83 Diffraction 3.1, DIFFRACTION Let us consider a plane wave incident on a long narrow slit of width ‘a’, shown in Fig. 8.1. According to geometrical optics the region AB on the ecreen XY she rminated and remaining portion should be absolutely dark (geometrical shadow). However, is not very large compared to the light intensity on the region AB is not intensity inside the geometrical shadow of the ade snialler, larger amount of intensity ‘out of light wave into the rough a narrow opening is known as the n on the screen is known as the diffraction pattern. ‘Screen Fig. 3.1, e diffraction phenomena are usually divided into two following classes : Fresnel diffraction, and ree of the light and the scr In the Fraunhofer class finite distance from the of light and s 8 diffracting and s PONT souRCE DIFFRACTING ‘APERTURE SCREEN @ an32 A ‘TEXT BOOK OF ENGINEERING PHYSICS LON DISTANT SCREEN FROM DISTANT Fraunhofer diffraction can be easily achieved by placing the source on the focal plane of the convex lens and placing the screen on the focal plane of another convex lens. This arrangement is shown in Fig. 3.3. le [ate Bittrocting Aperture ‘Seren Fig. 3.3. ‘The differences between Freanel diffraction and Fraunhofer diffraction are given below : ‘Freenel Diffraction ‘Fraunhofer _ Diffraction (The source and the screen are at aperture ‘wave fronts are divergent ither spherical or cylindrical. fo mirrors or lenses are wsed for ‘observation. v) For obtaining Fresnel diffraction zone plate are used, () The contre of diffraction pattern may be bright or dark depen ‘the number of Fresnel Fraunhofer diffraction as Fresnel diffraction is more gon \ffraction phenomena i.e. a special case, In this chapter we will study the s Fraunhofer diffraction. DIPPRACTION 38 Difference between Interference and Diffraction not perfectly dark. raction fringes are not of the same Maxiiaa are of varying intensity. )) All'maxima are of same intensity. FRAUNHOFER DIFFRACTION AT A SINGLE SLIT length is large compare ts breadth. lent normally racted light be jcreen consists of decreasing e diffraction pattern obtained on. alternate dark and wealebright b 's theory, a plane wave front is incident normally on the scondary wavelets in all directions. The rays proceeding in the rection as the incident rays are focussed at O ; while those diffracted through an angle @ are focussed at P. ‘Method 1: Let the disturbance caused at P by the wavelet from unit width of the slit Mbe Yo = A c08 at ‘Then the wavelet from width dx at C when it reaches P has the ampl ‘small disturbance be ‘dy’, we have a eaten [a eS eiee|34 ATTEXT BOOK OP ENGINEERING PHYSICS _ For the total disturbance at the point of observation at an angle 0, we get zee ie Te cos {or + E88} ge ntnwar fw sees aamgat t I ina yaAo Re ain © cos wt (8) : a so = Ae athe ampitade for 0 = 0 Pat mesine Thertore, eam (8) becomee yey Ooo * Resultant amplitude R= Ag S2& ‘The resultant intensity at P is given by : = R? reap (ins [renaite ~ where y= Ay represent th stent a 60 oo AsanS 2 ‘it is clear that a depends on the angle of diffraction @ and sin? a = BE evn the into a drent pointe or dfean ae of Method IT: yndary wavelets on the wavefront to n equal parts, cach part being at the point P due to the waves phase difference will be different irce of secondary wi obtained from each part wi on from different parts. (The phase difference increases from 0 to 22x « a * Since the width of each part is came and the screen io effectively at infin from the slit, hence the amplitude remains independent of the distance of inclination. DIFFRACTION a5 A to B). The phase difference between the waves obtained at the point P from any ‘two consecutive parts is 12m ; Bain Be sing ) Lot tho amplitude at the point P due to the waves obtained from each vector MP, joining the M and the terminus of the resultant vector [i ‘megnitude of resultant vector MP, ie Ry. It wwe can see that each vector MP,, P;Pz subtends an angle 6 at the centre C an angle subtended by the resultant vector MP, at the centre C is n6. Let CX be the Fig. 2.4. @®) normal drawn from the point C on MP; and CY be the normal drawn on MP, from the point C. 8 From acxmt, 4% ow gin $ ae or MX=MC sin 3 But MX = bp, «4 4=me cing Similarly, from ACYM panes . MY = MC ain but aradur-im Bue Dividing eqn. (éi#) by the eqn. ‘Ry/2 MC ‘Substituting the value of 8 from eq sn (™5"*)36 A ‘TEXT BOOK OF ENGINEERING PHYSICS ‘tek Resin ® | Sten Rye A Sine Asin Agia oA in in)” ain [Since n is very large, <. a/n is very small and then sin (a/n) = of or Ry ana (24) Now, if0 = 0 or 6 = Oor a= 0 (Le, if all the waves are in same phase), then in: (22). 4 a Roa nd Hence, from eqn. (v) Position of Central or Principal Maxima For the central point O on the screen Hence intensity at 0 Tao ‘This is maximum as all waves reach O in phase. Again ano ze sin @ sintig or ono ‘This shows that the waves are travelling normal to the slit and O gives the position of central maximum. Position of Minima ‘The intensity is minimum (zero) when Car or sin a= 0 (but a0) DIFFRACTION 37 ontmn where m=, 2,8, dun except zero As on ne sin 6 pee mn | or esin 6= my where m= 1, 2, . gives the direction of the first, second, third, See eee eee : meee (ae mesin@_, & 3) a a-H880 28 (ne Lawen(med For various values of m = 1, 2, Syne) We got an , Sn Te ant eee (a) The intensity of the first secondary (subsidiary) maxima : ve ‘Thus the intensity of secondary maxima falls off rapidly. Hence we find that secondary maxima of decreasing int ‘Thus the relative intensities of the successive maxima are in the ratio: pyc pean be4 *n® Bint * “aon? aif, ‘ort erta8 Y ‘To determine the position of secondary maxima differentiate the equation of intensity with respect to a and equate to zero. ATTEXT BOOK OF ENGINEERING PHYSICS Leg at dar FF = =o a Seeansing. or acos a— sin a= 0 G=tma |. (9) ‘This is the condition for secondary maxima, This equation can b plotting the graphs for y = a and y = tan o. ‘Thecurvey = cis astraight line inclined to oaxis at 45°, is shown in Fig. 3.6. The point of intersection of the two curv of secondary maxima. The positions are a, =0, oz = 143 04 = 8.47 , solved by it: ar that the secondary maxima do not fall half way between tyro minima but are splaced towards the centro of the aystem by an amount which intensity distribution curve of Fraunhofer diffraction at a single slit is shown in Fig. 9.6. DIFFRACTION 3.9 ‘The principal (central) maximum occurs at c= ata= tn, #2n.... Secondary maxima occurs at Width of Central Maxima Let the distance of the first secondary minimum from the centre of the principal maximum, be Width of central maximum = scondary minima occurs 1, 2.46 screen is very far from the lens, then very large. (Let this distance be D). ae? If fis the focal length of the lens and the lens is very near to D=f sao ( ax) a 2e et ‘This shows that the width of the central maximum is directly proporti the wavelength of light (A) and inversely proportional to the slit width (e). Effect of Slit Width bs sin ows 1 ene “cher TEalit width ea narrow, lange Hence dation maxima and minima are azite datinct ond de 33, FRAUNHOFER'S DIFFRACTION AT A DOUBLE SLIT at poralel beam ef monerhrowate ght of wavelongth Xb normaly upon ore parle ste Al and GD ie 3.0) cock shee eons Byropaate space of wih Tho ditance between the conemsontie paGaarahe Ronee Seppose each st ditact the beam in a direction making nan tho aivedion ofthe incdont beam. Brom th they aflbacten at ‘width e is large, then for a given way ight, sin 0 is small and small. This means that the maxima and minima lie very close to the eentral3.10 ATTEXT BOOK OF ENGINEERING PHYSICS Fig. 3.6. the resultant amplitude io 42882 where o- x ‘Now consider the two slits equivalent to two coherent sources placed at the middle points S;'and Se of the slits and each sending @ wavelet of amplitude Ap sin in a direction 8. ‘Therefore, the resultant amplitude at point P on the screen will be the result Again of interference between two waves of same amplitude “2 difference 5 (say). Now drop 51K perpendicular to S3K. Path difference between the wavelets from S; and Sp in the direction 6 = S:K = (+d) sino Hence the phase difference and having a phase an 6 = 2 x path difference Qn ‘i b= (e+a)sino a) ‘The resultant amplitude R at P can be determined by the vector amplitude Aingrams, as shown in Fig. 37. OB? = OA? + AB? + 2 (OAXAB) cos 6 omnes (oan, (Aetna) ane) (AE) arse t cnt DIFFRACTION san 6 Asn A wire pada tere) ‘herefor, the rstltant intensity at P Ta R22 44,2 BES cos? (12) = Hence, the resultant intensity depends upon two factors : and = cos? B 3E- gives diffraction pattern due to each individual elit and cos? gives interference pattern due to diffracted light waves from the two slits. gives a central maximum in the direction 6 = 0, having alternately minima and subsidiary maxima of decreasing intensity on either side, as shown in ‘The minima are obtained in the directions given by sina=0 or anime resin @ as oe Oe t mmh 4 or O=Emn (43) where m= 1, 2, 8, (except zero) ‘The term cos? B in th intensity pattern gives a set of equidistant dark and bright fringes as shown in Fig. 3.8 (6). The bright fringes are obtained in the directions given by cos? Bat Beinn . or Ferd) sinow=tnn +a sin Ontnd 4)Bu A TEXT BOOK OF ENGINEERING PHYSICS where n= 0, 1, maximas. corresponds to zero-order, first-order, second-order woe? p creasing the distance between slits, On increasing the td keeping the st width constant, the finges come see f the pattorn re ‘within the central envelope, Absent Orders. For cortain values of, certain interference maxima become absent from the pattern. ecaenaa of interference maxima are given by (e+d) sin B= nn a5) 18 Unchanged. Hence more DIFFRACTION 33 ‘The directions of diffraction minima are given by esin 6 = mk (18) If the values of ¢ and d are such that both the equations are satisfied for the the diffraction samo value of 8, then a certain interference maximum will ove minimum and hence the spectrum order will be missing (absent). Dividing eqn. (16) by eqn. (16), we get or n=2m 1, 2, Bete. te. e central diffraction:maxima will have three in the diffraction pattern. On both sides of the central maximum, the number of interforence maximum is 2 and hence there will be five interference maxima in the central diffraction maximum, Example 3.1 In Fraunhofer diffraction due toa narrow él 2 m away from the lens to obtain the pattern. If the slit wic first of light Solution, For single slit of width ¢, the directions of minima are given by : ein = mA #1, 2, Syene For first minima m = 1 a ein @= A If@ be small and measured in radian, then sin @=6 cr a screen is placed .2 mm and the ima lie 5 mm on either side of the central maximum find the wavelength 7 om ® rattan Here ¢ = 0.2 mm = 0.02 em a 0:02 em o= radian3.14 A TEXT BOOK OF ENGINEERING PHYSICS _Now, the linear separation between the first minimum and the central maximum is 0.6 cm and the distance of the screen from the elit = 2 m ie. 200 cm. also given ae 0.02 ~ 200 0.5 x 0.02 Ae 8% 10-F em = Fg22 = 5 x 10-5 em = 5000 A. Example 3.2. A screen is placed 200 em away from a narrow slit which ie illuminated with light of wavelength 6 x 10-° em. If the first minima lies & mm on either side of central maximum, caleulate the elit width. Solution. The distance of the first minima from the central maxima y=5mm=05 cm ‘The..angular position 6 of the first | minima is given by’ ) ingth of light used and | ae it. sei) for small 6, we have = ton o=% Om tan o= 2 Example 3.3. A lens of focal length 100 em forms Fraunhofer diffraction. pattern of @.ingle slit of width 0.04 em in its focal plane. The incident light containe two wavelengths hy and hg. It is found that the fourth minimum corresponding to jum corresponding to hg occur at the eame point 0.5 cm from Compute dy and hy. Fraunhofer diffraction pattern due to a single slit of width, directions of are given by esin Om tnd length 24, the direction of fourth minimum. = 4h Solution. In For way 4) is given by NON 3.18 ia given by DIFFRAC Similerly, for wavolongth My, the direction of fith minimum (n = in 82 She According tothe problem the direction of fourth minimum (9) due to 2 the fifth minimum (8) due to 2y oceur at the same point, that is, br og D Therefore, ¢ sind = Ay = - Ici the linear distance of fourth minimum for iy oF Sith minimum for ha, we have 0 =~ (as 0 is small) where fis the focal length of the lens. h x = 0.5 cm and f= 100 cm os 0 = 256 0.008 rad ) we have, ary ‘¢ = 0,04 em and 0 = 0.005 rad 0.04 x 0.005 dy = 204 0.008 Here ‘Therefore, total angular width 2 _ 2% (6 x 10-8 cm) 20-72 = 0.08 em ‘The linear width at a distance of 2 metres ‘angle x distance = (6 x 10-%) x (200 cm) =6x 10° radian. (0.25 em) x (0.04 cm) = 160 cm’ = 6.25 x 10-5 em = 6250 A,3.16 ATEXT BOOK OF ENGINEERING PHYSICS: Ife be the slit-width and d bo the separation between ocutane enL aeniee thon the condition Here d@=04 mm and ¢= 0.08 mm oS dm Be-20 that n=6m ‘Thur 6th, 120h, eth ing. ixample 3.6. Diffraction pattern of a alit of wi is by a lene of focal length 40 om. Calculate the distance Since he hn cere ‘he next bright fringe from the axa, Given ! hm 4000 A. ee olution. The direction of minimum intensity ie given by : sin 0 = mi ieee we sino = in 0 = 3 ad Se (orm= 1) xy = Mw 4990 x 10-10 x 0.4 . 3x 10-8 = 3.912 x 10-5 m For secondary maximum, esin on (mst) sino = oot ah BF tor m= F no = LAEHO 21072054 556 30-6 Difference xp — 2x; = 6.868 x 10-5 — 9.912 x 10-5 = 1956 x 10-5 m. | i Distinction batweon Single Slt and Doble Slt Ditraction Patterns Sinate SU! Difraction Pattors | ~~ St Difasion Fa T, In this difraction patter conslata of | Dit @ central bright’ maximum with meds sccm me inet =| where & For central maxima I = Io On increasing the slit width e, fora | 3, 3.17 DIFFRACTION ‘Single Slit Diffraction Pattern Double Slit Diffraction Pattern “% The single allt diffraction pattern fe | 4, The double allt diffraction pattern tw shown below : shown below : © o Fig. 3.9. |. FRAUNHOFER DIFFRACTION DUE TO N PARALLEL SLITS (DIFFRACTION GRATING) A diffraction grating is an arrangement equivalent toN number of parallel slits of equal widths and separated from one another by equal opaque spaces. Diffraction grating is made by ruling a large number of fine, equidistant and parallel lines on an optically plane glass plate with a diamond point. The ruled portion scatters the light while unruled portion transmits light. Fig. 3.10 represents N number of equidistant and equally wide slits. Let ¢ be the width of each slit and d the width of each opaque space between the slits. ‘Then (e + d) is called the ‘grating element’. DIFFRACTION LENS GRarne SCREEN Fig. 3.10. Let a parallel beam of monochromatic light of wavelength 2. bo incident normaily on the grating from the left, At anglo 0 on the right we have V-waves eachATEXT BOOK OF ENGINEERING PHYSICS sine i an 8nd successive phase difference 6 = 5 (¢ + d The resultant disturbance y is given by of amplitude Ay = Ag an) Intensity = »y* whore y* is the complex conjugate of y. wage [Lae Ch entry roae| a=) dei) wag [Lae NS aS ‘NB 2 in? NB nag 2 2 sine 3 rina [NE + 2 sin 0 a Ag 2 as) winz [EE +2) ain @ Ge in [Per Dee] “Ag = Ag sine [YE 2 an 0 oF ane [EEE Dain oT tint @ sin? NB Fae Sak Sat NE os) where pater deine Hence the intonsity distribution is product of two terms. The first term sin? @ Ag aa TePresents the diffraction pattern due to single slit. Second term MN zp. TePresonts the interference pattern due to NY slits. sin? @ ingle slit diffraction) DIFFRACTION 3.19 2 cos? f (double slit diffraction) Hence for N slits 1 -4g1 #8 HB (capac epeinio) Principal Mazima, Intensity would be maximum when ape oe when BE x pharo n= 0,18, aoe sin a 2 @ poane Se (ein) @ tim YEENB ay Bone °F “Ad sat @ Pros 20) ‘These maxima are most intense and are called ‘Principal maxima’ Now, as Beinn E@+d) sing x sine or + Dein atm 2) where n= 0,1, This is knowsas grating equation. For n = Owe get the ‘Zero-order maximum’. For n = + 1, 2, * 3... we obtain the first, second, third..... order principal maxima respectively. The * sign shows that the principal maxima lie on either side of zero order maximum. (22) din the directions given by (23) |. nN because these valties of3.20 ATEXT BOOK OF ENGINEERING PHYSICS DIFFRACTION aoe Secondary Maxima. There are ‘principal maxima, thi Principal maxima, secondary maxim it to zero, Thus a _Agtsin?a GN ~ 1). minima between two consecutive must be (V~ 2) other maxima between two ‘secondary maxima’. To find the position of these equation (19) with respect to B and equating at ain p” jin? B or Nos Np sin B — ain NB cos B= 0 or tan NB = N tan 6 2 nN (See Nin Bn 9 co (24) To find the ‘ain? p Wder,the condition (24), we make uso of the triangle shown in Fig. 3.11. This gives sin Np = —_Nton 1 ND = TNT tant § sin? NB ___W2tan2.p Nt sin? 8” G+ N* tan? p) sin? B ” G+ N? tan?) cos? p seconpany Secouoany, an mae a Fig. 832, Grating spectrum. tet m of light of wavelength 2 falls normally on. xe Grating Spectrum. When a beai avelen : Ntonp a grating, the principal minxin are formed in the divectons given by nn eauation itis clear that fora given the angle of difraction ereatie tustctger Gs tevsean tion enters area 4 Hence, if the incident light be white, then each order will contain Fig. 24, 2 i cop NTE TSW aarp 8) Intensity of secondary maxima is given by sin? a wm Ty = agt Sin ot "1+ W?-Dain?p Absent ira. As the resultant intensity due to N-parallel slits (plane Hence the intensity of the secondary maxima is proportional to ee a ee Ne whereas the intensit incipal maxima is proportion: Toon aie the intensity of principal maxima is proportional to N2. Therefore, Tw ag? Sine sin? NB AQT) a? ain? B resin @ Ele+d)iine “Is. _ Intens where a= 808 ana p # Zp ~ Intensity of principal maxima ” 1+ OV? ~ i) ain? B 28) Now, the direction of principal maxima in grating sctrum is given by : Hence greater the value of N, is very large, hence these secondary. Sane z = the weaker are secondary maxima. Actually N ‘maxima are not visible in the grating spectram, ‘The grating spectrum is graphically shown in Fig, 3.12. of the maximam.8.22 A'TEXT BOOK OF ENGINEERING PHYSICS Ifboth conditions are simultaneously satisfied, a particular maximum of order be absent in the grating spectrum, these are known as absent spectra (or ng order spectrum: Now, dividing eqn. (28) by eqn. (29), we get etd a This is the condition for the spectrum of the order n to be absent, Ifd =e, then eqn. (30) becomes, n=2m (where m= 1, 2, = 2,4,6, : Hence, when the width of transparencies and opacities ofthe grating are equal (=a), then 2nd, 4th, Gth,..... order apectra are ta MS If is the angle of diffraction and n the order of the +d)eine * Maximum possible value of = 90° ‘Maximum possible order is given by +) sin 90° ‘We can write : Pee Q (82) ‘This shows that if (e +d) < 2A, then 2 mas <2 (33) Hence for normal incidence only first order will be obtained. Grating Under Oblique Incidence Let us consider a monochromatic beam of light of wavelength 2 is incident ly on the grating at an angle of incidence é (Fig. 3.13), Let secondary wavelets start from the mid-point of the slits and diffracted at an angle 6. Let SL be the perpendicular on R25 perpendicular on S203, Hence the path difference between diffracted rays D; and D2 is Sob + S2K = SySq sin i + 84S, 5 (84) where $18; (+d) (¢ + d) = grating element. The grating equation would be 3.23 in Sco (258) =m a8 Now sin Sand hence 8 would be minimum when is defined as the rate of change of the angle of diffractic the wavelength of light. f a0 Tt is expressed as $2. ‘As the grating equation is (e+d)sinO = nh Differentiating it with respect to 4, we get a6 (+d) cos 0 Shan ae n a +98) ah” Gra) cad This is the dispersive power of a grating. ‘ According to this expression, the dispersive power is : @ directly proportional to the order n3.24 A TEXT BOOK OP ENGINEERING PHYSIcs inversely proportional to the grating element (e + d), and inversely proportional to cos 8, If the value of 0 is large, then cos 0 will be smaller and dispe ive power. do, Fis high. in a given spectrum, therefore, the dispersion in the red at in the violet region, "mall, cos © = 1, henco d@ = dd. Such a spectrum is known as normal spectrum, Angular Half Width, Tho nth order principal maximum is obtained in the direction @, given by , (+d) sin O = nr 7 (89) {Zt the first minimum adjacent to the nth maximum be Sbtained in the direction (0, + 0, Where do, id the ‘angular half-width’ of the nth maximum. ‘The miniraa are obtained in the directions given by N(e+d) sin @= ma (40) N= total number of paral m = integer ; except 0, N, nN As the first minimum adjacent to nth order principal maximus in the direction ® + d0,. Hence this gives obtained 0, = 1 and = Ne+d)sine,+N (e+ But from eqn. (39) (+d) sin 0, = nk + Eqn. (41) becomes 2 Nad +N (e +d) cos Od0, = Nak +d or N(e+d) cos 8 d0, =A 41) or 0, = a Nev door G, (42) Using eqn. (39) (e+ a) sin 0, = nk na (+a) = * Bgn. (42) can also be written as: do, = a NEG 8 On DIFFRACTION 3.25 a Zo a3) a 's * “Wi cot 8 oY ‘This is the expression for angular half width. Difference between Prismatic’ and Grating Spectra ‘Prism Spectrum Grating Spectrum ‘The prism spectrim is formed by | @) The grating epectrum is formed by diffraction, ‘The grating spectrum forms spectra of different orders. ‘The grating spectram isindependent of the material of the grating. dispersion, ‘Tho prisis spectrum is only of one order. ‘The prism spectrum depends on the co) compared to violet region. ‘parallel beam of sodium light i normally incident on a plane transmission grating having 4260 lines per cm nd order spectral fine i verved at an angle of 80% Calculate the wavelength of light Solution. From grating equation: vn ead sine = mn na 0,23,22, where (e+ d)= grating clement and ‘nw order of spectrum (+d) sing There are 4250 lines per em.” Ae On 30, n= 2 1 810 30° 5 60 10-8 cn d= Gey x SBEM = 5.382 x 10 2 = 6882 A. Example 3.8. In a plane transmission grating the angle of diffraction for the second order principal maximum for the wavelength & x 10~§ em is 90°. Calculate the number of lines in one centimetre of the grating surface. Solution. Using grating equation : (@+d)sin 6 = nd n=2 @=90° 4 =5x10- cm 2x5 x 10° (etd) = BEB om 104 10-3 = 10S 210-5 em3.26 A‘TEXT BOOK OF ENGINEERING PHYSICS in one centimetre 1__ 10,000 by = 2002 = 5000 9. Light of wavelength 5000 A falls normally on a plane 1 having 15000 lines ir Find the angle of diffraction from in frst order. (Given : ain! 0.25 = 14° 297) Solution. Using grating equation (esd) sin Ow nh For the first order maximum, m = 1 (+d) sin Om sino Hore +c) =-28% 29x10 om sin O= or = sin~! Example 3.10. In a grating epectrum,'whish spectral lin overlap with rd order line of 5461.A# in 4th order will of wavelength 44 (say) coincides with the (n + 1)th order of (e+d)sinOenma+D ie Here n=3, +Da4 2 dae Gry A= 4096 A. Example 3.1L A diffraction grating used at normal 2 = 6400 A, ina certain order n super-imposed on a = 40504, of the next higher order (n + 1). If the angle of diffraction ia 30°, calculate spacing between the grating lines. Also find how many lines are there per em in the grating. Solution. As tho grating equation is given by (e+) sin B= nd aa thlfthe nth order of wavelength iy (sy) coincides withthe (n + th order of idence gives a green (e+ d) ain O=nky= (nt Diy may that a = 5400 A dg = 4050 A . nas Putting the value of n in grating equation for 24, we get (© +d) sin 30° = 3 x (6400 x 10-8 em) DIFFRACTION oa e+ dw SX (6400 10"? em) «9.24 x 10-4 em Number of lines per em it __ B24 x 10-4 em 1 beam of light of wavelength 5460 A is incident at Tow preling which has 6000 lines em: Fina the = 3086. Solution. For the grating under oblique incidence (e+) [ein 0+ sin] = nd Here ent (e+) [2 sind] =r Popeyes sin 30° = 0.5 2. = 6460 A = 6460 x 10-* cm (c+ d) @ sin 30°) - ¥ = ——2*05__aacs {G00 x 5460 x 10-* n= 3.0. Vieh-*] where (e+ diate erating ement ann the ord at which the lines are observed Solution. From grating equation (e+d)sin d= nh Differentiating ao (e+) cos 0 =n ee a nd nd “4 a) cos 8 (e+ aN sin? 6) But from grating equation ; nh sino = MA nd. dd do= 4 ear Ve+ dF =n