, ee Force and Laws of Motion Fastracl« Revision » Force: Its a push or hit or pull on a body. Force cannot be seen, tasted or felt but we can see or Feel the effect of a Force. itis a vector quantity. Effects of Force > A force can change the magnitude of velocity of an object. > A force can change the direction of motion of an object: > Aforce can change the shape or size of objects. ‘Typos of Force: Forces are of two types: > Balanced Forces: These are the forces which do not change the state of rest or motion of an object. Also, the forces are balanced if the resultant of applied Forces Is equal to zero, > Unbalanced Forces: Ifthe resultant of applied forces Is non-zero, the forces are unbalanced. In this case, the object would move in the direction of the greater Force. An object in rest can be moved because of applying unbalanced Forces. > Newton's Laws of Motion: Newton has given three laws to define the motion of bodies. These laws are called Newton's laws of mation, > Newton's First Law of Motion: An abject continues to be Ina state of rest or of uniform motion along a straight line unless acted upon by an unbalanced Force. > Inortlo: The natural tendency of objects to resist a change in thelr state of rest or of uniform motion is called Inertla. inowledige BOOSTER Inertia Is the inherent property of all bodles on (R) Newton's first law of mation Is also known as the lo 'M of inectia, > ‘Types of Inertia > Inartla of Rest: It s the tendency of a body to oppose any change in its state of rest. > Inertia of Motion: It is the tendency of a body to oppose any change in its state of uniform motion. > Inertla of Diraction: It Is the tendency of a body to oppose any change in its direction of mation, > Mass: It is 2 measure of inertia of an object. Its SI unit Is kilogram (kg). Inertla increases with Increase in mass and decreases with decrease In mass. > Friction: Force of friction always opposes mation of objects. It arises between two surfaces In contact. It acts opposite to the direction of motion > Momentum: It measures the quontity of motion possessed by a body and is defined as the product of mass, and velocity of the body. It is a vector quantity and Its SI Unit is Newton-second (Ns) or kg-m s ‘Momentum (p) = mass (m) x velocity (v) or p= mv Its direction is the same as that of velocity v nowledge BOOSTER AA) Ifthe body is at rest, its velocity, v0 and so momentum, \) p=0. > Newton's Second Law of M: The rate of change of momentum of an abject is directly proportional to the applied unbalanced force in the direction of the force. Change in momentum _ my mu cre Time taken t or Femxa (2) Thus, force Is also defined as the product of mass and and Is acceleration. Its SI unit Is Newton or kg-ms"? ropresented by the symbol N. nowledge BOOSTER The force necessary to change the momentum of| ‘on object depends on the time rate at which the 7% momentum Is changed. > force of one Newton produces an acceleration of 1 ms"? ‘onan abject of mass 1 kg. > Noviton’s Third Law of Motion: When one object exerts a force on another abject, then the second object Instantaneously exerts an equal and opposite force on the first object. These forces are known as actlon and reaction forces which are always equal In magnitude but opposite in direction, This law can also be stated as to every action, there Is an equal and opposita reaction and they act on two different: bodies., ee a Practice Exercise QD Multiple choice Questions QL There will be 2 change in the speed or in the direction of motion of a body when it is acted upon by: a. zero force b. balanced force c. unbalanced forced, uniform force Q2. Identify the correct statement(s). () To accelerate the motion of an object, a balanced force is required. (ll) Balanced forces do not change the stato of rest or of motion of an object. (iii) Balanced forces donot produce any acceleration, they can change the shape or size or the body. (i) and (i) b. (i) and (i) c. (i) and (i) d. None of these Q3. Anumber of forces acting on a body changes velocity of the body. The forces cannot be: 2. paralleled b. unbalanced c. balanced d. inclined 4. A body is accelerating in a straight Une, The unbalanced force acts: a. in the direction of motion of the body. b. In a direction opposite ta the direction of motion. c. Ina direction perpendicular to the direction of ‘motion of the body. . None af the above Q5. A hockey player pushes the ball on the ground. It comes to rest aftor travelling cortain distance because: a. the player stops pushing the ball b. balanced force acts on the ball. c. the opposing force acts on the ball d. None of the above Q6. Which of the following statement Is not correct for an object moving along a straight path in an accelerated motion? (CERT EXEMPLAN) a. Its speed keeps changing b. Its velocity always changes c. Italways goes away from the earth d. A force is always acting on It Q7. A passenger In a moving bus tosses a coin which falls behind him, It means that, motion of tha bus is: ((vcenr exerpLan) 2. uniform b. accelerated c. retarded 4d. along circular motion Q8. A rider on horse falls back when horse starts running, all of a sudden because: a. rider Is taken back b. rider is suddenly afraid of falling <. inertia of rest keeps the upper part af body at rest while lower part of the bady moves forward with the horse 4. None of the above qu. Q9. A man getting down a running bus, falls forward because: a due to inertla of rest. raad Is left behind and man reaches forward b. due to inertia of motion, upper part of body continues to be In mation In forward direction while feet come to rest as soon as they touch the road che leans forward as a matter of habit d. of the combined effect of all the three factors stated in a, b. and c Q10. Awater tanker filled up to 2 of its height is moving with a uniform speed. On sudden application of the brake, the water in the tank would: (wcerr exemPLAn) ‘a.move backward —_b. move forward cbeunaffected ——d.rise upwards QIL The inertia of an object tends to cause the object: (Nceter EXEMPLAR) a. to Increase its speed b. to decrease Its speed C toresist any change in its state of motion d. to decelerate due to friction ‘What Is tho SI unit of momentum? agms! b.gmist kgm d. kgm s? Inertia of a body Is quantitative measure of its: a. velocity b. acceleration mass 4d. force If A and B are two objects with masses 13 kg and 25 kg respectively, then ‘a. Abas more inertia than @ b. Shas more inertia than A c. Aand Bhave same inertia d. None of the two has Inertia Which of the following has the largest inertia? a. Needle b. A water bottle Pen d. Gur body Newton's second law of motion gives us a measure of: a. force b. inertia mass 4. acceleration Which of the expression to find the force is correct? a.Famla b. Fama © Faalm d. Fa maim An object will continue to accelorato until the: 2a. velocity changes direction b. resultant force an Itis Increased continuously resultant force begins to decrease 4. resultant force an Its zero quiz, qs. qu. aus. Q16. Qu. Qs. How much force acts on a body whose momentum. (P) is constant with time (t)? a. Zero b plat ©. 2prt d. None of theseQ20. Qa. Qzz. Qa. Q24. gas. 26. Q27. ze. ‘A body, whose momentum Is constant, must have constant: a. force b. velocity © acceleration d. Allof these The momentum of an object at a given Instant Is independent of its: a. inertia b. mass «. velocity d. acceleration A goalkeeper in a game of football pulls his hands backwards after holding the ball shot at the goal. This enables the goalkeeper to: (NCERF EXEMPLAR) a. exert larger force on the ball b. reduce the force exerted by the ball on hands « Increase the rate of change of momentum d. decrease the rate of change of momentum ‘An object of mass 6 kg is sliding on horizontal surface, with a uniform velocity of 8 m/s. Assuming force of friction offered by the surface to be zero, the force required to maintain the motion of object with the same uniform velocity is: a.Zero b2N c8N d.32N Force required in accelerating a 3 kg mass at § m/s? and a 4 kg mass at 4 m/s”, will be: a. zera In both the cases b. same in both the cases «. greater for 3 kg mass at S m/s? d. greater for 4 kg mass at 4 m/s? According to the third law of motion, action and reaction: (NCERT EXEMPLAR) a, always act an the same body b. always act an different bodies in opposite directions «have same magnitude and directions d. act on either body at normal to each other The net force acting on a book placed on a table Is: a. force of gravity b, force exerted by table on the book « frictional force d.zero ‘Acannon after firing racolls due to: 2. conservation of energy b, backward thrust of gases produced c. Neviton’s third law of mation d. Newton’ first law of motion ‘Aman Is standing on a boat in still water. If ho walks towards the shore, the boat will: 1. move away from the shore b. remain stationary c. move towards the shore d. sink @ Asse in & Reason Type Questions y Directions (Q Nos. 29-37): Each of the following questions consists of two statements, one is Assertion (A) and the other is Reason (R) Select the correct answer to these questions from the codes (o),(b), (¢) ond (d) a5 given below. 29. Q30. QaL 32. Q33. Q34. a3. 36. Q37. ‘a. Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A). b. Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true but Reason (R) Is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A). © Assertion (A) Is true but Reason (R) Is false. . Assertion (A) is false but Reason (R) Is true. Assertion (A): Balanced forces do not change the state of rest or of motion of an object. Reason (R): If a number of forces acting on a body produce an acceleration in the body, then the forces acting are called unbalanced forces. Assertion (A): When we stop pedalling, the bicycle begins to slow down, Reason (R): Force of friction always opposes motion of objects. Assertion (A): An object maintains its motion under the continuous applicatlon of an unbalanced force. Reason (R): The change in the direction of motion would continue as long as this unbalanced force is applied. Assertion (A): When a motorcar makes a sharp turn at a high speed, we tend to get thrown to one side. Reason (R): Inertia is the tendency of undisturbed objects to stay at rest or to keep moving with the same velocity Assertion (A): A five-rupee coin has more Inertia than one-rupee coin. Reason (R): The mass of an abject is a measure of its inertia Assertion (A): Newton's second law of motion gives the measurement of force. Reason (R): According to Newton's second law of motion, force Is directly proportional to the rate of change of momentum. Assertion (A): The force necessary to change the momentum of an abject depends on the time rate at which the mamentum is changed. Roason (R): Rate of change of momentum of a body is directly proportional to the applled unbalanced force. Assertion (A): If the net external force on the body is zero, then its acceleration Is zero, Reason (R): Acceleration does not depend an force. Assertion (A): When 2 bullet is fired from a gun, the force sending the bullet forward Is equal to the force sending the gun backward. Reason (R): Every acton has an equal and apposite reaction,10. 12. 3 4, 15. 16. v7. 18, 19, 20. 2. 22. 23. - yon ee Answers v. (0) unbalanced force if an unbalanced force is applied on the object. there will be a change either In its speed or in the direction of its mation. (b) (il) and (il) To accelerate the motion of an object. an unbalanced force is required (0) balanced (a) in the direction of mation af the body. (0) the opposing force acts on the ball The ball comes to rest because frictional force (opposing force) acts an the ball (0) It always goes away from the earth (0) accelerated (0) inertia of rest keeps the upper part of body at rest while lower part of the body moves forward with the horse (b) due to Inertia of motion, upper part of body continues to be in motion in forward direction \while feet come to rest as soon as they touch the road (b) move forward Due to Newton's first law of motion or law of inertia. tanker will stop but water will continue moving forward on sudden application of the brake. (c) to resist any change in its state of mation (kg-m 5" (0) mass (b) Bhas more inertia than A Heavier objects offer larger Inertia (d) Our body Our body out of the four cholces, our body is the heaviest. Hence, it has the largest inertia (a) force (b) Fama (d) resultant force on itis zero We know that. Fe mo FE m ‘As mass Is constant and cannot be zero. So. we can say an object will continue accelerating until the resultant force on It is zero, (a) Zero Farce is the rate of change of momentum. 50, momentum Is constant vhen farce Is zero. (b) velocity For a given mags. p< v. if momentum is constant. then its velocity must be constant (d) acceleration (d) decrease the rate of change of momentum (a) Zera Given ae0 {Sinco, object is moving with uniform velocity) We know that, F » man 6xO0ON 24, (c) greater for 3 kg mass at 5 m/s? Foomo=3x5©15N Fy om, 0,04x4e16N = FL >A a> 25. (b) always act on different bodies in opposite directions, 26. (d) zero According to Newton's third law, the table exerts the same force on the book as the farce that the book applies on the table. Thus. net force acting cn the book Is zero and hence the book remains at rest on the table. 27. (c) Newton's third law of mation 28. (a) move away from the shore 29. (b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A). 30. (a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (A) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A) 31. (0) Assertion (A) is false but Reason (A) is true. 32. (a)Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A). 33, (a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A), (a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of “Assertion (A). 36, (b) Both Assertion (A) and R are true but A Is not the correct explanation oF Assertion (A) (c) Assertion (A) is true but Reason (R) Is false. According to Newton's second law of motion, Femo Clearly, acceleration depends on force ai the body. Algo, If net external force Is z0r0. Le. 0 «ma = a=0,Le. no acceleratian in the bowy. 37. (a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) Is the correct explanation of Assertion (A). @ Case Study Based Questions w Case Study 1 IF the resultant of all the forces acting on a body is zero, the forces are called balanced forces. A body under the uction of balanced forces does not change its position of rest (or of uniform motion) and it appears as if no force is acting on it. They can, however, change the shape of the body. On the other hand, if the resultant of all the forces acting on a body is not zero, the forces are called unbalanced forces, When unbalanced forces act on a body, they produce a change in its state of rest or of uniform motion 34, 36. 1g onee Read the given passage carefully and give the answer of the following questions: QL Mark the incorrect option: a. Balanced forces cannot set any statlonary body into motion. b, Balanced forces cannot change the speed of a ‘moving body. Balanced forces can change the shape and slze of a body. d. None of the above Q2. Which is correct for unbalanced forces? a. When unbalanced forces act on an abject at rest, the object will move. b. Unbalanced forces are necessary to cause a non-moving abject to start moving © Unbalanced forces produces change in ‘mation (acceleration). d. All of the above 4. If the force acting on an object are balanced, then the object: a, must be at rest b, must be moving c. must not be accelerating d. must lose energy Q4. A batsman hits a sweep short in the game of cricket. What is the nature of force experienced by the ball during the impact? a, Balanced force b. Unbalanced force Both balanced and unbalanced forces d. Neither balanced nor unbalanced forces QS. Find net force on the object shown in the figure and answer if the forces are balanced or unbalanced. 6 units 20 units am = 20 units 13 units (Fg) = 0: Balanced forces (Fyg,) # 0: Balanced forces (Fyq,) = 0: Unbalanced forces (Fy,) # 0: Unbalanced forces a. b. c 0, Answers a 1. (d) None of the above 2. (d) Allof the above 3, (c) must not be accelerating 4, (b) Unbalanced force During impact, the direction of the ball and speed changes. Thus, an unbalanced force Is applied on the ball 5. (d) (Fyg,) # 0: Unbalanced forces According to given Figure, Net horizontal force » 20— 20 » O unit Net vertical force » 136 «7 units So, net force = 7 units (downward) Hence. Fy, 0, Le. forces are unbalanced Case Study 2 Varshney Sir was demonstrating an experiment in his class with the setup as shown in the figure below. mT ET) Soin as to gas er wo A five-rupee coin is set on a stiff card covering an empty glass tumbler standing on a table. He then flicks the card hard with his fingers. Read the given passage carefully and give the answer of the following questions: QL. Give reason for the above observation. a. The coin possesses inertia of rest. it resists the change and hence falls in the glass b. The coin possesses inertia of motion. it resists the change and hence falls in the glass. © The coin possesses inertia of rest. it accepts the change and hence falls in the glass. d. The coln possesses Inertia of motion, it accepts the change and hence falls in the glass 2. Name the law involved in this case. 2, Newton's second law of motion b. Newton's first law of motion ¢. Newton's third law of motion d. Law of conservation of energy 3. If the above coin is replaced by a heavy ten rupee coin, what will be your observation? Give reason. a. Heavy coln will possess more Inertia and lasser force is required to perfarrn the activity. b. Heavy coin will possess less inertia and more force Is required to perform the activity. c Heavy coin will possess more inertia and more force is required to perform the activity 4d. Heavy caln will possess less inertia and lesser force Is required to pertorm the activity. 4. Complete the statement of the first law of motion: 'A body at rest stays at body in motion stays In . Is appliod’ a, motion: rast; external farce . ret: mation: external force rest: mation; internal force d. None of the above Q5. Observe the diagram carefully. A car braked suddenly near a cliff. Explain the motion of the driver. and a unless an .Q4. During athletics meet, a high jumping athlete is provided either a cushion or a heap of sand on the group to fall upon. Which law Is used to a. The driver is pushed backwards, b. Oue to inertia of motion, driver was thrown forward as he continues to be in motion in the forward direction, explain it? © Due to inertia of rest, the road Is left behind a, Law of inertia and the driver reaches forward. b. Newton's first law of mation d. Que to inertia of motion, the driver moved in . Newton's second law of motion the backward direction, d. Newton's third law of motion Q5. Two bodies have masses in the ratio 3 : 4.When, a force is applied on the first body, it moves with an acceleration of 6m s~?. How much acceleration will the same force produce in the Answers (a) The coin possesses inertia of rest. It resists the change and hence falls in the glass, 2. (b) Newton's first law of motion other body? 3. (c) Heavy coln will possess more inertia and a 15ms2 b ams? more force is required to perform the activity, cass? d.45ms2 4, (b) rest: motion: external force ” “Answers . 5. (b) Que to inertia of motion. driver was thrown forward as he continues to be In motion in the forward direction. Case Study 3 Newton's second law of motion gives us a relationship between ‘force’ and ‘acceleration’ 1. (¢) the rate of change of tinear momentum Is equal to force acting on the body. 2. (a) it provides a measure of inertia 3. (b) A force can accelerate a lighter vehicle more easily than a heavier vehicle which are moving 4, (c) Newton's second taw af motion 5. ()4Sms? , ee ‘The acceleration produced in a body is directly proportional (o the force acting on it and inversely proportional to the mass of the body. Therefore, if the mass of a body is doubled, its acceleration will be halved. And if the mass is halved, then acceleration will get doubled (provided the force remains the sume), Read the given passage carefully and give the answer of the following questions: 1. Newton's second law of motion tells us that: a. all forces in the universe occur in equal but oppositely directed pairs. b. an abject will remain at rest or in uniform, ‘motion in a straight line unless acted upon by an external Force. c the rate of change of linear momentum is equal to force acting on the body. d. None of the above Q2. The incorrect statement about Newton's second law of motion Is that: a, it provides a measure of inertia b. It provides a measure of force c. It relates farce and acceleration d, It relates momentum and force QS. Which of the following situations involves the Newton's second Law of motion? a. A force can stop a lightar vehicle as well as a heavier vehicle which are moving b. A force can accelerate a Ughter vehicle more easily than a heavier vehicle which are moving, A force exerted by a Ughter vehicle on collision with a heavier vehicle results in both the vehicles coming ta a standstill d. A force exerted by the escaping alr from a balloon in the downward direction makes the balloon to go upwards Let the masses of the bodies be 3x and 4x respectively. Given acceleration = 6 ms We know that, Femxa Fe 3x6 «18x As we are applying same force for the second body, 18x 4xxo = = 18/4 = 4.5 m/s? Hence, acceleration Is 4.5 m/s? ar 4. ms Case Study 4 According to Newton's third law of motion, whenever one body exerts a force on another body, the second body exerts an equal and opposite force on the first body. The force exerted by the first body on the second body is known as “uction’ tnd the force exerted by the second body on the first body is known as ‘reaction’ Read the given passage carefully and give the answer of the following questions: Q1. ‘The action and reaction are equal in magnitude’ |s this statement true and which law Is related with it? a, Yes, Newtan's second law b. Yes, Newton's third law cc. No, Newton's third law d, Yes, Newton's first law: Q2. Newton's third law of motion can be used to explain: a, why the passengers in a bus tend to fall backward when Its starts suddenly b, swimming of aman c walking d, Both b. and c.ee 3. Student A and student B sit in Identical office chairs facing each other, as shown In figure. Student A is heavier than student 8. Student A suddenly pushes with his feet. Which of the following occurs? A B a. Nelther student applies a force on each other b. A exerts a force that is applied to 8, but A experiences no force . Each student applies a force to the other. but A exerts the larger Force 4. The students exerts the same amount of force on each other Q4. According to Newton's third law action is always equal and opposite to the reaction. A horse can pull a cart because it applies a: a. force on cart b. force on ground ¢ Both a. and b. d. None of the above QS. When a fireman directs a powerful stream of water on a fire fram a hose pipe, the hose pipe tends to go backward. This is an example of Newton's: a. law of gravitation b. First law of motion . second law af mation 4. third law of motion Answers + 1. (b) Yes, Newton's third law 2. (d) Both b. and 3. (d) The students exerts the same amount of force on each other 4, (c) Both a. and b. 5. (d) third law of motion Case Study 5 Momentum is a vector quantity that is the product of tho mass and velocity of an object or particle. Momentum is measured in the standard unit of kilogram-metre per second. The direction of momentum is same as the direction of velocity Every moving body possesses momentum. Since momentum depends on the mass and velocity of 1a body, so a body will have a large momentum (a) if its mass is lurge, or (b) if its velocity (speed) is large, or (c) if both mass and velocity (speed) are lurge. Read the given passage carefully and give the answer of the following questions: Q1. Define momentum. State its SI unit. Q2. Is momentum a scalar or a vector quantity? Q3. Aballis moving in the direction as shown, What will be the direction of momentum? Q4, A hockey ball of mass 200 g travelling at 10 m s* is struck by a hockey stick so as to return it along its original path with a velocity of 5 ms”, Calculate the change of momentum Which occurred in the motion of the hockey ball by the force applied by the hockey stick. QS. Represent the following graphically: () Momentum versus velocity when mass is fixed. (ll) Momentum versus mass when velocity is fixed. 5, Answers * 1. Momentum is defined as the product of mass and velocity of an abject. Its SI unit is kg-mn/s, 2, Momentum Is a vector quantity. 3, Directlon of momentum is same as the direction of velocity. Hence, the direction of momentum of ball in the given case Is East 4, Given, mass of the hackey batt me 200 ge 02kg Initial velocity of ball us 1 m 6°! Final velocity of ball, v= = ms! Initial momentum of the ball = mu 00.2 kgx 10. ms"! 2 2kgm st Final momentum of the ball » my 002 kg x Smo") lkg-m s-! Therefore, the change in momentum » my— mu 1 kg-m 3°! =2 kg-m so! Pie v— 7EE EEE EE EEE EEE EEE EEE EEE -@ Very Short Answer type Questions y QL Apart from changing the magnitude of velocity of an object or changing the direction of motion of an object, what other changes can force bring on an object? ‘Ans. Force can change the shape of an object. Q2. Using a horizontal force of 200 N, we intend to move a wooden cabinet across a floor at a constant velocity. What is the frictlon force that will be exerted on the cabinet? (ncenr exencise) ‘The magnitude of frictional force is equal to the force exerted on the cabinet, which Is 200 N. Therefore, the force of friction on the cabinet » 200 N. in a direction opposite to the direction of mation of the cabinet. Q.3. Name the force which is responsible for change In position or state of an object. Unbalanced force is responsible for change in position or state of an object. 4. An object experiences a net zero external unbalanced force. Is it possible for the object to be travelling with a non-zero velocity? If yes, state the conditions that must be placed on the magnitude and direction of the velocity. If no, provide a reason. (NCERT EXERCISE) Yes, an abject may travel with a non-zero velocity even when the net external force on itis zero. When external force Is zero, then velocity of abject remains same both in magnitude and direction. Q5. While riding a bicycle, if we stop pedalling, why does the bicycle begin to slow down? If we stop pedalling. the applied force becames lesser than the frictional force between bicycle \heels and the road, The friction force acts opposite to the direction of motion of bicycle, thus slaving down the bicycle 6. How is the frictional force in Galileo's experiment on an inclined plane be minimised? ‘Ans. The frictional force can be minimised by using a smooth marble and a smaoth plane as well 35 by providing a lubricant on top of the inclined planes. Knowledge BOOSTER Frictional force arises when two rough surfaces in contact tend to be in relative motion. Q7. Why are seat belts provided in vehicles? ‘Ans. Seat belts are provided in vehicles to save the passengers from impact or collision with the panels In front by making the forward motion slawer when brakes are applied suddenly Q8. When a carpet is beaten with a stick, dust comes out of it. Explain. (wcenr exercise) ‘Ans. Initially, the dust particles are at rest along with the carpet. Beating the carpet with the stick makes the carpet move but the dust particles remain at rest due to Inertia of rest and hence dust comes out of the carpet when beaten, Ans. Ans. Ans. Ans. i 9. Explain why some of the leaves may get detached from a tree if we vigorously shake Its branch. (icenrinrex) Ans. Initially. leaves and tree both are in rest. But when the tree is shaken vigorously. tree comes in ‘mation while leaves tend to remain in rest due to Inertia of rest. This results in detaching of leaves from the tree. Q10. You are given a heavy object and a light object. Which object will have more inertia? ‘Ans. Aheavy object will have more inertla than the lighter one because inertia depends upon mass QLL There are three solids made up of aluminium, steel and wood, of the same shape and same volume. Which of them would have highest inertia? (NCERT EXEMPLAR) ‘Ans. Steel has greatest density and greatest mass among the three solids. therefore, It has highest inertia Q12. Define one Newton force, ‘Ans. One Newton force Is defined as the amount that produces an acceleration of 1m s? in an object of kg mass, 13. An automobile vehicle has a mass of 1500 kg. What must be the force between the vehicle and road if tho vehicle is to be stopped with a negative acceleration of 1.7m s??, (NCERT EXERCISE) ‘Ans. Given, mass of the automobile vehicle (m) = 1500 kg acceleration of the automobile (0) = -L7 m s~ Using Newton’s second law of motion, Fo moe 1800 x-17 =-2850 N Q14. Why does a person gets injured severely when hit bya moving vehicle? ‘Ans. A person gets injured severely when hit by a moving vehicle because of momentum of the vehicle which 4s due to its mass and velocity. Q15. Two similar trucks are moving with the same velocity on a road, One of them Is loaded while the other one is empty. Which of the two will require a larger force to stop it? ‘Ans. The loaded truck will require a larger force to stop it a its mass Is more as compared to the truck which is empty. Q16. Athletes in pole jump event fall on cushioned surface and not on floor. Why? ‘Ans. When athletes fall on cushioned surface. the rate of change of momentum Is lass. This reduces the force acting on the body of athletes and they do not get hurt. QU. A goalkeeper in a game of football pulls his hands backwards after holding the ball shot at the goal. Explain. ‘Ans. The goalkeeper pulls his hands backwards after holding the ball so as to decrease the rate of change ‘of momentum by increasing the time. Thus, less force Is exerted on his hands,, ee Q20. Do all action and 18. A truck of mass M is moved under a force F. If the truck is then loaded with an object equal to the mass of the truck and the driving force is halved, then how does the acceleration change? (NCERT EXEMPLAR) ‘Ans. We know that, force = mass x acceleration = = FIM According to the question, body of same mass is loaded Total mass « M+ M= 2 Mand force = FI2 > a0 Fl Me of Hence, acceleration becomes 1/4 times. Q19. Arunner presses the ground with his feet before he starts his run. Identify action and reaction in this situation. ‘Ans. The force exerted by runner on the ground is the action force which produces a reaction force fram the ground that acts back on the runner and pushes him forward. reaction forces produce acceleration of equal magnitudes in both objects? Why/Why not? No, though action and reaction are equal in magnitude. they may not produce acceleration of equal magnitudes because each force acts on different objects having different masses. Q21. Why a person should hold the rifle tightly on his shoulder before firing a bullet from the rifle? ‘Ans. When bullet is fired from a gun (action). it pushes, the gun In opposite direction (reaction) with equal magnitude of force. Therefore, the person who is firing the bullet must hold the rifle tightly on his shoulder to avoid injury to the shoulder. Ans. Q22. Explain why is it difficult for a fireman to hold a hose, which ejects Large amount of water at a high velocity? (wcenr mrexr) ‘Ans, Water's elected from a hose with a large amount of force. So, as per Newton's third law of motion, there vill be an equal and opposite force on the hose pipe making It difficult ta hold, “AY Short Answer tyoe-i Questions \ Q1. Why do you fall in the forward direction when a moving bus brakes to a stop and fall backwards when it accelerates from rest? (wcenrirexr) ‘Ans. When the moving bus brakes to a stop, then the passengers who had inertia of motion oppose a change in their state. However, the lower portion of thelr body in contact with bus comes ta rest So, they I forward, When the bus accelerates from rest. then the passengers who had inertia of rest. oppose a change In thelr state. However, the lower portion of thelr body starts moving with the bus. Hence, they fall backwards, Q2. Whyisit advised to tie any luggage kept an the roof of a bus with a rope? (NCERT EXERCISE) Ans. When the bus stops suddenly, then bus comes in the state of rest but the luggage remain in the state ‘oF mation. So, due to inertia of motion, the luggage move forward and may fall down fram the roof of the bus. Similarly, when the bus starts suddenly, then bus comes in the state of motion but luggage remain in the state of rest. Oue to inertia of rest. the luggage does not moves in the forward direction and may fall down. Thus. to avoid falling of luggage. itis tied with a rope. Q3. Apile of carrom coins is hit with a fast sliding striker. What happens to the carrom coins and why? Ans. The lowest carram coln leaves the pile and moves forward by the impact of striker. The rest of the coins do not move forward due to their inerta of rest. They resist any change In thelr state of rest and fall vertically on the carrom board 4. An abject of mass 100 kg is accelerated uniformly from a velocity of 5 m/s to 8 m/s in 6 s. Calculate the initial and final momentum of the object. Also, find the magnitude of the force exerted on the object. (NCERT EXERCISE) Sol. Given, mass of the object, m= 100 kg, Initial velocity, u 6 m/s Final velocity. v» 8 m/s Time. t= 68 Initial momentum = mu 100 x 5 » 500 kg-rn/s and final momentum = mv 100 » 8 » 800 kg-rrls From Newton's second law, force exerted on the abject « rate af change of momentum Change in momentum Time Final mamantum = Initial mamentum Time g00-500 300 ae a SON QS. Twoballs A and 8 of masses'm'and'2m'are in motion with velocities '2v’ and ‘v' respectively. Compare: () their inertia, (Il) thelr momentum, and (lil) the force needed to stop them in the same time, Ans, (i) Inertia of ball A: Inertla of ball 8 em:2mal:2 (il) + py= m{2v) @ amv Py (2m)v~ amv Py Po, i TiS, ee ee lel Or Momentum of ball A: Momentum of ball @ = 2mv:2mvel:1 (ii), F, = ee0) Force needed to stop A: Force needed to stop 2mv ,2mv. “te E Q6. Define SI unit of force. A force of 2 N acting on a body changes its velocity uniformly from 2 m/s to 5 m/s in 10 s. Calculate the mass of the body. ‘Ans. Slunit of force is newton (N). A force of one Newton produces an acceleration of 1m sin an object of mass 1k, Given. F= 2N, Ba FyiFy 1 =1s.us2mstv=5mst We know that. F= mo or F=m( 22) f_2x10_20 > vu" 5-273 8078 Q7. Ahammer of mass 500 g moving at SO m/s strikes a nail. The nail stops the hammer in a very short time of 0.01 s. What Is the force of the nail on the hammer? (NceRr EXERCISE) Sol Given, mass of the hammer = 500 g = 0.5 kg Initial velocity of hammer. u = SO m/s Final velocity of hammer, v= 0 (because the hammer stops} Time. t= 0.01 ‘According to Newton's secand law of motion Force of the nall on the hammer «= Rate of change of momentum of hammer _ mi 05x(0-50)__ 25 t oor oo Negative sign indicates that the force of the nail on the hammer is acting In the direction opposite to that of motion of hammer. Q8. Why does a parson hit harder when he falls on a concrete floor than when he falls on a heap of sand from the same height? When a person falls from a height on to a concrete floor, then he comes to rest Ina short interval of time and the rate of change of momentum Is very large thus large opposing force Is acted on the person While, when a person falls on a heap of sand, the rata of change of momentum is less due to which a Smaller stopping force acts on the person 9. Aswimmor is able to swim in a forward direction In a swimming pool only when he Is pushing the water in the backward direction. Give reason for the above ‘montioned statement and justify the same. = ~2500N Ans. ~ Short Answer Tyo ‘Ans. A swimmer pushes the water backwards (or applies force on water backwards) with his hands and feet to move In the forward direction In water. It Is the equal_and opposite reaction to this force which pushes the swimmer forward, This Is In accordance with Newton’ third law of motion. II Questions QL. (I) What do you understand by the terms ‘balanced forces' and unbalanced forces’? (li) What type of forces ~ balanced or unbalanced ~ act on a rubber ball when we press it between our hands? What effect is produced in the ball? If the resultant ofall the forces acting on a body is zero, then forces are called balanced forces These forces do not change the state of rest or of uniform mation of bady but can change the shape of the body. if the resultant of all the forces acting on a body is not zero, the forces are called unbalanced forces, These forces change the state of rest or ‘oF uniform motion of a body. {il) When we press a rubber ball between our two hands, balanced forces acts on it and hence the shape changes from spherical to oblong, Q2. (i) State Newton's first law of motion. If first law holds good, why does a rolling football come to rest on its own. (li) Derive Newton's first Law of motion from the second law. It states that an object continues to be Ina state of rest or of uniform motion along a straight line unless acted upon by an unbalanced force, A rolling football comes to rest on its own because of the unbalanced external force of Bround or by force of friction which always opposes motion of objects. (i) From Newton's second law. Fe mo IfFeO.thonaeO This implies that when force Is not applied an a body. the acceleration will be zero. Hence. a ody not acted upon by an external farce does nat change its state of rest ar motion which Is the statement of Newton's First law of mation, Q8, Define Inertia. Give two examples exhibiting Inertia in our daily life, ‘Ans, Inertia: The natural tendency of objects to resist a change In their state of rest or of uniform motion 1s, called inertia Following are the two examples exhibiting inertia in our dally Ue () When a running car or bus stops suddenly, the passengers are jerked forward. (i) When a hanging carpet is beaten with a stick. the dust particles start coming out of it Ans. (i) Ans. (i)(Q4. State reason why () Glasswares are wrapped In straw during their transportation? (i) When a motorcar makes a sharp tum at a high ‘speed, passengers tend to get thrown to one side? ‘Ans, (|) The glasswares are wrapped In straw, so that at the time of any jerk during transport. the force of jerk is transmitted to them from pieces of straw in a longer period of time. Hence. the change in Tomentum of plasswares takes place ina longer period of time. So. they experience a smaller force in the event of jerks and they do nat break. (i) During sharp turn of motorcar at a high speed. the lower portion of passengers turns suddent along the motorcar but the upper portion inertia is changed by the new direction. So, this portion moves forward and passengers are thrown to one side Q5. (i) Why Is it dangerous to jump out of a moving vehicle? How can the danger be minimised? (i) Why does a boatman push the water backward with the oars while rowing a boat? ‘Ans, (|) IF a person jumps out of a moving vehicle, the feet will suddenly come to rest while the rest ‘of the body remains in motion, Hence, he will fall down and may get hurt, This danger can be Tninimised by running along with moving vehicle in the same direction In which the vehicle 1s moving for sometime vihile jumping out oF it (ll) When the boatman pushes the water backward with an oar while rowing the boat then according to Newton's third Law of motion, the water applies reaction force and pushes the boat In forward direction, 6. Which of the following has more inertia? (i) Arubber ball and a stone of some size (ii) Ablcycle and a train (ili) A five-rupee coin and a one-rupee coin Give reasons for your answer. cer imrexn Ans. Inertia of an object Is proportional to Its mass. (i) Astone of same size as that f rubber ball will have ‘greater mass, so the stone will have more Inertia. (i) A train has much greater mass than that of a bicycle, so the traln will have more inertia. (il A five-rupee coin has more mass than a one- rupee coin. so five-rupee coin will have greater Inertia, Q7. (i) Velocity versus time graph of a ball of mass 50 g rolling on a concrete floor is shown in figure, Calculate the acceleration and frictional force of the floor on the ball. (NCERT EXEMPLAR) 100 gs Velocity —> o 2 4 6 & 10 Time —> (lil) A bullet of mass 10 g moving with a velocity of 400 m/s or a cricket ball of mass 400 g thrown with the speed of 90 km/h, Which one will have a higher value of momentum? Sol (|) Given, ms 50 g = 0.05 kg. u=80 me! veOmelteBs veu_0-80 Acceleration. a= 210m s a) Force. Fu mow 0.05 x (-10) «0.5 N Hence, acceleration is ~10m s-? and frictional force of the floor on the ball Is 0.5 N (ll) Mass of bullet, m, = 10 g = 0.01 kg Velocity of bullet, v, = 400 mis Momentum of bullet. p, = my Y= 0.01 » 400 24kgms? Mass of ball. my = 400 g= 0.4 kg Velocky a ball ye 90 hrm» 9025 = 25 mis Momontum of ball. py © my Yq = 0.4 « 25 1Okg-m 5" Thus. cricket ball has higher momentum. Q8. (|) State the law that provides the formula for measuring force and the law which provides the definition of force. (ii) Aman throws a ball of mass 0.4 kg vertically upwards with a velocity of 10 ms". What will be its initial momentum? What would be its momentum at the highest point of its reach? Ans. () Newtan's second law of motion states that the rate_of change of momentum of an abject is proportional to the applied unbalanced force in the direction of the force. (l) Given, mass af ball. m= 0.4 kg, Initial velocity. = y= 10 ms" Initial momentum of the ball « mu» 0.4% 10 24 kgm sl At the highest paint, velocity of ball Is zero. Momentum of the ball = 0.4 x Q=0 Hence, momentum at the highest point of reach 50.PEE EEE EEE EEE EEE EEE IEEE EIDE IE III EI III IDI II II II II II II IIE EE ET Q9. Why do fielders pull their hand gradually backwards while catching a fast cricket ball? ‘Ans. A fast moving cricket ball has a large momentum. in stopping (or catching) this cricket ball its momentum has to be reduced to zero. When a fielder moves back his hands on catching the fast ball. then the time taken to reduce the momentum of ball to zero Is Increased. Due to more time taken tostop the ball. the rate of change of momentum of ball is decreased and hence a small force is exerted on the hands of the Fielder. Hence, he will not get injured by the ball ‘A motorcar of mass 1200 kg ismovingalongastraight line with a uniform velocity of 90 km/h. Its velocity is slowed down to 18 km/h in 4 s by an unbalanced external force. Calculate the acceleration and change in momentum. Also, calculate the magnitude of the force required. (NCERT EXERCISE) Sol. Given, mass, m= 1200 kg, Inia velocity, uw 90 km/h » 90 « = » 25 ms Quo. Final velocity, v= 1 km/h = 18 x z =5mis Time.to4s Acceleration, = sas vou 20 2 oD 2-5 mis (here. negative sign indicates that the velocity decreases) Change In momentum » Final momentum — Initial momentum 2 my=mue m(v=u) » 1200 (5 - 25) 1200 x (+20) = -24000 kg-m/s Magnitude of the force required = Rate of change of momentum Change in momentum Time = “24000 6000 QL. A 8000 kg engine pulls a train of 5 wagons, each of 2000 kg along a horizontal track. If the engine exerts a force of 40000 N and the track offer a friction force of 5000 N, then calculate ()) the net accelerating force, (ii) the acceleration of the train and (lil) the force of wagon 4 on wagon 2. (wcenTeXERCISE) ‘Ans. (|) Net accelerating force » Force exerted by engine ~ Friction force (Here, frictional farce Is subtracted because It opposes the motion) 40000 — 5000 «: 35000 » 35 x 10° N ee (i). From Newton's second law of motion. accelerating force = mass of the train * acceleration of train = of mm Mass of train » 5 « Mass of ane wagon + Mass of engine 5 x 2000 +8000 » 18000 kg Acceleration = 194 rns? 18000 (il) Force of wagon 1 on wagon 2 = (35000 ~ 194 x 2000) N = (35000 ~ 3880) N =31120N 8 A Cis!) Look at the diagram above and answer the following questions: () When a force is applied through the free end of the spring balance A, the reading on the spring balance A Is 15 g wt. What will be the reading of spring balance B? (ii) Write reasons for your answer. (ili) Name the force which balance A exerts on balance 8 and the force of balance 8 on balance A. () gue (i) Force exerted by spring balance A on balance Fie equat but otpostts hr drelion to the Tore ‘equal but opposite in direction to the force exerted by balance B on balance A. (il) Force exerted by spring balance A on balance 8 fs called action and force exerted by balance 8 on balance A's called reaction, Long Answer type Questions y Q1L Explain the following: () Why do we jerk wet clothes before spreading them on line? (ii) Why fruits fall off the branches in strong wind? (lll) Whya pillion rider falls forward, when the driver of a two wheeler suddenly applies brakes? (Iv) How a karate player can break a pile of tiles with a single blow of his hand? (¥) A greater force is required to impart a greater volocity to an object. ‘Ans. (i) Initially, water and clothes bath are In the state of rest. When the wet clothes are |erked. the particles of water tend to continue in their state Of rest because of inortia of rest. Thorefare. the Temoval of water helps wet clothes to_dry up quickly Because the droplets of water fall off from the clothes, (ll) Initially. the fruits on the branches are in the state of rest. Becouse of Inertia of rest. the frults tend to continue In their state of rest. but due to Strong wind, they fall off the branches. qua Ans,ee EERE EEE IEEE EE EID EI EI IDI IDI EI IDI ID II II III II II IID IEEE EO ET Qa. Ans. (i) The pltuon rider and driver are in a state of motion during the ride. But when the driver applies brakes, the body of pillion rider continues to move forward due to Inertla of motion. So. a pillion rider falls forward. The karate player strikes the pile of tiles with his hand very fast. Hence, the large momentum of fast moving hand Is reduced to zero In a very Short time. This exerts a very large force on the pile of tiles which is sufficient to break them. (v) Force produces an acceleration in an object on which it acts. IF a larger change In velocity Is required. then more force needs to be applied. Describe Galileo's experiment to demonstrate motion of objects on an inclined plane. Galleo deduced that objects move with constant speed when no force acts on them by studying the motion of objects on an inclined plane. Galileo took a marble. a frictionless inclined plane and started the experiment by rolling It down the Inclined plane. He observed that when a marble rolls down an Inclined plane. its velocity Increases. Pett beudteraee ee gravity as it rolls down and attains a definite velocity by the time it reaches the bottom and Its velocity taseuhendsig 5 Up Velocity Decreases, (wv) Velocity From these observations, Galleo argued that when the marble Is released from left, it would rall down the slope and go up on the opposite side to the same height from which it was released. Ifthe inclinations of the planes an bath sides are equal. then the marble will climb the same distance that It covered while rolling down, IF the angle of inclination of the right-side plane wore gradually decreased, then the marble would travel further distances til It reaches the original height. IF the right-side plane were ultimately made horizontal (that Is. the slope Is reduced ta zero), the Tarble would continue to travel forever trying to reach the same height that it was released from. ‘Thus It suggests that an unbalanced (external) force I required to change the motion of the marble but ho net force Is needed to sustain the uniform mation of the mar 3. Derive the unit of force using the second law of motion. A force of 5 N produces an acceleration of 8 ms~ ona mass m, and an acceleration of 24 ms? fon a mass m,. What acceleration would the same force provide if both the masses are tied together? (cen EXEMPLAR) Sol The Si unit of force Is Newton (N). Since, Force = Mass x Acceleration Therefore, 1 Neviton (N) = 1kg x 1m 5? alkgm ©? Given. F=5N. o,=8ms- and a, =24ms? and 5 a7 O208Kg Total mass. Mem, +m, = (0.625 + 0.208) kg = 0833 kg Acceleration produced in the cambined mass M. Hence. if both the masses are tied together. the acceleration provided Is 6 ms? Q4, Explain the following: (}) Why are the wheols of vohicle provided with mud guards? (li) Why does a boat tend to leave the shore, when passengers are alighting from it? How does boatman overcome the above difficulty? Why does a gun recoil, when fixed? How do the rockets operate in space? Due to inertia of motion, wheels rotate at high speed and mud sticking to the wheel Ales off tangentially To prevent this. wheels are provided with mud guards, (ll) The passengers push the boat_in_backward direction while alighting from it As a result. the boat has a tendency to slip back into water. This difficulty is overcame by the boatman by binding the boat to some rigid support on the bank (ii) When a bullet is fired. a gun recoils in accordance with Newton's third law because the force Sending the bullet forward Is equal to the force sonding the gun backward (ar recalled) When the rocket Is Fired. the burnt gases come gut_from the bottom of the rocket with a tremendous force which. in turn. applies a force fon the racket In the opposite direction,Multiple Choice Questions QL A person pushing a wall hard is Uable to fall back. Which law Is related for this? a. Newton's First law of motion b, Newton's third law of motion c. Newton's second Law of motion d. None of the above 2. A force of 12 N gives an object an acceleration of 4 m/s? The force required to give it an acceleration of 20 m/s? is: ain c60N ‘A man getting down from a running bus falls forward: a. as the forward movement of bus tries to pull the man forward. b. due to inertia, the upper part of the body moves in the forward direction while feet comes to rest {as soon as they touch the road. ¢. a8 he leans forward as a matter of hable due to all the combination effect of all the three - ) factors stated In a, b. and c b.30N .75N Q3. Q4, In the given figure, two boys A and 8 are shown applying force on block. Ifthe block moves towards the right, which one of the following statements is correct? A 8 a, Magnitude of force applied by A Is greater than that of & b, Magnitude of force applied by A Is smaller than that of & €. Net force on the block is towards A. d. Magnitude of force applied by A Is equal to that of Assertion and Reason Type Questions Directions (Q. Nos. 5-6): Each of the following questions consists of two stotements, one is Assartion (A) and the other is Reason (°). Select the correct answor to those questions from the codes (a), (b),(c) and (4) as given below a.Both Assertion (A) and Reason (A) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A). ee a Chapter Test b. Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A). c, Assertion (A) is true but Reason (A) is false. d. Assertion (A) is false but Reason (R) Is true Assertion (A): Inertia is the property by virtue of which the body is unable to change by itself the state of rest only. Reason (R): The bodies do not change their state unless acted upon by an unbalanced external force. Q6. Assertion (A): The acceleration produced by a force in the motion of a body depends only upon its mass. Reason (R): Larger is the mass of the body, lesser will be the acceleration produced. Qs. Case Study Based Question Q7. Study the table related to distance time table of an object in motion. Time (second) Distance (metre) 0 0 1 sj 2 8 3 Pa 4 64 5 125 6 216 Study the given table carefully and give the answer of the following questions: () What conclusion can you draw about acceleration? Is it constant, increasing, decreasing or zoro? (I) What do you infor about the forcos acting on the object? (ili) Name the physical quantity which corresponds to the rate of change of momentum, (lv) Velocity-time graph of a moving particle of mass 1 kg is shown in figure. Valocity (m/s) ’ Time (5) Is any force acting on the body? Justify your answor.ee EERE EEE IEEE EE EID EI EI IDI IDI EI IDI ID II II III II II IID IEEE EO ET Very Short Answer Type Questions Qa. Qo. What is the usual name of the forces which cannot produce motion in a body but only change its shape? State the relation between the momentum of a body and the force acting on it. Short Answer Type-I Questions Quo. Qu Qu2. A force of 5 N gives a mass m, an acceleration of 8 m/s? and a mass m, an acceleration of 24 m/s. What acceleration would it give if both the masses are tied together? Why do the passengers ina bus tend to fall backward When it starts suddenly? Name the laws involved in the following situations: ()) A body of mass 5 kg can be accelerated more easily by a force than another body of mass 50 kg under similar conditions. (li) If there were no friction and no air resistance, then a moving bicycle would go on moving forever. Short Answer Type-II Questions Qs. If a balloon filled with air and its mouth untied, Is released with its mouth in the downward direction, it moves upwards. Why? (li) Explain why, when a fireman directs a powerful stream of water on a fire from a hose pipe, the hose pipe tends to go backward. Q14. (i) State Newton's first law of motion. (i) Explain how, a karate player can break a pilo of tiles with a single blow of his hand. (iii) When a tree is shaken, its fruits and leaves fall down. Why? Q15. A bullet of 10g strikes a sand bag at a speed of 10%m/s and gets embedded after travelling 5 cm. Calculate: (i) The resistive force exerted by sand on the bullet. (li) The time taken by bullet to come to rest. Long Answer Type Questions Q16. In the figure below, the card is flicked with a push. (i) What do you observe in this case and explain your observation? (li) State the law involved in this case. (ill) What will be your observation if the above coin is replaced by a heavy five-rupee coin, Justify your answer. = QJ. Give statement of Newton's second law of motion, Deduce a mathematical formulation for it. Using above derived expression. Calculate the force exerted by a nail on the hammer of mass 500 g moving at 5.0 m/s striking it, consider that the nail stops the hammer In a short time of 0.01 . .