760-5

Preface

The 5th Biennial International Conference on ‘Emerging Trends in Engineering Science and
Technology’, ICETEST 2018, was held during 18th to 20th January 2018 at Government
Engineering College, Trichur, Kerala, India. ICETEST is an international interdisciplinary
conference covering research and developments in different domains of Engineering, Archi-
tecture and Management. The distinctive feature of ICETEST 2018 is that it is a culmination
of seven sub conferences; CEASIDE for Civil Engineering, PDME for Mechanical Engi-
neering, PICC for Electrical Engineering, ICAChE for Chemical Engineering, E-SPACE for
Electronics and Communication Engineering, ICETICS for Computer Science Engineering
and ICCC for School of Architecture. In spite of having seven different sub conferences,
there had been an underlying specific common theme – Society, Energy & Environment. Of
late, the energy and environment concern has reached its peak, and researchers in academia
need to support the industry and society through socially and environmentally sustainable
solutions.
ICETEST 2018 was organized at Government Engineering College Thrissur (GECT) to
discuss and disseminate the major advances in technologies for Society, Energy and Environ-
ment. Government Engineering College Trichur, (GECT) established in 1958, is one of the
premier institutions for quality technical education in the state of Kerala, India. GECT offers
undergraduate and post graduate programmes in seven Engineering disciplines and Architec-
ture. Further, GECT is a major research center for four branches of Engineering under the
University of Calicut, and is an approved centre for research under the Quality Improvement
Programme of Ministry for Human Resource Development, Govt. of India. The fifth edition
of biennial international conference ICETEST 2018 is organized as part of Diamond Jubilee
celebrations of the institute.
More than 480 pre-registered authors submitted their manuscripts in the conference under
seven different sub conferences. ICETEST 2018 accepted 258 papers after double blind peer
review process. Finally, 251 authors presented their works in the conference. There were dele-
gates and contributions from countries like, USA, Canada, Korea, Malaysia, UAE and Africa.
Cultural and entertainment programs were arranged along with Gala dinner for the del-
egates on second day evening. Cultural show by world famous Indian institute of Art and
Culture, the ‘Kerala kalamandalam’ was the highlight, which provided a glimpse of Kerala’s
rich cultural heritage. These programs in fact made the technical event richer.
The primary objectives of ICETEST 2018 was to bring the emerging technologies from
various disciplines of Engineering, Science & Technology under the theme Society, Energy
and Environment for the betterment of society and preserving nature. The conference has
provided a platform for showcasing and interacting researchers from different domains.
There were 51 paper presentation sessions in different themes under seven sub conferences,
which were conducted in 13 venues within the institution, with 323 delegates and 748 authors.
For, international delegates, it provided an opportunity to visit Kerala, a place commonly
known as ‘God’s own country’ apart from enjoying the technical fiesta.

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 Emerging Trends in Engineering, Science and Technology for Society,
Energy and Environment – Vanchipura & Jiji (Eds)
© 2018 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-0-8153-5760-5

Plenary sessions and keynote speeches

There were three plenary sessions and an Editorial and Publishing Workshop at the main
venue.
1. ‘Power Electronics for Renewable Energy and Power Systems: Opportunities and Chal-
lenges’ by Dr. Jian Sun, Professor, Department of Electrical, Computer, and Systems
Engineering (ECSE), Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, USA.
2. ‘Biomass for Fuels and Chemicals’ by Dr. Suchithra T.G., University of Nottingham,
Malaysia.
3. ‘Power electronics application in alternate energy systems’, by Prof. Ashoka K.S. Bhat,
Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Victoria, B.C., Canada.
4. ‘Editorial Workshop’ by Dr. Gagandeep Singh Editorial manager for the CRC Press,
Taylor & Francis Group.
Apart from plenary, there were 19 keynote speeches organized by seven constituent sub con-
ferences, with experts from India and abroad. Wide range topics that the keynote sessions
covered and highlighted engross the developments from different domains and challenges
with reference to the theme.
We thank all the distinguished delegates who participated in ICETEST 2018 especially:
• Padma Bhushan Dr. K. Radhakrishnan, Honorary Distinguished Advisor, Department of
Space/ISRO, Govt of India for inaugurating the conference and for consenting to be the
chief guest of the inaugural function.
• Padmasree M. Chandradathan, Scientific Advisor to Chief Minister, Govt. of Kerala, for
consenting to be the chief guest of the valedictory function.
• Renowned publication houses, CRC press, Taylor and Francis and IEEE for their com-
munication and sponsorship.
• The funding agencies TEQIP, AICTE, Govt. of India, DTE and KSCSTE, Govt. of Ker-
ala for the financial support which materialized this event.
• Dr. K.P. Indiradevi, Director of Technical Education for the state of Kerala, for the invalu-
able support and directions.
• Dr. B. Jayanand, the Principal GECT, and Diamond Jubilee conveners, Dr. N. Sajikumar,
Head of Civil Engineering Dr. C.P. Sunilkumar, Professor and Dean UG studies, Dr. M.
Nandakumar, Head of Electrical Engineering, Dr. Thajudin Ahamed V.I., Head of Elec-
tronics and communication Engineering and Dr. V.P. Mohandas, Professor in Mechanical
Engineering, for their valuable guidance and support.
• The members of organising committee Dr. E.A. Subaida, Dept. of Civil Engg. (CEA-
SIDE), Dr. Sudheesh R.S., Dept. of Mechanical Engg. (PDME), Dr. Jaison Mathew, Dept.
of Electrical Engg. (PICC), Dr. Subin Poulose, Dept. of Chemical Engg., (ICAChE), Prof.
Mohanan K.P., Dept. of Electronics & Communication Engg. (E-SPACE), Dr. Swaraj
K.P., Dept. of Computer Science & Engg. (ICETICS) and Dr. Ranjini Bhattathiripad
T., School of Architecture (ICCC) for their help, support, commitment and participation
before, during and after the conference.
• All the conveners and members of various committees, reviewers, volunteers, Faculty,
Staff and Students of GECT for their efforts in materialising the event, ICETEST 2018.

xvii

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ICETEST_FM.indd 18 7/9/2018 4:25:53 PM
 Emerging Trends in Engineering, Science and Technology for Society,
Energy and Environment – Vanchipura & Jiji (Eds)
© 2018 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-0-8153-5760-5

Conference secretariat and committees

CHIEF PATRONS

Prof. C. Raveendranath—Hon’ble Minister for Education, Govt. of Kerala

Dr. Usha Titus, IAS—Secretary, Higher Education Department, Govt. of Kerala

PATRONS

Dr. K.P. Indiradevi—Director of Technical Education, Govt. of Kerala

Dr. B. Jayanand—Principal, Govt. Engineering College Trichur

ORGANISING SECRETARY

Dr. Jiji K.S.—Associate Professor, Electrical Engineering, GEC TCR

Dr. Rajesh Vanchipura—Associate Professor, Mechanical Engineering, GEC TCR

JOINT SECRETARY

Dr. Anjana R.—Asst. Professor, Chemical Engineering, GEC TCR

TREASURER

Prof. K.R. Rahul—Asst. Professor, Mechanical Engineering, GEC TCR

ORGANIZING COMMITTEE

Dr. E.A. Subaida—Dept. of Civil Engg.

Dr. Sudheesh R.S.—Dept. of Mechanical Engg.
Dr. Jaison Mathew—Dept. of Electrical Engg.
Dr. Subin Poulose—Dept. of Chemical Engg.
Prof. Mohanan K.P.—Dept. of Electronics & Communication Engg.
Dr. Swaraj K.P.—Dept. of Computer Science & Engg.
Dr. Ranjini Bhattathiripad T.—School of Architecture.

INTERNATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE

Dr. Lars-Erik Lindgren—Professor, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics,

Division of Mechanics of Solid Materials, Lulea University of Technology, Sweden

xix

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 Dr. Angappa “Guna” Gunasekaran—Dean and Professor, Charlton College of Business,
University of Massachusetts, Dartmouth, USA
Dr. Krishna K. Krishnan—Professor and Chair, Department of Industrial, Systems and
Manufacturing Engineering, Wichita State University, Kansas
Dr. Chandramouli Viswanathan Chandramouli—Associate Professor of Civil Engineering,
College of Engineering and Sciences, Hammond
Dr. Annick Anctil—Assistant Professor, Civil and Env Engg., Michigan State University, USA
Dr. J.S. Vinod—Senior Lecturer in Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information
Sciences, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
Dr. Antony Joseph—Assistant Research Scientist, Energy and Building Research Center
(EBRC), Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (KISR), Kuwait
Prof. Seung-Ki Sul—Seoul National University, South Korea
Prof. Frede Blaabjerg—Aalborg University, Denmark
Dr. Tomy Sebastian—Halla Mechatronics, USA
Prof. Adelino Jorge Lopes Ferreira—Director of the Road Pavements Laboratory, Professor,
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Coimbra, Portugal
Prof. P.A. Muhammed Basheer, FREng—Professor of Structural Engineering, Head of
School of Civil Engineering, University of Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK
Dr. Srinivas Sriramula—Lloyd’s Register Foundation (LRF), Centre for Safety & Reliability Engi-
neering, School of Engineering Fraser Noble Building, University of Aberdeen, UK
Dr Vivek Balachandran—Singapore Institute of Technology

NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE

Dr. Devdas Menon—Professor in Structural Engineering, IIT, Madras

Dr. K.P. Sudheer—Professor in Civil Engineering, IIT, Madras
Dr. K. Vijayakumar—Director of Technical Education (Rtd.), Kerala
Dr. Kuncheria P. Isaac—Vice Chancellor, Kerala Technological University
Dr. J. Letha—Vice Chancellor, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala
Dr. Suresh Nair—Chair, IEEE, Kerala
Prof. (Dr.) N. Kavita Daryani Rao—Vice Chancellor, Jawaharlal Nehru Architecture and Fine
Arts University, Telangana
Prof. (Dr.) Vasudha Gokhale—Professor in Archtecture, B.N.C.A College of Architecture for
Women, Maharashtra
Dr. Balaji C.—Professor, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, IIT, Madras
Er. A.F. Antony—IDSE Director, Military Engineer Service, CE(AF), Bangalore
Dr. P.V. Venkitakrishnan—Director, ISRO Propulsion Complex, Mahendragiri, Tamil Nadu
Er. Shajan T.I.—Group Director-GTRE, DRDO, Bangalore
Dr. Krishna Vasudevan—Professor, Dept. of Electrical Engg., IIT, Madras
Dr. K. Gopakumar—Professor, Dept. of Electrical Engg., IISc, Bangalore
Prof. A.K. Nandakumaran—Department of Mathematics, IISc, Banaglore
Dr. Hari M. Varma—Department of Bio-sciences and Bio-engineering IIT, Bombay
Dr. Subrahmanyam Kalyanasundaram—Assistant Professor, Dept. of Computer Science and
Engineering, IIT, Hyderabad
Dr. R. Anandalakshmi—Dept. of Chemical Engg., IIT, Guwahati
Dr. G. Pugazhenthi—Professor, Department of Chemical Engineering, IIT, Guwahati
Dr. Sabu Sebastian—Scientist F, NPOL, Kochi
Prof. (Dr.) Anandhakuttan B. Unnithan—IIM, Kozhikode
Mr. Bhav Singh—Scientist F, DMRL, Hyderabad
Dr. Vinod S.—Asst. Professor, NIT, Trichy
Dr. Prasad Krishna—Professor, NIT, Surathkal
Dr. Mohammad Idrees—Professor & Chairman, Department of Chemical Engineering, Zakir
Husain College of Engineering & Technology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh
Dr. A. Unnikrishnan—Former Outstanding Scientist, NPOL, Kochi
xx

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 TECHNICAL COMMITTEE

Dr. R. Rudramoorthy—Principal, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore

Dr. N. Ramachandran—Professor and Head, Dept. of Mech. Engg., NIT, Calicut
Dr. Jyothi Prakash—Professor in Civil Engineering, IIT, Bombay
Dr. M.V.L.R. Anjaneyulu—Professsor in Civil Engineering, NIT, Calicut
Dr. Chandrakaran S.—Professsor in Civil Engineering, NIT, Calicut
Dr. N. Ganesan—Professsor in Civil Engineering, NIT, Calicut
Mr. Suthakar S.—Asst. Manager, BEML, Mysore
Dr. Kamlesh Kumari—Professor in Chemical Engineering, SLIET, Punjab
Dr Pushpa Jha—Professor, Dept. of Chemical Engg., SLIET, Punjab
Dr. Lity Alen Varghese—Department of Chemical Engineering, NIT, Calicut
Dr. Shiny Joseph—Department of Chemical Engineering, NIT, Calicut
Dr. A. Sreenivasan—Department of Biotechnology, NIT, Raipur
Dr. Saravanan Chandran—Assistant Professor, NIT, Durgapur
Dr. Sudeep K.S.—Assistant Professor, NIT, Calicut
Mr. Muralidharan—DGM, MIL Controls
Mr. Unnikrishnan P.K.—Head, Apollo Tyres, Kerala

xxi

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 Emerging Trends in Engineering, Science and Technology for Society,
Energy and Environment – Vanchipura & Jiji (Eds)
© 2018 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-0-8153-5760-5

Editors

Dr. Rajesh Vanchipura—Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering,

Government Engineering College Trichur, Thrissur, Kerala, India. 680 009, rajeshvanchipura@
gmail.com, Phone: +91 944739505
Dr. Jiji K.S.—Associate Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, Government
Engineering College Trichur, Thrissur, Kerala, India. 680 009, [email protected], Phone: +91
9446897218

EDITORS FOR SIX SECTIONS

Section 1: Ceaside; Civil Engineering Advancements for Sustainable Infrastructure

Development and Environment
Editor: Dr. E.A. Subaida—Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Government
Engineering College Trichur, Thrissur, Kerala, India. [email protected]
Section 2: PDME; Progressive Developments in Mechanical Engineering
Editor: Dr. R.S. Sudheesh—Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Government Engineering College Trichur, Thrissur, Kerala, India. [email protected]
Section 3: ICAChE; International Conference on Advances in Chemical Engineering
Editor: Dr. SubinPoulose—Associate Professor, Department of Chemical Engineering,
Government Engineering College Trichur, Thrissur, Kerala, India. [email protected]
Section 4: E-SPACE; Electronics, Signal Processing and Communication Engineering
Editor: Prof. Mohanan K.P.—Associate Professor, Department of Electronics and Com-
munication Engineering, Government Engineering College Trichur, Thrissur, Kerala, India.
[email protected]
Section 5: ICETICS; International Conference on Emerging Trends in Computer Science
Editor: Dr. Swaraj K.P.—Associate Professor, Department of Computer Science and Engineering,
Government Engineering College Trichur, Thrissur, Kerala, India. [email protected]
Section 6: ICCC; International Conference on Changing Cities- Green Architecture and
Energy Management
Editor: Dr. Ranjini Bhattathiripad T.—Professor, School of Architecture, Government
Engineering College Trichur, Thrissur, Kerala, [email protected]

xxiii

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ICETEST_FM.indd 24 7/9/2018 4:25:53 PM
 Civil Engineering Advancements for Sustainable
Infrastructure Development and Environment
(CEASIDE)

Structural mechanics and materials

ICETEST 2018_Book.indb 1 7/9/2018 12:12:25 PM

ICETEST 2018_Book.indb 2 7/9/2018 12:12:25 PM
 Emerging Trends in Engineering, Science and Technology for Society,
Energy and Environment – Vanchipura & Jiji (Eds)
© 2018 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-0-8153-5760-5

Studies on ambient cured geopolymer concrete

Amy De Sam & Raj S. Deepa

College of Engineering, Trivandrum, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India

ABSTRACT: Cement is the main constituent present in the production of concrete. The
production of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) leads to huge emission of green house gases
such as CO2. Fly ash based geopolymer binders are an innovative alternative to OPC which
can provide high strength. Much research has been conducted on the properties of fly ash
based geopolymer concrete hardened by heat curing, which is considered as a limitation for
cast in situ applications of geopolymers. The aim of this study is to generate geopolymers
cured without elevated heat. For this Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBFS) is
also used as a binder along with fly ash in different percentages. The result obtained revealed
that the addition of GGBFS in fly ash based geopolymer concrete enhanced its mechanical
properties in an ambient curing condition.

Keywords: fluid–Geopolymer concrete, fly ash, blast furnace slag, ambient curing

1 INTRODUCTION

Concrete is a widely used construction material all over the world. To reduce the environmental
impact caused by the production of cement, it is necessary to develop some environmentally
friendly alternative materials. For this a material called geopolymer, synthesized by alkali
activation of aluminosilicate compounds can be used. Geopolymer is a binder material which
can be a sustainable and economical binding material as it is produced from industrial by-
products such as fly ash replacing 100% of cement in concrete. As compared with Portland
cement, geopolymers have very low CO2 emissions (Partha Sarathi et al. 2014).
Low calcium fly ash (class F) is used as a suitable material for geopolymer because of its
wide availability and lower water demand. From previous investigations it is clear that heat
cured low calcium fly ash based geopolymer concrete (GPC) has shown excellent mechani-
cal and durability properties (Karthik A. et al. 2017). The only limitation of fly ash based
GPC is that, it requires heat curing, so this cannot be used for cast in-situ applications at low
ambient temperature.
To widen the use of GPC beyond precast applications it is necessary to produce GPC mem-
bers cured in ambient conditions. For this Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBFS)
can be used as a binder along with fly ash (Pradip Nath et al. 2014). GGBFS is a by-product
from the steel industry with a high calcium content compared to fly ash. Blast furnace slag
is formed during the production of hot metals in blast furnaces. If the molten slag is cooled
and solidified by rapid quenching, GGBFS is formed. Only a few research papers are avail-
able regarding slag based geopolymer concrete, and do not provide any clear evaluation of
data. Thus to establish the relevance of GGBFS in GPC it is necessary to thoroughly study
its mechanical properties.

2 EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM

The experiment program consists of developing slag based GPC by replacing the amount
of fly ash in GPC by various percentage such as 10%, 20%, 30% and 40%. To study the

ICETEST 2018_Book.indb 3 7/9/2018 12:12:25 PM

 fresh properties, a slump test was conducted. For assessing the mechanical properties, a
compressive strength test, split tensile strength test and flexural strength test were performed.

2.1 Material properties

Class F fly ash containing 21.4% calcium oxide and 64.84% silica (SiO2) having an average
particle size of less than 45µ and GGBFS containing 38.34% calcium oxide and 34.26% silica
(SiO2) is used as binder materials. The fine aggregate used is M-sand. The fineness modulus
of M-sand is 2.94 conforming to grading zone II. The coarse aggregate used for this study is
crushed granite of 20 mm nominal size having specific gravity of 2.7. The alkaline activator
used is sodium silicate (solution) and sodium hydroxide (solution). The ratio of alkaline acti-
vator to binder is taken as 35% and the ratio of sodium silicate to sodium hydroxide is taken
as 2.5% [Pradip Nath, (2014)]. A superplasticizer is used to adjust the workability of mixes.

2.2 Mix design

Since no standard procedure is available for the mix design of GPC, the mix proportion for the
geopolymer concrete is adopted from the study conducted by Ganesan et al., (2015) [Ganesan,
N., (2015)]. For the preparation of slag based geopolymer concrete, the mix proportion was
modified by replacing fly ash with 10% to 40% of GGBFS, while the other ingredients remained
the same. The designations used for identifying the mixes are M-mix having no GGBFS and
100% fly ash, M1-mix having 10% GGBFS and 90% fly ash, M2-mix having 20% GGBFS
and 80% fly ash, M3-mix having 30% GGBFS and 70% fly ash, M4-mix having 40% GGBFS
and 60% fly ash respectively. The mix proportion of all the mixes is shown in Table 1.

2.3 Preparation of specimens

Firstly coarse aggregate in the saturated surface dry condition was dry mixed with fly ash,
GGBFS and sand in a laboratory mixer for three minutes. To produce geopolymer concrete
alkaline activator solution, superplasticizer and extra water was added to the dry mix and the
mixing continued for five minutes. Immediately after mixing, the slump of fresh concrete was
measured. Standard cubes of size 150 mm, cylinders of 150 mm diameter and 300 mm height
and prisms of size 100 mm × 100 mm × 500 mm were prepared for determining the hardened
properties. The moulds were filled in layers and each layer was well compacted and kept in
ambient conditions. After 24 hours of casting the specimens were removed from the moulds
and allowed to cure under ambient conditions for seven days.

2.4 Testing
The workability of fresh geopolymer concrete was determined by a slump test. After seven
days of casting, a compressive strength test, splitting tensile strength test and flexural strength
test were carried out using a compression testing machine with a capacity of 3000 kN.

Table 1. Concrete mix proportions in kg/m3.

Mix M M1 M2 M3 M4

CA 1248 1248 1248 1248 1248

FA 600 600 600 600 600
Fly ash 408 367.2 326.4 285.6 244.8
GGBFS 0 40.8 81.6 122.4 163.2
Na2SiO3 Soln. 103 103 103 103 103
NaOH Soln. 41 41 41 41 41
Superplasticizer 10.2 10.2 10.2 10.2 10.2
Water 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5

ICETEST 2018_Book.indb 4 7/9/2018 12:12:25 PM

 3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1 Slump and compressive strength

Slump values of fresh geopolymer concrete and compressive strengths of specimens following
seven days of ambient curing are shown in Table 2.
From Table 2, it can be seen that the workability of the mix reduced with the increase
in GGBFS content. This may be due to the irregular shape of slag particles in comparison
with the spherical shape of fly ash since it reduces the ability for free movement. Accelerated
reactions occurred in the slag containing mix and this could also be a reason for reduced
workability. When 40% of GGBFS is added to GPC, the workability reduces to a very low
value, therefore it is difficult to work with this in practice.
From Table 2, it can be noted that the addition of GGBFS increased the strength prop-
erties. This increase was mainly due to the production of a calcium based compound in
the dissolved binder which produces a reaction product from both the slag and fly ash.
From the compressive strength test results shown in Table 2, it is seen that the compressive
strength increases up to 30% of GGBFS content. This increase in compressive strength by
the addition of GGBFS is due to its pore filling effect [2]. However, when the percentage of
GGBFS is increased to 40%, the strength is reduced, this may be due to the very low work-
ability of the mix and a reduction of the geopolymerization process due to the increase in
calcium content.

3.2 Splitting tensile strength

Tensile strength of concrete is an important mechanical property related to the design aspects
of concrete structures, since it relates to crack initiation and propagation, as well as shear and
anchorage of reinforcing steel in concrete. The splitting tensile test is usually conducted for
determining the tensile strength of concrete. The results of seven days of the splitting tensile
strength test are shown in Table 3.
From Table 3 it can be seen that split tensile strength increases as the amount of GGBFS
increases from 10% to 30%. The addition of an extra amount of water in the mixtures will
affect the rate of tensile strength development of geopolymer concrete [3]. For this reason the
tensile strength of the M4 mix is reduced.

3.3 Flexural strength

The flexural strength values of specimens at the age of seven days are shown in Table 4.
From Table 4, it can be seen that the flexural strength is increasing upto 30% of GGBFS
and then decreases when the percentage of GGBFS is increased to 40%. Figure 1 shows the
percentage increase in strength with different percentages of GGBFS.
From Figure 1, it can be concluded that the addition of 30% GGBFS gives higher strengths
so this can be taken as the optimum percentage.

Table 2. Slump and compressive strength.

Table 3. Splitting tensile strength in N/mm2.
Compressive
% of Slump strength Split tensile %
Mix GGBFS (mm) (N/mm2) Mix strength variation

M – 125 23.5 M9 1.33    0

M1 10 120 25 M1 1.38    3.76
M2 20 110 28 M2 1.42    6.77
M3 30 95 48.8 M3 3.112 133.8
M4 40 20 31 M4 2.82 112

ICETEST 2018_Book.indb 5 7/9/2018 12:12:25 PM

 Table 4. Flexural strength in N/mm2.

Flexural %
Mix strength variation

M 4.3 0
M1 4.8 11.63
M2 5.4 25.58
M3 7.8 81.4
M4 7.2 67.44
Figure 1. Percentage increase in strengths.

4 CONCLUSIONS

From the study conducted the following conclusions can be drawn:-

1. The workability of GPC mix decreases with an increase in GGBFS content. The work-
ability of GPC containing 40% GGBFS is reduced by 84% compared to that containing
no GGBFS.
2. The mechanical properties such as compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural
strength increases with an increase in GGBFS content.
3. With 30% of GGBFS in the mix better workability, compressive strength, split tensile
strength and flexural strength were obtained.
4. It can be concluded that 30% GGBFS content can be taken as the optimum percentage of
GGBFS in geopolymer concrete based on fresh and hardened properties.

REFERENCES

Aradhana Mehta, Kuldeep Kumar (2016). Strength and durability characteristics of fly ash and slag
based geopolymer concrete, International Journal of Civil Engineering & Technology (IJCIET)
Research, 305–314.
Ganesan, N., Ruby Abraham & Deepa Raj S. (2015). Durability charecteristics of steel fibre reinforced
geopolymer concrete, Construction and Building Materials, 93, 471–476.
Karthik A., Sudalaimani K. & Vijaya Kumar C.T. (2017). Investigation on mechanical properties of fly
ash-ground granulated blast furnace slag based self curing bio-geopolymer concrete, Construction
and Building Materials, 149, 338–349.
Partha Sarathi, Pradip Nath, Prabir Kumar Sarker. (2014). The effect of ground granulated blast-furnace
slag blending with fly ash and activator content on the workability and strength of geopolymer
concrete cured at ambient temperature, Materials and Design, 62, 32–39.
Phoo-Ngernkham, T., Chindaprasirt, P., Sata, V. & Sinsiri, T. (2013). High calcium fly ash geopolymer
containing diatomite as additive, Indian Journal of Engineering Material Science, 20(4), 310–318.
Pouhet Raphaelle, Cyr Martin. (2016). “Formulation and performance of fly ash metakaolin geopolymer
concretes, Construction and Building Materials, 120, 150–160.
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Rashad, A.M. (2013). A comprehensive overview about the influence of different additives on the prop-
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References

1 Chapter 1 Studies on ambient cured

geopolymer concrete

Aradhana Mehta, Kuldeep Kumar (2016). Strength and

durability characteristics of fly ash and slag based
geopolymer concrete, International Journal of Civil
Engineering & Technology (IJCIET) Research, 305–314.

Ganesan, N., Ruby Abraham & Deepa Raj S. (2015). Durability

charecteristics of steel fibre reinforced geopolymer
concrete, Construction and Building Materials, 93, 471–476.

Karthik A., Sudalaimani K. & Vijaya Kumar C.T. (2017).

Investigation on mechanical properties of fly ash-ground
granulated blast furnace slag based self curing
bio-geopolymer concrete, Construction and Building
Materials, 149, 338–349.

Partha Sarathi, Pradip Nath, Prabir Kumar Sarker. (2014).

The effect of ground granulated blast-furnace slag
blending with fly ash and activator content on the
workability and strength of geopolymer concrete cured at
ambient temperature, Materials and Design, 62, 32–39.

Phoo-Ngernkham, T., Chindaprasirt, P., Sata, V. & Sinsiri,

T. (2013). High calcium fly ash geopolymer containing
diatomite as additive, Indian Journal of Engineering
Material Science, 20(4), 310–318.

Pouhet Raphaelle, Cyr Martin. (2016). “Formulation and

performance of fly ash metakaolin geopolymer concretes,
Construction and Building Materials, 120, 150–160.

Pradip Nath, Prabir Kumar Sarkar. (2014). Effect of GGBFS

on setting, workability, and early strength properties of
fly ash geopolymer concrete cured in ambient condition,
Construction and Building Materials, 66, 163–171.

Rashad, A.M. (2013). A comprehensive overview about the

influence of different additives on the properties of
alkali activated slag: A guide for civil engineer,
Construction and Building Materials, 47, 29–55.

Table 4. Flexural strength in N/mm 2 .

Mix Flexural strength % variation

M 4.3 0
M1 4.8 11.63

M2 5.4 25.58

M3 7.8 81.4

M4 7.2 67.44 Figure 1. Percentage increase in strengths.

2 Chapter 2 Relationship between the
modulus of elasticity and characteristic
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strength and fracture properties of self healing concrete.
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composition on Young’s modulus. Procedia Engineering,
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3 Chapter 3 Effect of copper slag as fine
aggregate in high strength concrete

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Prem, Bharathkumar B.H. and Nagesh R. Iyer. 2015. Studies
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Khalifa S. Al-Jabri, Makoto Hisada, Salem K. Al-Oraimi and

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31 Chapter 31 Role of sodium silicate in
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35 Chapter 35 Effect of anchorage of
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Table 5. Comparative study.

Maximum likelihood

estimation K-means clustering Bellman −Ford algorithm

Estimates the likelihood of route selection. Partitions

data into clusters and uses the joint and conditional
probabilities for estimation. Finds effective paths chosen
based on minimum path, cost, etc.

Uses smart card and train timetable data. Uses smartcard

data. Uses smartcard data, train timetable and MCL data.

Applicable to different types of data. Applicable to all

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models.

Precise estimation. Simple and efficient method. Maximizes

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