Discrete RandomVariables

and
Probability Distributions
  A redundant array of independent disks (RAID) uses multiple
physical disk drives as one logical unit in a computer system
 The array can increase performance and robustness to a disk
Discrete failure.
Random  disk failures due to hardware malfunction are independent with
constant probability.
Variables  risk of data loss is important.
 The number of failed drives can be modeled as a discrete
random variable
  Many physical systems can be modeled by same or similar
 random experiments
 random variables.
Discrete  Suppose that, Voice Communication Systems have 48 lines
Random  At a particular time, system is observed for determining number of
lines in use
Variables  X: Number of lines in use
 S={0,1,2,…,48}
 If 10 lines in use X=10
  Semiconductor Manufacturing Process
 Randomly two wafer are selected and coded as fail or pass.
 P(Pass)=0.8
 S={pp,pf,fp,ff}
 X: Number of passed wafer
Discrete
Random
Variables
  For each of the following exercises, determine the range (possible
values) of the random variable
 An electronic scale that displays weights to the nearest pound is
Discrete used to weigh packages. The display shows only five digits. Any
weight greater than the display can indicate is shown as 99999. The
Random random variable is the displayed weight.
Variables  A batch of 500 machined parts contains 10 that do not conform to
customer requirements. The random variable is the number of parts
in a sample of five parts that do not conform to customer
requirements.
PROBABILITY  Random variable can simplify the description and analysis of a
DISTRIBUTIONS random experiment.
AND  The probability distribution of a random variable X is a
PROBABILITY description of the probabilities associated with the possible values
of X.
MASS
FUNCTIONS
PROBABILITY
DISTRIBUTIONS  There is a chance that a bit transmitted through a digital
transmission channel is received in error. Let X equal the number
AND of bits in error in the next four bits transmitted.
PROBABILITY  S={0,1,2,3,4}
MASS
FUNCTIONS
PROBABILITY
DISTRIBUTIONS
AND
PROBABILITY
MASS
FUNCTIONS
  Let the random variable X denote the number of semiconductor
PROBABILITY wafers that need to be analyzed in order to detect a large particle
of contamination.
DISTRIBUTIONS
 Probability of contamination of wafer 0.01
AND
 S={p,ap,aap,aaap,….}
PROBABILITY
MASS
FUNCTIONS
PROBABILITY
DISTRIBUTIONS
AND
PROBABILITY
MASS
FUNCTIONS
PROBABILITY
DISTRIBUTIONS
AND
PROBABILITY
MASS
FUNCTIONS
PROBABILITY
DISTRIBUTIONS
AND
PROBABILITY
MASS
FUNCTIONS
PROBABILITY
DISTRIBUTIONS
AND
PROBABILITY
MASS
FUNCTIONS
CUMULATIVE
DISTRIBUTION
FUNCTIONS
  Suppose that a day’s production of 850 manufactured parts
CUMULATIVE contains 50 parts that do not conform to customer requirements.
Two parts are selected at random, without replacement, from the
DISTRIBUTION batch. Let the random variable X equal the number of
FUNCTIONS nonconforming parts in the sample. What is the cumulative
distribution function of X?
CUMULATIVE
DISTRIBUTION
FUNCTIONS
CUMULATIVE
DISTRIBUTION
FUNCTIONS
CUMULATIVE
DISTRIBUTION
FUNCTIONS
MEAN AND
VARIANCE OF
A DISCRETE
RANDOM
VARIABLE
MEAN AND
VARIANCE OF
A DISCRETE
RANDOM
VARIABLE
MEAN AND
VARIANCE OF
A DISCRETE
RANDOM
VARIABLE
Continious RandomVariables
and
Probability Distributions
  Dimensional length measurement
 Factors affecting measurement precision
 Vibrations
 Temperature fluctuations
 Operator differences
 Calibrations
Continious  Cutting tool
Random  Wear
 Bearing wear, and raw material changes
Variables
 Random Variable:X
 Range of X: Interval of real numbers
 Continious random variable: A random variable with an interval
(either finite or infinite) of real numbers for its range.
 The model provides for any precision in length measurements.
Probability  Density functions are used to describe physical systems in
engineering.
Distributions and  Consider the density of a loading on a long (kiriş), thin beam
Probability  For any point x along the beam, the density can be described by a
Density Functions function (in grams/cm)
Probability  Intervals with large loadings correspond to large values for the
Distributions and function.
Probability  The total loading between points a and b is determined as the
integral of the density function from a to b.
Density Functions
  A probability density function f(x) can be used to describe the
probability distribution of a continuous random variable X.
Probability  The probability that X is between a and b is determined as the
integral of f(x) from a to b.
Distributions and
Probability
Density Functions
Probability
Distributions and  A histogram is an approximation to a probability density function.
Probability
Density Functions
Probability
Distributions and  P(X=x)=0
Probability
Density Functions
Probability
Distributions and
Probability
Density Functions
 1 Show f(x) is probaility function
 2 Find the p(x>=12,6)
Probability
Distributions and
Probability
Density Functions
Probability
Distributions and
Probability
Density Functions
Probability
Distributions and
Probability
Density Functions
Probability
Distributions and
Probability
Density Functions
Cumulative
Distribution
Functions
Cumulative
Distribution
Functions
Cumulative
Distribution
Functions
Cumulative
Distribution
Functions
Mean
and
Variance of
Random
Variable
Mean
and
Variance of
Random
Variable
Mean
and
Variance of
Random
Variable
Mean
and
Variance of
Random
Variable
Mean
and
Variance of
Random
Variable
DISCRETE
UNIFORM
DISTRIBUTION
DISCRETE
UNIFORM
DISTRIBUTION
DISCRETE
UNIFORM
DISTRIBUTION
  One trial
 Two outcome
BERNOUILLI  P 𝑥 = 𝑝𝑥 ∗ 1 − 𝑝 1−𝑥

DISTRIBUTION  E(X)=p
 Var(x)=pq
BERNOUILLI
DISTRIBUTION
Let the probability of Gurcan going to the cinema be 0.3

 Let an event be whether Mr. Gürcan’s goes to cinema or does not

go to cinema.
 Let the probability of Gurcan going to the cinema be 0.3.

BERNOUILLI  Create the probability distribution function.

 Graph the probability density function.
DISTRIBUTION
 Find the expected value and variance of x
BERNOUILLI
DISTRIBUTION
BINOMIAL
DISTRIBUTION
BINOMIAL
DISTRIBUTION
BINOMIAL
DISTRIBUTION
BINOMIAL
DISTRIBUTION
BINOMIAL
DISTRIBUTION
BINOMIAL
DISTRIBUTION
BINOMIAL
DISTRIBUTION
GEOMETRIC
DISTRIBUTION
GEOMETRIC
DISTRIBUTION
GEOMETRIC
DISTRIBUTION
GEOMETRIC
DISTRIBUTION
GEOMETRIC
DISTRIBUTION
GEOMETRIC
DISTRIBUTION
NEGATIVE
BINOMIAL
DISTRIBUTION
NEGATIVE
BINOMIAL
DISTRIBUTION
NEGATIVE
BINOMIAL
DISTRIBUTION
NEGATIVE
BINOMIAL
DISTRIBUTION
HYPERGEOMETRIC
DISTRIBUTION
HYPERGEOMETRIC
DISTRIBUTION
HYPERGEOMETRIC
DISTRIBUTION
HYPERGEOMETRIC
DISTRIBUTION
POISSON
DISTRIBUTION
POISSON
DISTRIBUTION
POISSON
DISTRIBUTION
POISSON
DISTRIBUTION
POISSON
DISTRIBUTION
POISSON
DISTRIBUTION
POISSON
DISTRIBUTION
POISSON
DISTRIBUTION
POISSON
DISTRIBUTION