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2023-24
Investigatory Project
Topic:
Applications Of Diode
.
submitted by : aryan Jangid
Class : Xii ‘a’
roll number :
submitted to : a. ganesH (Pgt PHysiCs)
I am Aryan Jangid, would like to thank my Physics
teacher, Mr. A Ganesh Sir, who always helped me & gave me
suggestions and took valuable efforts to make this Project a Great
Success. I would also like to thank my family & my friends who
helped me a lot and gave me some suggestion when I had some
doubt in my mind or didn’t get a piece of information of some topic.
I would like to give a valuable thanks to my Parents, who helped
me to find information from books, browse the internet and was a
helpful hand in making this project a valuable success
Certificate
This is to certify that the project work of Physics on ‘Application Of Diode’ has
been successfully completed by ARYAN JANGID of Class XII ‘A’ under
Supervision of Mr. A GANESH (PGT PHYSICS) teacher during the year 2023-
24. The report is found worthy of acceptance as final project for the subject
PHYSICS.
Submitted for all India Senior Secondary Examination held on at
INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER
Index
Topic Page No.
❖ ACKNOWLEDGMENT : 01
❖ CERTIFICATE : 02
❖ INDEX : 03
❖ INTRODUCTION : 04
❖ PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS : 07
❖ LED : 08
❖ PHOTODIODE : 09
❖ ZENER DIODE : 09
❖ P-N JUNCTION : 10
❖ BIBLIOGRAPHY : 12
Diodes are used to protect circuits by limiting the voltage and to also transform AC into DC semiconductors
like silicon and germanium are used to make the most of the diodes. Even though they transmit current in a
single direction, the way with which they transmit differs. There are different kinds of diodes and each type has
its own applications. A standard diode symbol is represented in below diagram
Diode Symbol
In the above diagram, we can see that there are two terminals that are known as anode and cathode. The
arrowhead is the anode that represents the direction of the conventional current flow in the forward biased
condition. The other end is the cathode.
Diode Construction
Diodes can be made of either of the two semiconductor materials, a silicon and germanium. When the
anode voltage is more positive than the cathode voltage, the diode is said to be forward-biased, and it
conducts readily with a relatively low-voltage drop. Likewise, when the cathode voltage is more positive than
the anode, the diode is said to be reverse-biased. The arrow in the diode symbol represents the direction of
conventional current flow when the diode conducts.
Types of Diodes
1. Light Emitting Diode
2. Laser diode
3 Avalanche diode
4 Zener diode
5 Schottky diode
6 Photodiode
7 PN •unction diode
Light Emitting Diode (LED)
When an electric current between the electrodes passes through this diode, light is produced. In other words,
light is generated when a sufficient amount of forwarding current passes through it. In many diodes, this light
generated is not visible as there are frequency levels that do not allow visibility. LEGS are available in
different colours. There are tricolour LEDs that can emit three colours at a time. Light colour depends on the
energy gap of the semiconductor used.
Blue, Green and Red LEDs Parts Of LED
Modern Day Bulb
Zener Diode
It is the most useful type of diode as it can provide a stable reference
voltage. These are operated in reverse bias and break down on the arrival of a certain voltage. If current
passing through the resistor is limited, a stable voltage is generated. Zener diodes are widely used in power
supplies to provide a reference voltage.
Photodiode
A photo-diode can identify even a small amount of current flow resulting from the light. These are very
helpful in the detection of the light. This is a reverse bias diode and used in solar cells and photometers. They
are even used to generate electricity.
Photodiode
P-N Junction Diode
The P-N junction diode is also known as rectifier diodes. These diodes are used for the rectification process and
are made up of semiconductor material. The P-N junction diode includes two layers of semiconductors. One
layer of the semiconductor material is doped with P-type material and the other layer with N-type material.
The combination of these both P and N-type layers form a junction known as the P-N junction. Hence, the name
P-N junction diode .P-N junction diode allows the current to flow in the forward direction and blocks the flow
of current in reverse direction
P-N Junction Circuit Reverse P-N Junction Circuit
PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS
Light Emitting Diode
➢ These are used in security alarm system such as burglar alarm system.
➢ There are used in electronic calculators for showing the digital data.
➢ These are used in mobile phones for taking the pictures.
➢ These are used in traffic signals for controlling the traffic crowds in cites.
➢ These are used in digital computers for displaying the computer data.
Zener Diode
➢ Zener diode acts as a voltage regulator.
➢ These are used in meter protection.
➢ These are Wave Sharping.
➢ These are also used in clipper circuits.
Photo Diode
➢ These are used in safety electronics such as fire and smoke detectors.
➢ These are used in solar cell panels.
➢ These are used in logic circuits.
➢ These are used in character recognition circuits.
➢ These are used in the extraction of measurement of the intensity of light.
P-N JAUNCTION
➢ These can be used as a photo diode as the diode is sensitive to light when the configuration of the diode
is reverse biased
➢ It can be used as a solar cell
➢ It can be used as rectifier in many electronic circuit as a voltage controller
When the diode is forward biased , it can be used in LEDs lightning application.
LIGHT EMMITING DIODE
➢ Visual signals where light goes more or less directly from the source to the human eye, to convey a message
➢ Illumination where light is reflected from objects to give visual response of these objects
➢ Measuring and interacting with processes involving no human vision.
➢ Narrowband light sensors where LEDs operate in a reverse- bias mode and respond to incident light, instead
of emitting light. Indicators and signs
The low energy consumption, low maintenance and small size of LEDs has led to uses as status indicators
and displays on a variety of equipment and installations. Large-area LED displays are used as stadium
displays, dynamic decorative displays, and dynamic message signs on freeways. Thin, lightweight message
displays are used at airports and railway stations, and as destination displays for trains, buses, trams, and
ferries. Red and green LED traffic signals One-color light is well suited for traffic lights and signals, exit
signs, emergency vehicle lighting, ships' navigation lights, and LED-based Christmas lights because of their
long life, fast switching times, and visibility in broad daylight due to their high output and focus, LEDs have
been used in automotive brake light and turn signals. 20 Lighting With the development of high- efficiency
and high-power LEDs, it has become possible to use LEDs in lighting and illumination. To encourage the shift
to LED lamps and other high efficiency lighting in 2008 the US Department of Energy created the L Prize
competition. LEDs are used as street lights and in architectural lighting. The mechanical robustness and long
lifetime are used in automotive lighting on
For Meter Protection
Zener diodes are generally employed in multimeters to protect the
meter movement against the damage from the accidental overloads.
The Zener diode is connected in parallel with the meter from the safety
point of view. The Meter movement is protected from any damage as
most of the current passes through the Zener diode, in case of any
accidental overload. When the meter movement is required to protected,
regardless of the applied polarity (when an alternating current is passed)
Wave Shaping
Zener diodes are also used to convert sine wave into square waves.
During the positive and negative half cycle, when the voltage across the diodes is below Zener value they
offer a high resistance path. The input voltage appearing across the output terminals. However, when the
input voltage increases beyond the Zener value, the Zener diode offers a low resistance path and conduct
large current.
As a result, a heavy voltage drop appears across the series resistor R and hence the peaks of the input wave
are clipped off when appearing at the output as shown in the above figure. The input sine wave is clipped off
at the peaks and a square wave appears at the output.
PHOTODDIODE
A photodiode subjects’ photons in the form of light which impacts the production of electron-hole pairs. If the
energy of the falling photons (hv) is bigger than the energy gap (Eg) of the semiconductor material, electron-
hole pairs produce near the depletion region of the diode.
The electron-hole pairs form separates from each other before recombining because of the electric field of
the junction. The direction of the electric field in the diode is what forces the electrons to move towards the n
- side and thus, the holes move towards the p-side.
Photodiodes also come into use in character recognition circuits.
They also come into use in several medical applications. We use them in instruments that analyse samples,
detectors for computed tomography and also in blood gas monitors.
We use them in solar cell panels.
They also come into use in logic circuits.
Finally, they are faster and more complex than normal PN junction diode and we use them frequently for
lighting regulation and optical communication.
ZENER DIODE
Voltage Drop
If we connect a diode and resistor in series with a DC voltage source so that the diode is forward-biased, the
voltage drop across the diode will remain fairly constant over a wide range of power supply voltages as in
figure(a) below . The current through a forward-biased PN junction is proportional to e raised to the power of
the forward voltage drop. Because this is an exponential function, current rises quite rapidly for modest
increases in voltage drop. Another way of considering this is to say that voltage dropped across a forward-
biased diode changes little for large variations in diode current. In the circuit shown in figure (a) below, diode
current is limited by the voltage of the power supply, the series resistor, and the diode's voltage drop, which
as we know doesn't vary much from 0.7 volt
Regulate Voltage
If larger regulated voltages are required, we could either use more diodes in series (an inelegant option, in my
opinion) or try a fundamentally different approach. We know that diode forward voltage is a fairly constant
figure under a wide range of conditions, but so is reverse breakdown voltage. Breakdown voltage is typically
much, much greater than forward voltage .If we reversed the polarity of the diode in our single-diode regulator
circuit and increased the power supply voltage to the point where the diode "broke down" (that is, it could no
longer withstand the reverse-bias voltage impressed across it), the diode would similarly regulate the voltage
at that breakdown point, not allowing it to increase further. This is shown in figure(a) below.
Half-Wave Rectifier
One of the most important uses of a diode is rectification. The normal PN junction diode is well-suited for this
purpose as it conducts very heavily when forward biased (low-resistance direction) and only slightly when
reverse biased (high- resistance direction). If we place this diode in series with a source of AC power, then
the diode will be forward and reverse biased every cycle. Since in this situation current flows more easily in
one direction than the other, rectification is accomplished. The simplest rectifier circuit is a half-wave
rectifier (figure below) which consists of a diode, an AC power source, and a load resistor.
The transformer (Tr) in the figure provides the AC input to the circuit; the diode (D) provides the rectification;
and the load resistor (RL) serves two purposes: it limits the amount of current flow in the circuit to a safe
level, and it also develops the output signal because of the current flow through it.
In addition to their use as simple rectifiers, diodes are also used in circuits that mix signals together (mixers),
detect the presence of a signal (detector), and act as a switch "to open or close a circuit". Diodes used in these
applications are commonly referred to as "signal diodes". The simplest application of a signal diode is the basic
diode switch shown in the figure below.
When the input to this circuit is at zero potential, the diode is forward biased because of the zero potential on
the cathode and the positive voltage on the anode. In this condition, the diode conducts and acts as a straight
piece of wire because of its very low forward resistance. In effect, the input is directly coupled to the output
resulting in zero volts across the output terminals. Therefore, the diode acts as a closed switch when its anode
is positive with respect to its cathode.
http://vikaspediamn/energy/energy-production/solar-energv/solar-water-pumping-
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