SQL
Notes
● Basic statements
SHOW DATABASES;
CREATE DATABASE <name>;
USE <database name>;
DROP DATABASE;
SHOW TABLES;
DESC <tablename>;
DROP TABLE <tablename>;
● Adding primary key
ALTER TABLE <tname> ADD PRIMARY KEY (<attributename>);
ALTER TABLE <tname> ADD PRIMARY KEY (<att1name, att2name>);
The above one is for composite key
ALTER TABLE <tname> ADD FOREIGN KEY (<attribute name>) REFERENCES
<referencedtname> (<attribute name>);
● Altering an existing attribute
To add new unique constraint:
ALTER TABLE <tname> ADD UNIQUE (<attname>);
To add attribute in table:
ALTER TABLE <tname> ADD <attname> DATATYPE;
To alter datatype of the attribute:
ALTER TABLE <tname> MODIFY <attname> NEWDATATYPE;
To add not null constraint
ALTER TABLE <tname> MODIFY <attname> DATATYPE NOT NULL;
To add DEFAULT constraint
ALTER TABLE <tname> MODIFY <attname> DATATYPE DEFAULT ‘<default
vale>’;
To drop attribute or primary key
ALTER TABLE <tname> DROP <attname>;
ALTER TABLE <tname> DROP PRIMARY KEY;
● Creating table
CREATE TABLE <tname> (att1 datatype PRIMARY KEY, att2 datatype, …);
● Custom condition : Check
Dt DATE CHECK (dt>=‘ 2020/01/01’);
● Inserting Values
INSERT INTO <tname> VALUES(v1,v2…);
INSERT INTO <tname> (column1, colum2,...) VALUES(v1,v2…);
INSERT INTO <tname> VALUES(v1,v2,NULL…);
If no value is provided
● Select statement
For all data
SELECT * FROM <tname>;
SELECT att1, att2 FROM <tname>;
SELECT att1, att2 FROM <tname> WHERE <condition>;
SELECT DISTINCT att2 FROM <tname>;
SELECT * FROM <tname> WHERE NOT Ename=‘ ’;
SELECT att1 AS <newattname> FROM <tname>;
SELECT att1 AS ‘<newattname1>’, att2 AS ‘<newattname2>’ FROM <tname>;
Selecting columns null values appear as NULL
SELECT name,birth, IFFNULL(deathdate, ‘Alive’) AS ‘Died on’ FROM pet;
● AND, OR, BETWEEN
SELECT <attname> FROM <tname> WHERE <condition> OR <condition>;
SELECT <attname> FROM <tname> WHERE <condition> AND <condition>;
SELECT <attname> FROM <tname> WHERE salary BETWEEN 2000 AND 5000;
● Membership operator IN
(The IN operator compares a value with a set of values and returns true if the
value belongs to that set.)
SELECT * FROM <tname> WHERE <attname> IN (‘value1’, ‘value2’);
SELECT * FROM <tname> WHERE <attname> NOT IN (‘value1’, ‘value2’);
● Order by clause
SELECT * FROM <tname> ORDER BY <attname>;
SELECT * FROM <tname> ORDER BY <attname> DESC;
● Null/ not null
SELECT * FROM <tname> WHERE <attname> IS NULL;
SELECT * FROM <tname> WHERE <attname> IS NOT NULL;
● LIKE OPERATOR
% - zero or multiple character
_- exactly one character
SELECT * FROM <tname> WHERE <attname> LIKE
‘%k’ - last letter is k
‘k%’ - first letter is k
‘_P’ - single letter in front and ending with P
‘_POL%’ - single letter in front and ending with as many letters but has to
contain POL inside it
‘%s%’ - has to contain s
● Update statement
UPDATE <tname> SET att1=Value 1, att2 = Value2 WHERE <condition>;
UPDATE STUDENT SET Address = 'Azad Avenue', Roll = 9 WHERE STUID=2226;
● Deleting one or more records
DELETE FROM <tname> WHERE <condition>;
● Aggregate functions
SELECT AVG(salary) “Average” FROM employee;
SELECT COUNT(*) “Total” FROM employee;
The above includes the null values, other count statements don’t
SELECT COUNT(job) “Total jobs” FROM employee;
SELECT COUNT(<attname>) FROM <tname> WHERE <condition>;
SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT job) “Distinct jobs” FROM employee;
SELECT COUNT (ALL city) FROM members;
SELECT MAX(salary) “Maximum salary” FROM employee;
SELECT MIN(salary) “Minimum salary” FROM employee;
SELECT SUM(salary) “Total salary” FROM employee;
● GROUP BY CLAUSE
It groups the rows together that contain the same values in a specified
column.
SELECT CustomerID, COUNT(*) FROM customers GROUP BY CustomerID;
SELECT deptno, COUNT(*),SUM(Salary) FROM employee GROUP BY deptno;
This will display the no. of employees in each department under deptno and
find the sum of salaries of employees belonging to the same department.
SELECT CustomerID, COUNT(CustomerID) FROM customers GROUP BY
CustomerID ORDER BY CustomerID;
The ORDER BY clause decides the order in which the fields in the column are
displayed while the GROUP BY clause decides the column in which the rows
need to be grouped
USING THE HAVING CLAUSE:
SELECT CustomerID, COUNT(*) FROM customers GROUP BY CustomerID
HAVING Count(*)>1;
SELECT PaymentMode, Count(PaymentMode) FROM SALE GROUP BY
Paymentmode HAVING COUNT(*)>1 ORDER BY Paymentmode;
● ting table
