Rinks Moree, Mle. Phyton) -Pafe WS Pye Laws of Motion | Topic Notes @ Newton's Laws Physics Mentor for NEET/JEEWS Pye Rake bhrorick, H.fe. Wphysccs) Er- flafewot NEWTON'S LAWS TOPIC 1 NEWTON'S FIRST LAW OF MOTION Aristotle's Fallacy ‘The Greek scientist Aristotle believed that o constant external force was required to keep 0 body moving in a regular manner. His theory is now outdated becouse he only studied one side of mation and failed to explain the other, mainly, how does a moving body come to © stop? The concept of friction, an opposing external force, wos invented. Force Force moy be defined os an externol agency which changes or tends to change the etate of rest or uniform motion or the direction of the motion of a body, Force hos @ magnitude and direction. Therefore, force is vector quantity Sl unit of force is Newton, which is denoted by N. Newton's First Law of Motion or Galileo's Law of Inertia ‘An object ot rest remains at rest. or object in motion remains in motion at a constant speed in a straight line unless compelled by some external force to change its store Unless driven to alter by an external force, everybody remains in its condition of rest or uniform motion along © stroight line. Inertia is the way of referring to this fundomental characteristic ofthe body. Newton's First Law of Motion. sometimes known os the Law of inertia. ‘According to this law, force is defined as a factor that can modify the stote of an object. Newton's first law of motion provides o definition of force. "Force is the push or pull that olters or tends to alter 0 body's state of rest or uniform motion” © — Unwoctadentyen An abjoctin maton wil Cnbolaneed ors, Sono wish eanatont ‘pood onadlvecuon, Anatjctor roc. stroman ost Unless acreson by ‘anunbaloncsd Fores Inertia Inertio is o quolity of o body that prevents it from changing its state of motion or rest. The massof.a body is used to calculate its inertia. tis directly proportional to the mass of the bodu, ie, Inertio « Moss, Classification of Inertia Inertia of rest: The inability of a body to change its state of rest on its own. For example, passengers inside @ bus or train tend to fall backword when it starts suddenly or when a blanket is beaten with a stick dust particles fall off Inertia of motion: It is the inobility of the body to change @ uniform state of mation on its own. For example, when a bus or troin stops suddenly, the passengers sitting inside will lean forward or when people who jump off a moving train may fall forward. Directional Inertia: It is the inability of the body to change the direction of movement on its own. Example 4.4: A person who is standing freely in a bus, thrown backward, when the bus starts, suddenly. Explain. Ans. When o bus suddenly starts the force responsible for bringing the bus in motion, is olso transmitted to the lower port of the body, so this part ofthe body comes in motion along with the bus While the upper hal ofthe body (bay above the waist) receives no force to overcome the inertia of rest. it stays in its original position. Thus, there is 0 relative displacement between the two ports of the body, and it appears as if the upper part of the body has been thrown backward. &t important + Ifthe motion ofthe bus I slow. the inertia of motion will be transmitted to the body of the person uniformly and 80 the entre body of the person will come In motion with the ‘bus and the persan wil noc experience any Jerk Example 4.2: A person sitting in an open car moving at constant velocity throws a ball vertically up into the air. Why does the boll fall in the car ahead of the person? ‘Ans. Because the horizontal component of velocity is the same for both car and boll, they cover equal. horizontal distances in the given time interval Physics Mentor for NEET/JEEA.Le. (phystcs) £r- Pls) Example 4.3: An ition Hos i get porated out of his small spaceship accelerating terstellar at a constant rate of 100 m/s*. Define the acceleration of the astronaut, the instant after he is outside the spaceship. (Assume that there ore no nearby stars to exert gravitational force on him) 8. Since, thefe are no stars to exert gravitational force on the astronaut and the small spaceship exerts a negligible gravitational attraction on him, the net force acting on the astronaut. once he is out of the spaceship is zero. By the first law of motion. the acceleration of the astronaut is 2er0. TOPIC 2 NEWTON’S SECOND LAW OF MOTION Momentum Momentum is defined os the quality of motion contained in a body. tt is measured as the product of mass of the body ond its velocity ond hos the same direction as that of the velocity tis a vector quantity ond is represented by p. Momentum (p) = Mass (m) x Velocity (v) or Boo’ ia ee kc From the given equation of momentum, sian anc Wan it orate, Fal Pe When vis constant, P=” Pa When two bodies of unequal masses have equal momentum then v varies inversely os their masses, p= constant Newton's Second Law of Motion The rate of change of the momentum of an object is directly proportional to the external farce applied on the body ond the change takes place in the direction of the opplied force. ie, race ae or. Puce a Here, the momentum changes in the direction of the ‘opplied force. Momentum, p= mi, is o meosurement of the total amount af motions, which your body contoing aoe 4 sen => peed incveases foster Unit force: It is defined os the force which changes the momentum of a body by unity in unit time According to this, F= 22. ccording to this, Fx SP Physics Mentor for NEET/JEEWS Pye Rake bhororick, H.Le. Wphysccs) Ex flafesot lf the mass of the system is finite and remoins constant with reepectto time. then 2 0 ond, The external force acting on the object can accelerate the object by changing the magnitude of the velocity or the direction of the velocity ar both. IF the force is parollel or antiparallel to the motion. it only changes the magnitude of Vit does nat change the direction. Therefore, the path by the body follows is 0 straight tine When force is acting perpendicular to the mation of body, it only changes direction, not the mognitude of V -Therefore, the path by the body follows is a circle (Uniform circular motion). When the force acts at on angle to the movement of the body, Itchanges both the magnitude and direction of V’. This poth by the body follows may be on ellipse, ‘non-uniform circle. a parabola, or a hyperbola. éFtiwarene “= Second law of motion F = ma. Fatands for the net force due co all material agencies extemal to the body. o Is the effec ofthe force. ma sheuld not be regarded as yet another force, besides F Example 1.4: The driver of a three-wheeler moving with a speed of 36 km/h sees a child standing i the middle of the road and brings his vehicle to rest in 400 5 just in time to save the child. What is the average retarding force on the vehicle? The mass of the three-wheeler is 400 kg and the mass of the driver is 65 kg. INCERT] Ans. Here, moss of three-wheeler m; = 400 kg, mass of driver = mz = 65 kg. intial speed of vehicle = 36 kenfn = 10 mje, final speed, v = O mjs and t = 4s. v-u_0-10 tr 4 As acceleration, 25ms" Now, — F=(m, +m) a= (400+ 65) x(-25) 11625N=-1.2%10?°N The ve sign shows that the force is retarding force. Example 4.5: A bullet of moss 0.004 kg moving with a speed of $0 m/s enter a heavy wooden block and is stopped after a distance of 60 cm. Calculate the average resistive force exerted by the block on the bullet. Ans. The retardotion ‘a’ of the bullet (assumed constont) is given bu 2. 2s 20190 jo? 26750 ms? 2506 ‘The retarding force (by using 2"4 law af mation) isF The actual resistive force is negative. Therefore. retordation of the bullet may not be uniform. The ‘answer is indicating the average resistive force. Example 4.6: Case Based: ‘Newton's Second Law of Motion says that acceleration Gaining speed) happens when a force acts ona mass (@bject) Riding your bicycle isa good example of this law of motion at work. Your bicycle is the mass. Your leg muscles pushing on the pedols of your bicycle is the force. When you push on the pedals, your bicycle accelerates. You are increasing the speed of the bicycle by applying force to the pedals. Another example is of Troe the rope will break in this case (0 Ais tue but Ris false Explanation: Inertial frames hove a constant speed since they are not accelerated. The reference frame isan inertial rome since the driver of a car is driving at a constant pace. Moreover, the Newtonian mechanice’ (lawa of mation) validity is restricted to an inertial frame. (© From Newton's second law of motion, Fema F Acceleration, a=— F a eee 0 ae =10kg oOo Vai Explanation: Acceleration, 0 £ 2002504 60. vee EF © When the man falls on the net itis depressed where man falls on it and thus the time of contact is increased. Due to this, force of reaction on the man is reduced to o great extent. Because the increase in time reduces the impulse, which is equal to the changes in momentum (Fat = mAv).So, Fis quite less ‘ond the man is not injured by the net. Infact, F pushes him up once and again he falls on the net Impulse Impulse is defined as the change in momentum Impulse ofa force, which is the product of average force during impact and the time for which the impact lasts, is measured by the total change in linear momentum produced during the impact. Fema Fema £ t Fle-t)=p,-, F(t,-t,) is called the impulse of force F. tteon be written os, tafe Sl unit of impulse is Na Impulae of o force acting on o body = Change in linear momentum of the body produced by the force. Consider 0 force, lorge in magnitude, octing for o very ama time interval For example, a ball rebounding from the marble loor remains in cantact with the floor fora very shart time. Alarge force i exerted on the ball by the floor. Such o force is called on impulsive force. Fis very lorge.tis very short, their products finite. An impulsive force produces o frie change in momentum. Example 4.7: Hitting, kicking, catching, jumping, diving, collision etc. In all these cases an impulse act J [rat Ft = Ap=constant Physics Mentor for NEET/JEEWS Pye Rake bhrorick, H.fe. Wphystcs) L- flafesot Ans. So, time of contact Atis increased, average force is decreased (or diluted) and vice-verso. In hitting or kicking o ball we decrease the time of contact so that large force acts on the ball producing greater acceleration. In catching a ball. o ployer by drawing his hands backwards increases the time of contact and go, lesser force ‘acts on his hands and his hands are saved from getting hurt. In jumping on sand (or water) the time of contact is increased due to yielding of sand or water, so force is decreased and we are not injured. However. if we jump on cemented floor the motion stops in o very short interval of time resulting in o large force due to which we ore seriously injured. Example 4.8: A monkey hangs from the lower ‘end of a rope that is hung from a tree. Bonanas are connected to the higher end of the rope. Will the monkey be able to eat the bananas as it climbs the rope? Ans, No.As the monkey climbs up, the bonanos also move up through equal distance so that the momentum is conserved. Here the branch of the {yee acts as a pulley which reverses the direction of momentum. When the monkey and the bananas both move up with the some velocity, the combined momentum remains zero | Topic 3 NEWTON’S THIRD LAW OF MOTION According to Newton's third law of motion, for every ‘ction there is an equal and opposite reaction. When our entities A and B exert force an each ather. the force by A on B (ie. force represented by Fag which is ‘olways equal and opposite to the force which exerts like entities 8 on A and the equation represents like: The forces involved in any interplay omong entities which are referred to as action and reaction. But we cannot say that o certain force is action and the ‘nother one is reaction. These two terms (le. action and reaction) clays ‘opplies on different entities. &Ft important The terms ‘action’ and ‘reaction’ in the Third Law af ‘Motion simply stond for simultaneous mutual forces between ‘2 patr of bodies. Unite thelr meaning In ordinary language. ‘ction does not precede or cause reaction Action and reaction ‘act on afferent bodles. Example 1.9: A shell of mass 0.020 kg is fired by © gun of mass 100 kg. If the muzzle speed of the shell is 80 ms", What is the recoi d of the gun? INCERT] ‘Ans. Given, m = 0.02 kg, M = 100 kg, v = 80 ms“ v=? 0.020 kgx80ms* 100g (0.016 ms" 1.6 cms" Negative sign indicates that the gun moves in a direction opposite to the direction of motion of the bullet. | TOPIC 4 PRINCIPLE OF CONSERVATION OF LINEAR MOMENTUM According ta this principle, an isolated system pre- serves the vector sum of the linear momentum of cll objects in the system and is unaffected by their interactions ond reactions. Therefore, in o separated system: (Le. @ system without external force), mutual force between pairs of porticles in the system changes the linear momentum of individual particles However. because the forces of each ather are equally opposite in each pair, changes in linear momentum in the pair ‘re offset and the sum of linear momentum does not change. Therefore, the total linear momentum of the isolated system of interacting particles is preserved This principle is on important result of the second and third Lows of motion Consider an isolated aystem consisting of two objects ‘and B with an intial linear momentum @ Py-Py Let collide them for a short time with At and separate them with a final momentum of Phy respectively At the time ofcolision. if F,, is force on entity A which is exerted by another entity B, and F,, is force on B hich is exerted by other entity A then, by applying Newton's second law represented by these equations which are given below respectively. Physics Mentor for NEET/JEEWS Pye Ra Hwrick ALe. Wphysces) Er- frafeaut, F, Fay X At = change in linear momentum of A=! Pa P {for force on entity A which is exerted by another entity 8] F,.xAt = change in linear momentum of 8=py—P, {for force on entity B which is exerted by another entity A] Then after applying Newton's third law of motion, (which says every action hos equal and opposite reaction), Fy=-F, 80 Therefore. from above equations, -Fa=lE.-A) or Pat Pa= Pat Py which shows thet total final near momentum of the separated system is equal to its sum of initial near ‘momentum. This proves the principle of conservation of linear momentum. Example 1.10: A weight of caravan having 1500 kg which is running with a velocity 60 km/hr on fiat horizontal rails. A mass of weight 300 kg is dropped into it. Calculate the final velocity with which it (©) 25 km/h (©) 50km/n (©) 40 km/h ( 2km/n Ans. (0) 50 km/h Explanation: Initially. 0 caroven of moss 1500 kg. which is running with velocity of 60 kmjh When mass of 300 kg dropped into it. Totol mass of system = 1500 + 300 Let vbe the velocity of the system. Using conservation of linear momentum: Initiol Momentum = Final Momentum > 1500 « 60 = 1800 « v 20000 1800 = 50 km/hr Example 4.14: A railway car of mass 20 tones moves with an initial speed of 54 km/hr. On ‘opplying brakes, a constant negative acceleration of 0.3 mjs? is produced. (A) Calculate the breaking force acting on the car. (®)_Inwhot time it will stop? (©) How much distance will be covered by the car before if finally stops? 1800 kg 18. Given. m = 20 tones = 20 x 1000 kg = 54 km/hr = 15 m/s a=-03 mb? v=0 “ ma 20000 « (-0.3) ® © Lami’s Theorem many forces like, Fy + Fz + Fs are acting concurrently on on abject and the object is in the condition of equilibrium. Then according to this theorem. 5 5 5 Ginlr—a) inf) sine) Where. «, 8, rare the angles opposite to the forces Fy, Fa Fa correspondingly. x 7 t ae 4 Lamis theorem is useful to solve numerical problems of electrostatics. Example 4.42: We have two forces having some magnitude F, which acts on an object and the ultont force fs. Find out the angle between these two forces. magnitude of the r oota) 3) © cos(-$) ® coe-(-2) ne) on(-2!) Explanation: Resultant of two vectors A and B, which works at an angle 0, can be given by, Physics Mentor for NEET/JEEWS Pye Rake bhororick, H.Le. Wphysccs) Er flafesat fa? +6? + 2ABcos0 31a _ ops, = (2px (2p Pn | Topic 5 | EQUILIBRIUM OF A PARTICLE A particle which remains ot rest or in uniform mation, with respect to its frame of reference. is eoid to be in ‘equilibrium in thot frame. According to Newton's first law of motion. if body A is at rest position will remain ‘ot rest. ond a body in motion will continue in motion ‘with constont speed in a staighttline, as long ag.no net force acts upon the body. This does not mean that no force acts on the particle, bbut that the resultant force of oll the forces acting on the partie is zero. The direction in which the force acts is an important fact necessary for the specification. Therefore, the force is o vector quantity, and the resultant force of the forces must be obtained by the vector method. if we name the forces acting on the porticles A, 8, and C, the equilibrium state of the particles can be written in the form of the following ‘equation, R=A+B4+C+=0 Where. Ris the resultant of all the forces which opplies on different entities For Exomple, IF two forces Fy = Fs, ‘octs on a different particle, then equilibrium requires. Fue Fi+h=0 FitFrs Fy =0 Example 4.13: We have three forces which acts simultaneously on a particle which moves with velocity . All these forces are magnitude and direction by all sides of a triangle ABC. The particle will now move with velocity will remain unchanged. What is the Resultant force of these forces? ‘Ans. Resultant force is zero, as three forces acting on the particle con be represented in magnitude ‘ond direction by three sides of a triangle in some order. A e Hence, according to the Newton's 2" law wv i =m), the velocity (v) of particle will be ae a ty (v) of parti | TOPIC 6 | COMMON FORCES IN MECHANICS The gravitational force is oll pervasive. Every object on the eorth experiences the force of gravity due to earth Itis a non-contact farce. All the other forces. common inmechanics, are contact forces. A contact force on an object arises due to contact with some other object, solid or fluid. When bodies are in contact (eg. a book resting on a table, a system oF rigid bodies connected by rods), there are mutual contact forces (for each pair cof bodies) satisfying the third law of motion. The component of contact force, normal to the surfaces in contact is called normal reaction. The component. porallel to the surfaces in contact is called friction. ‘Tension force: When a body of mass mis fastened with the string, then the weight of the body acts downwards while o force acts just opposite to the downwards force for balancing the downwards force. This force known 0 force. Physics Mentor for NEET/JEERanke Moree, Mle. Phyton) Pape | TOPIC 7 | FRICTION Friction is the opposing force thot arises when on (a) 75N @ son ‘object is actually in motion (aiding or roling) or even (@)35.N (© 25N ‘tying to move across the surface of onother object. Therefore, frictional force is the force that develops ot the contact surface of two bodies and prevent (against) their relotive mation. The frictional force does not depend an the contact surface. Indeed. with the increase of the contact, surface, the adhesive force also increases (by the some ratio), ond the odhesive force responsible for the fiction remains the same. When the contact surfaces ore extremely amooth, the intermolecular distonces of the contact surface decrease increasing the cohesive force between them. ‘As o result, the binder pressure as well aa the fiction force increases Static Friction, Limiting Friction and Kinetic Friction ‘The opposing force that occurs when one object tries to move on the surface of another object. which is in rest is called static friction. ‘The limiting friction is the maximum opposing force that acts just before one abject moves over the surface of another. Kinetic friction or dynamic friction is an opposing force that occurs when one body actually moves over, the surface or has reached the limiting friction value, of another body, Frictional force opposes (pending or actual) relative mation between two surfaces in contact. It is the component of the contact force along the common tangent to the surface in contact. Static friction fe ‘opposes impending relative motion: kinetic friction ‘opposes actual relative motion. They are independent of the area of contact and satisfy the following approximate lows: felt) one fame bie (Coefficient of static friction) and pi, (coefficient of kinetic friction) are constants characteristic of the pair Of surfaces in contact It is found experimentally that eis less thon ps. ZX caution S Students should lnow that netic Fldion is always slightly {ees than the Umaiting ficton Example 4.14: If « ladder weighing 250 N is placed ‘agoinst a smooth vertical wall having coefficient of friction between it and floor is 0.3, then what maximum force of friction available at the point of, contact between the ladder and the floor? Ans. (a) 75N Explanation: Maximum force of friction: Rane =03x250275N Rolling Friction The opposing force that occurs when an object rolls on the surface of another object is colled rolling friction. Think of a wheel rolling on 0 rood. As the wheel rolls on the road, it is slighty pressed against the road surface and slightly retracted, as shown in gue, ~\\w rls forvard Friction resists roling Push on whoo! Rolling Friction Sliding Friction: Resists the motion of o pushed body s0 that only one surface of the body isin contact with the eurface it is moving, This will happen when an object is pushed onto the tabl + >ire Sling Friction Causes of rolling friction: When an object rolls on o surface, the abject deforms at the point of contact with the curface ond the eurface deforms at the point of contact with the object. Rolling Friction Example 4.15: Case Based: Suppose at the local ice factory, a block of ice slides out of the freezer and a mechanical arm exerts @ force to accelerate it across the icy, friction- free surface. Last week, the mechanical arm was ‘malfunctioning and exerting pushes in a randomly directed factory. The various direction of forces applied to the moving block of ice are shown as: Physics Mentor for NEET/JEEWS Pye Rake bhrorick, H.Le. Wphysccs) Er flafewot (A) The force will speed up, when the force and the direction of mation of the ice block are in the same direction. Justify your anewer. vi Sy B88 (® What will happen when force and diraction of motion of an ice block contact in opposite directions? (©) When force applies diagonally on on ice block and motion of an ice block is in forward direction. Describe about the change in the speed of an ice block. (O) Is there any effect on the speed of an ice block when force is applied on the top of an ice block and the motion of an ice block is in forward direction? © What will happen when force is applied in ‘comparison to motion as shown in figure? (A) There is an unbalonced force in the same ction as the block's motion is in the direction of motion of ice block. A force exerted in the direction of mation will cause on increase in speed. (®) There is an unbalanced force in the op direction aa the block's motion. A foreé directed opposite on object’s motion will cause a decrease in speed. This unbalanced force has two components- one is downward and the other is rightward. Downward components of force connot alter rightward speeds. But a rightword component of force would increase the rightward speed. A component of force exerted in the direction of motion will couse on increase in speed (0) There is no component of force in the direction of the motion. Thus, the object will neither speed up nor slow down. This downward component of force will only be counteracted by a greater normal force of the ground pushing up on the block. To change the speed of a moving object. there ‘must be a component of force in the sume direction or the opposite direction as the motion, © Thisunbolanced force hos two component One is downward ond the other is rightward. Downward components of force connot alter rightward speeds. But o rightword component of force would increase the rightward speed. A component of force exerted in the direction of motion will cause on increase in speed | Topic 8 | ANGLE OF FRICTION The angle of friction between any two surfaces in contact is defined as the angle, which is the resultant of the force of limiting friction F and normal reaction R makes with the direction of nermal reaction R Itis represented by & a Ingiven fig. OA represents the normal reaction R which bolonces the weight mg of the body. OB represents F, ‘the limiting force of sliding friction when the body tends to move to the right. After complete the parallelogram OACB. OC represents the reauitont of Rand F By definition, ZAOC = Os the angle of friction between the two bodies in contact The value of angle of friction depends on the nature of moterials of the surfaces in contact and the nature of the surfaces. Relation between and &; AC _08 F in aA0C,tano = AC = 28. tone OA OAR Hence, netono Physics Mentor for NEET/JEEWS Pye Rake bhrorick, H.fe. Wphysccs) Er- flafewot ie. coefficient of limiting friction between any two surfaces in contact is equal to the tangent of the angle of friction between therm. Angle of Repose or Angle of Sliding Angle of repose or angle of sliding is defined as the ‘minimum ongle of inclination of a plane with the horizontal. such thet « body placed on the plane just begins to slide down. Ie represented by a. Its velue dependa on material ‘and nature of the surfaces in contact. In given figure, AB is an .d plane such that 0 body placed on itjust begins to slide down. ZBAC, «= angle of repose aot 3 The various forces involved are: Weight, mg of the body, acting vertically downwards, normal reaction R acting perpendicular to AB, Force of friction F, acting upto the plane AB. Naw, mg can be resolved into two rectangular compo- nents: mg cos « opposite to R and mg sin a opposite tor, In equilibrium, Femgsina 0 R=mgcosa ti) Dividing @ by (, we get. p stone Hence. the coefficient of limiting friction between any two surfaces in contact is equal to the tangent of the ngle of repose between them. & important Combining the equation of angle of fiction and angle of repose we get. o=0 py =tan0=tane Therefore. angle of fricton fs equal co angle af repase. Example 4.46: Two bodies A and B of masses 5 kg ond 10 kg in contact with each other rest on a table against a rigid wall (Fig). 200+ NAYATIVAVVUTITTU ANI IOUT TTT TTA ‘The coefficient of friction between the bodies and the table is 0.15. A force of 200 N is applied horizontally to P. What are () the reaction of the portition (ji) the action-reaction forces between P and Q? What happens when the wall is removed? Does the answer to (i) change, when the bodies are in motion? Ignore the difference between ji, and ji. Ans. (A) When the wall exists and blocks P ond Q ore pushing the wall. there can’t be any motion ie, blocks are at rest. Here, @ reaction of the partition = ~(force ‘opplied on P) = 200 N toward left @ oction-reaction forces between P and Qare 200 N each. A presses Q towards right with an action force 200 N and Q ‘exerts a reaction force on P towards left having magnitude 200 N. (®) When the wall is remove, motion con take ploce such that net pushing force provides the acceleration to block system. Hence, taking kinetic friction into account. we have 200 = ulm + ma)g = (my + ma 200-p(m, + mg (m+m,) = 200-0.15«(5+10)+10 = G+10) = 200-225 is 7s 18ms 15, If force exerted by P on Q be Fga then considering equilibrium (or free bady diagram) of only black P, we have 200 ~ fi, = ma + Fop or 200 - wig = mia + Fop Fop = 200 -wmg - ma = 200~ (0.15 » § x 10)~ (5 118) 100-7.5- 59 100 - 665 935N=13%107N towards right Force exerted an P by Q, Fop =~ Fop = 13 x 10?N towards left Physics Mentor for NEET/JEEWS Pye Rake bhrorick, H.fe. Wphysccs) Er- flafewot Lubrication The lubricants are the substances which are used to reduce the friction which acts between the two surfoces in contact, between which relative motion can occur. As the friction acts along the interface between two surfaces, the lubricants are opplied there only. Hence they help to keep the parts smoothly maving By reducing the friction, they basically reduce the loss of energy in the form of heat. As the energy loses ore prevented, the overall efficiency of a machine is increased. | Topic 9 | DYNAMICS OF CIRCULAR MOTION OR CONCEPT OF CENTRIPETAL FORCE Centripetal Force Centripetal force is the force required to move o body uniformly in a circle. This force acts olong the radius cond towards the center of the circle In fact. when a body moves in a circle, its direction of ‘motion at any instants olong the tangent to the circle at thot instant. From fig, we find that the direction of ‘mation af the body moving ino circle goes on changing continuously. According to Newton's first law of motion, a body cannot change its direction of motion by itself? An external force is required for this purpose. It is the external farce, vihich is called the centripetal force (On account of a continuous change in the direction Cf motion of the body, there is a change in velocity of the body, hence it undergoes an acceleration, colled centripetal acceleration or radial occeleration. Expression for centripetol force is: le, Example 4.17: A rotation is a transformation in a plane that turns every point of a preimage through a specified angle and direction about a fixed point. ‘The fixed point is called the center of rotation, Can a centripetal force produce rotation? Ans. Centripetal force is perpendicular to velocity ‘ond causes uniform circular motion. The larger, the Fe the smoller the radius of curvature r ond the shorper the curve. It con move a body along a circular path, but cannot produce rotational, motion, Example 1.18: The phenomenon of raising the outer edge of the curved road above the inner edge is to provide necessary centripetal force to the vehicles to take a safer turn and the curved road is called Bonking of Roads. Why this is required for ‘tho vehicles? ‘Ans. When the circular road is banked, the horizontal component of the normal reaction of the road provides the necessary centripetal force for the vehicle to move it along the curved path. Centrifugal Force The natural tendency of a body is to move uniformly olong o straight line. When we opply centripetal force (on the body, itis forced to move along a circle. W ‘moving actually olong a circle the body has a constant tendency to regain its natural straight line path. This tendency gives rise to 0 force colled centrifugal force, Hence, Centrifugal force is a force thet arises when a body is moving actually olong o circular poth. by virtue of tendency of the body to regoin its natural straight line path. Centrifugal forces con be referred aa the reaction of cenvipetal force. As forces of action and reaction ore always equal ond opposite “Therefore, the magnitude of centrifugal force = A, which is the some os that of centripetal force. However, the direction of centrifugal force is opposite to the direction of centripetal fore ie, centrifugal force acta clong the radiue ond oway from the center of the circle Physics Mentor for NEET/JEEWS Pye Rade bhrorick, H.fe. Wphysccs) Er flafeaat Note that. centripetal and centrifugal forces, being the forces of action and reaction, always act on different bodies. For rotated in a circle, centripetal force Fy is opplied on the stone by the hand. In turn, the hand is, pulled outwards by centrifugal force Fp acting on it. due to the tendency of the stone to regain its natural straight line path. The centrifugal and centripetal forces cre shown in figure, Stone Example 4.49: A stone of mass 0.25 kg tied to the end of a string is whirled round in a circle of radi 1.5 m with a speed of 40 rev/min in a horizontal plane. What is the tension in the string? What is the maximum speed with which the stone can be whirled around if the string can withstand a moximum tension of 200 N? Ans. Mass of the stone, m = 0.25 kg Rodius of the circle, r= 1.5 m Number of revolutions per second, 40_2 Angular Velocity, The centripetal force for the stone is provided by the tension T, in the string, ie, T Fest =nve? =mr(Qxn! =657N ‘Maximum tension in the string. Therefore, _ [oonas *¥ 025 = 1200 =3464 m/s Therefore, the maximum speed of the stone is 34.64 mje Motion of a Car on Level and Banked Road Motion of a Car on Level Road When a vehicle goes round a curved road. it requires some centripetal force. While rounding the curve, the vuheels of the vehicle have a tendency to leave the ‘curved path and regoin the straight line path. The force of fiction between the road and the tyres provided the centripetal force required to keep the car in motion ‘round the curve. ‘There ore three forces acting on the car such a= (2) The weight of the car mg, octing vertically downwards (2) Normal reaction R of the road on the car. acting vertically upwords, () Frictional force F, along the surface of the rood. ie, towards the center of the turn ‘As there is no vertical acceleration: R=mg ‘The static friction opposes the impending mation of the cor moving away from the circle. Thus, R= peng t= coeficient of state fiction between the road ord the trea me Suma or Maximum velocity of vehicle with which it can go ‘round without skidding is, vai Motion of a Car on Banked Road Let us consider @ cor of weight mg going along curved path of radius r with speed von a road banked at an angle 8, a8 shown in figure: Physics Mentor for NEET/JEEWS Pye Rink thoworick, H.fe. (Phgeces) i flufeas forces acting on the crore (2) Weight. mg acting vertically downwards. 2) Normal reaction R acting upwards in a direction perpendicular to inclined plane making angle 8 with the horizontal plane. 3) Force of friction F acting downwards along the inclined plane becouse car tends to slip outwards Reoction R can be resolved into two rectangulor components. @ B.olong vertically upward direction. @ 6, long the horizontal towards the center of the curved road Force of friction F, can also be resolved into two rectangulor components. © F cos 6, along the horizontal. towards the center of curved road, © Fein along vertically downword direction. Maximum velocity of vehicle with which. it can 90 round without skidding is, v= [eaten ines“ (E—p,tan8) OBJECTIVE Type Questions [1 mark] Multiple Choice Questions 4. Swimming is possible on account of (0) Third law of motion (©) First law of motion (© Second law of motion (@ Force of gravitation [Dethi Gov. SQP 2022] ‘Ans. (9) Third law of motion Explanation: Swimming is bosed on Newton's third low of motion becouse when we push the water, we feel equal force from the water on us ond we move forward. 2.A ball is moving with a constont velocity. ‘After come time, it collides with a wall. Which one of the following remains conserved except momentum? (© Energy (©) Power Ans. (a) Energy Explanation: Apart from the momentum. the energy also remains conserved during collision. As o matter of fact, the energy of 0 system often remains conserved. Displacement is defined os the change in the position of an object. Power is the amount of energy transferred or converted per unit time. A force isa push or pulls upon an object resulting from the object's interaction with another object () Displacement @ Force Z\ Caution + Suidents ust tnow that Fa partie movea uniformly ‘™meons velocly la constant. (=mazm«0=0) “In the absence of external farce. particle moves, Uniformly which is Newton's fret law of motion that ‘means we can derlve mathematically Newton's first low of motion with the help of Neweon's second low of motion. 3. The inherent property, with which a body resists any change in its state of motion, known as: (0) Force (b) Momentum (©) Inertia (@) Acceleration [Diksha] ‘Ans. (6) Inertia Explanation: A force is o push or pulls upon an object resulting from the object's interaction with another object. Momentum is defined 08 a product of the moss of a particle and its velocity. Momentum ia o vector quantity: ée. it has both magnitude and direction. nertiais the inherent property, with which o body resists ony chonge in its state of motion. Acceleration is the rate of change of the velocity of on object with respect to time. Physics Mentor for NEET/JEEWS Pye 4 Ans. Rake bhrorick, H.fe. Wphysccs) Er flafeaot Inside the nucleus, two protons are held together by a force that overcomes the repulsion. This force is called: (9) gravitational force () electrostatic force (©) weak force @ strong force. (@) strong force. Explanation: The force of attraction between all ‘masses in the universe. Electrostatic forces ore non-contact forces: they pull or push on objects without touching them. Weak interaction, also called weak force or weak nuclear force, a fundamental force of nature that underlies some forms of radioactivity, governs the decay of unstable subatomic porticles such os mesons ond initiates the nuclear fusion reaction that fuels the Sun. The strong force, 0 fundamental interaction of nature thot acts between subatomic particles of matter. The strong force, a fundamental interaction of nature that octs between subatomic particles of matter. ‘A force is one that acts on an object for only a short time and is primarily produced in a collision that results in a change in the velocity or momentum of one or more of the objects involved in the collision. Which among the following forces exert this property? (0) Tension force () frictional force © Impulsive forces @ Contact force (©) Impulsive forces Explonation: The force that is transmitted through a rope. string, or wire when pulled by forces acting from opposite sides. The frictional force is the opposing force thet is creoted between two surfaces thot try to move in the same direction or that try to move in opposite directions. The force which acts on an object for a short period of time is knawn as Impulsive force. Contact force can be seen as frictional force thet acts while driving a cor or while river rafting or ice-skating, In order to raise a mass of 100 kg, a man of 60 kg fastens the rope to it, and passes the rope over a smooth pulley. He climbs the rope with an acceleration 52 relative to rope. The tension in the rope is: (Take g = 10 m/s”) (@ 1200 N (©) 928N (&) 1218 (6) 1152N [Diksha] ‘Ans. (b) 1218N Explanation: Let T be the tension in the rope ond a is the acceleration of that rope. The cobsolute acceleration of the man will be; 59 (2) Equation of motion for mass gives: T-1009= 1000 cand equation of motion for man gives: T-60g= 60 by solving above equations we get. 218N 7. A boll is travelling with uniform translator mation. This means that, (6) leis ot rest. (©) The path can be a straight tine oF circular ‘ond the ball travels with uniform (© All parts of the ball hove the same velocity (magnitude and direction) and the velocity is constant. (@) The center ofthe ball moves with constant velocity, and the ball spins about its center uniformly. [CERT Exemplar] Ans. (c) All parts of the ball have the same velocity (magnitude and direction) and the velocity is constant. Explanation: When a body moves in such a way that the linear distance covered by each particle of the body is the some during the motion then the motion is said to be tronslatory or translation mation. ZX Caution “+ Studente should know that the momentum of the ‘system la conserved and not that of the individual particles The momentum of the individual bodies In sm might Increase or decrease according to clon, but the mamentum af the system will the ‘alvsays be conserved, 08 long as there ls no external ‘net force acting on Ie jion batwean two bodies, which of the following quantities always remain conserved? (@) Total kinatic energy (©) Total potential energy (©) Total linear momentum (@) Nona of the above [Delhi Gov. SQP 2022] Ans. (c) Total linear momentum Explonation: Becouse no external forces occur €n the colliding bodies during the collision total linear momentum is always preserved in all collisions, but kinetic energy is not conserved in al collisions. Physics Mentor for NEET/JEERake bhrorick, H.fe. Wphysccs) Er- flafewot Ms Pigs Kinetic eneroy is preserved only in fully elastic Frictional force, collisions, whit itis lost in inelastic coisions. In R ‘on inelastic colision. total kinetic energy is not h=tone preserved setae sofa af oa diag aelanigih a canmactae fe isis the maximum volue of 8 for moss. to ball mass m and the other to a small peg on invest ‘2 smooth horizontal table. Ifthe ball moves 12. Three blocks of masses m, 3m and 5m ore in a circle with speed v, the net force on the connactad bu sino fer ‘an upward re f oll Glractad Cowardle Fhe \cantars ke is applied on block m, the masses move in the Deticarected towards shel conta s upward direction at constant epeed v. What mv? is the net force on the block of mass 3m? (oT yee o OTT (@) zero (&) 3mg (© Smg (@8mg — [Diksha] mv . OTT @o {Diksha} ans. (2) zer0 Explanation: As all blocks ore moving with Ans. (0) T constant velocity. means zero acceleration Explanation: when o ball connected a string ‘Therefore, net force on all blocks will be zero. revolves in a circle, the centripetal force is 49. The aystem shown in the figure is in provided by tension produced in that string. equilibrium. The maximum value of W, 80 So, the total force on the boll will be equal to that the maximum valua of static frictional tension, ie, force on 100 kg. body is 450 N, will be: 10049 re 10. A body whose momentum is constant must have constant: (@) velocity w () force (© acceleration (@) nono of the above [Delhi Gov. SP 2022] (@) 100N (b) 250N ‘Ane. (e) veloc (© 450N (@) 1000 N s+ (0) velocity ‘Ans. (6) 450.N Explonation: For a given moss P« v, if momentum ia constont, then velocity must Trin 45° = ‘alco be constant. Explanation: For vertical equilibrium, w w a5 ‘Therefore, 14. A body of m placed on a rough For horizontal equilibrium, inclined at an angle of 6. If the mass a Tyeseas ‘equilibrium, then Ty=T,cos45 w (o=tor) — &) onton() opens and for the critical condition © oatan() ® o-ton(st) T # m Therefore, w 2 =450N 414. Consider the figure given below in which a particle of weight W resting a smooth [Diksha] Ans. (0) 0 = tory Explanation: Given body of mass = m ‘At the equilibrium point. F = mg sin 8 (in case of (frictional less) inclined plain AB with the limiting condition) 0 help of force F acting on the particle at angle Normal force will be, R = mg cos 8 i Sienehianelline AE? 4 Now compare bath equation () and Gi) F_mgsino R™ mgcoso A w Physics Mentor for NEET/JEEWeos6) Oia” sin & Wsina), c0s0 co cost) Rake bhororick, H.Le. Wphystcs) Er flafeaat Ws Pye Find the force F and normal reaction: [Weos(c—0)] cos Msin(a+6)} 080) Wsin(a+9)) cos) (@ none of the above [Weinfa+0)) Ans. ¢ Wsine) cos Explanation: In figure given below shows all the forces acting on the block. Using law of Sine, E N Sin(@80—a) sin(SO+a+e) sin(0—B) Solving thi Wsina) cos8 45. A particle is subjected to a force who: yu Weoste+0)} e088 of mass M, originally at rest direction is constant but whose magnitude varies with the time according to the relation; roe Where, Fo and T ore constant. The force acts only for the Vv of the part (0) Fol3Mo (©) Fol2Mo Ans. (b) 4fo/3M time interval 2T. Find the velocity ticla after time 2T. (b) 4Fo/3M (4) none of these Explanation: 4G. Find out the time through which the object will come to rest. @t>o (©) t= ktm (0) t= mtfk (©) none of these [Diksha] Ans. (0) t > 00 Explanation: = F = kv On Integrating: now t= 0, v= vo So, So, at t > 00 v=o 47. A bullet of mass m moving with a speed v strikes a wooden block of mass M & gets ‘embeddad into the block. The final speed @ mn [Dethi Gov. SQP 2022) Ans. (0) Explanation: Let. m = mass of the bullet M-= masa of the woaden block which is ot rest initially v= velocity of the bullet velocity of the bullet-block system From the law of conservation of momentum, mv = (m+ Mv" mem ma” 18. A car of mass m starts from rest and acquires a velocity along east (v> 0) in two seconds. Assuming the car moves with uniform ‘acceleration, the force exerted on the car is (©) eastward and is exerted by the car engine. (©) Eastward and is due to friction on the tires ‘exerted by tho road. (©) More than eastward exerted due to the ‘engine and overcomes the friction of the road. (@ exerted by the engine. Physics Mentor for NEET/JEEReade bhoorick, H.Le. Wphystcs) Er flafea ‘Ans. (c) More thon eastward exerted due to the engine and overcomes the friction of the road. Explonation: Let us assume the eastward direction as x-axis A cars able to move towards due to friction acting between its tyres and the road. The force of friction of the road on the tyre ‘ects in the forward direction and is equal but in the opposite direction to the force of friction of the tyre on the road. Mass of the car = m ‘As cor starts from rest. i initial velocity, u=0 Velocity acquired along east = vi Time intervol (in which cor acquired that velocity) As acceleration is uniform, so by applying nematic equation (v=u +00. we get usat visOtax2 Femo="j 2 Hence, the force acting on the car is towards east. As extemal force on the system is only friction, hence, the force = is applied by friction. Hence, force by engine is internal force. LX Caution + Suudents must know that Fa body maves in a negative direction the value will not be taken In negative os @ physical quantity cannot have a negative value ‘Therefore. a modulus chould be taken of nol answer {0 convert ie into a posidve value 19. If all the matters were made of electrically neutral particle such as neutrons: () there would be no force of friction. (W) there would be no tension in tha string. (iit would not be possible to sit on a chair. (V)the earth could not move around the sun. Choose the correct option: (a) (D, ), b) (WD, (MD, V) © OM @) O, MU), W) @ 0.00.) Explonation: When there are no charged particles ond only neutrol porticles, then there would be no interaction between the particles or molecules or atoms and we would not get ony solid structure or lattice So, the main cause of friction would be absent. So, there would be ro force of friction. There would be no tension in Ans. the string os: othe string would collopse becouse of the absence of a solid structure and it would not be possible to sit on a choir as well. Friction, down to atomic level is because of electromagnetic forces between positive and negative charges and the earth moves around the sun because of gravitational force. 20. If a cork of mass 10 g floating on the water, then the net force will be: (©) 10N (©) more than 10 N (© lessthan 10N (4) zero Ans. (6) 2er0 Explanation: The weight of the cork is acting downword direction. but itis balonced by the buoyont force which is exerted by the water in the upward direction. Hence, no net force is ‘acting on floating cork. Assertion-Reason Questions Two statements are given one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these question from the codes (a), (b), (e) and (4) a8 given below: (©) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. (b) Both A ond R ore true and R is not the correct explanation of A. (© Ais true but Ris false. @ Ais false and R is also false 21. Assertion (A): A table cloth can pulled from a table without disloding the dish To every action there is on equal and opposite reaction. [Dethi Gov. QB 2022) Ans. (&) Both A and Rare true and Ris not the correct explanation of A Explanation: Newton's first low states that when a cloth is dragged off a table, it enters @ state of motion, while the dishware stays motionless because of the law of initial. Therefore, the disher doesn't move when we remove the cloth from the table. Reason (R): 2. Assertion (A): A rocket works on the principle of conservation of linear mo- mentum. For two bodies system when there is @ change in mom- entum of one body, the samo change occurs in tha mom- entum of the second body but in the opposite direction. [Diksha] ‘Ans. (0) Both A and R are true and R isthe correct explanation of A Reason (R): Physics Mentor for NEET/JEEWS Pye Rade bhrorick, H.fe. Wphysccs) Er flafeaot Explanation: As the fuelin the rocket undergoes combustion, the gases so produced leave the body of the rocket with large velocity ond give lupthrust to the rocket. IF we assume that the fuel is burnt at a constant rate. then the rate of change af momentum of the rocket will be constant. As more and more fuel is burnt. the ‘mass of the rocket goes on decreasing and it leads to increase of the velocity of racket more ‘and more rapidly 23. Assertion (A): A porticle is thrown vertically upwards. If air resistance is token into consideration, then retardation in upward journey is more than the accaleration in downward journey. Reason (R}: Some mechanical energy is lost in the form of heat dua to oir friction ‘Ans. b) Both Aand Rare tue ond Risnotthe correct ‘explanation of A. Explonation: Retardation In upword journey, +f Acceleration in downward journey, Therefore, 24. Assertion (A): It is difficult to move a cycle along the road with brakes on. Sliding friction is greater than rolling friction. [Delhi Gov. QB 2022) Reason (R): ‘Ans. (0) Both A and R are true and R is the correct ‘explanation of A Explanation: When the brokes ore applied, the wheels skid rother thon rolling. Roling friction is less than sliding friction. Therefore, moving a bicycle down the road when its brokes ore engaged is challenging 25. Assertion (A): Friction always opposes motion of a body. Without friction also, one can ‘move on a smooth surface. Reason (R): Ans. (d) A is false ond Ris also false. Explanation: Friction opposes the relotive motion of the bodies in contact. By throwing something backwards, you can mave forward. 26. Assertion (A): It ia difficult to move a cycle along the road with its brakes Reason (R): Sliding friction is greater thon rolling friction. ‘Ans. (0) Both A and R are true and R is the correct, explanation of A Explanation: When brakes ore on there is no rolling of the wheels ond the wheels slide. The sliding friction is greater than the rolling friction. Thus, it is difficult to move o cycle along the road with its brakes on 27. Assertion (A): fentripetal force is always required for motion in curved path. On a banked curved track, vertical component of normal reaction provides the necessary centripetal force. [Dethi Gov. QB 2022) Reason (R): Ans. (d) Ais false and R is also false. Explanation: The horizontal portion of a normal response supplies centripetal force. The vehicle's vertical component balances ita weight. For turning, a centripetol force is necessory. 28. Assertion (A): Friction opposes motion of a body. Reason (R): Static friction is self-adjusting, while kinetic friction is constant. {Diksha} Ans. (6) Ais false and R is also false. Explanation: Friction opposes the relative ‘motion of the bodies in contact. net the motion. 29. Assertion (A): Mass is a measure of inertia of the body in linear motion. Greater the mass, greater is the force required to change ite state of rest or of uniform motion. Reason (R): ‘Ans. (0) Both A and Rare true and R is the correct, explanation of A Explanation: Inertia is the resistance of ony physical object to any change in its state of motion. itis the parameter used to describe the motion of the object ond how itis affected by the applied force. And the moss (m) is the measure of it = dv: Agoin Fem. So, force is proportional to mass. So, greater the ‘masa. the greater is the force required to change ite state of rest or af uniform mation. Physics Mentor for NEET/JEE