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Mastering JavaScript
Design Patterns
Second Edition

Write reliable code to create powerful applications by

mastering advanced JavaScript design patterns

Simon Timms

BIRMINGHAM - MUMBAI
Mastering JavaScript Design Patterns
Second Edition

Copyright © 2016 Packt Publishing

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written
permission of the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations embedded in
critical articles or reviews.

Every effort has been made in the preparation of this book to ensure the accuracy
of the information presented. However, the information contained in this book is
sold without warranty, either express or implied. Neither the author, nor Packt
Publishing, and its dealers and distributors will be held liable for any damages
caused or alleged to be caused directly or indirectly by this book.

Packt Publishing has endeavored to provide trademark information about all of the
companies and products mentioned in this book by the appropriate use of capitals.
However, Packt Publishing cannot guarantee the accuracy of this information.

First published: November 2014

Second published: June 2016

Production reference: 1240616

Published by Packt Publishing Ltd.

Livery Place
35 Livery Street
Birmingham B3 2PB, UK.

ISBN 978-1-78588-216-6

www.packtpub.com

[ FM-2 ]
 Credits

Author Copy Editor

Simon Timms Safis Editing

Reviewer Project Coordinator

Dobrin Ganev Ulhas Kambli

Commissioning Editor Proofreader

Wilson D'souza Safis Editing

Acquisition Editor Indexer

Tushar Gupta Monica Ajmera Mehta

Content Development Editor Production Coordinator

Onkar Wani Aparna Bhagat

Technical Editor Cover Work

Dhiraj Chandanshive Aparna Bhagat

[ FM-3 ]
 About the Author

Simon Timms is a developer who loves writing code. He writes in a variety of

languages and using a number of tools. Mostly, he develops web applications with
.NET backends. Simon is very interested in visualizations and cloud computing.
A background in builds and system administration keeps him on the straight and
narrow when it comes to DevOps.

He is the author of Social Data Visualization with HTML5 and JavaScript, Packt
Publishing. He blogs on blog.simontimms.com, and he is also a frequent contributor
to the Western Devs (http://westerndevs.com), which is a loose collaboration of
developers mostly located in Canada. Twice a week, he participates in a videocast
called The ASP.NET Monsters about the future of ASP.NET, which is one of the most
popular series on Microsoft's Channel 9 video service (https://channel9.msdn.
com/Series/aspnetmonsters).

Simon is the president of the Calgary .Net user group and a member of half a dozen
other groups. He speaks on a variety of topics from DevOps to how the telephone
system works. He works as a principal software developer for Clear-Measure located
in Austin, Texas. He is currently working on a new title about ASP.NET Core.

I would like to thank my wonderful wife for all her support and my
kids for providing a welcome distraction from writing. I would also
like to thank the Western Devs for being a constant sounding board
for insane ideas.

[ FM-4 ]
 About the Reviewer

Dobrin Ganev is a software developer with years of experience in various

development environments from finance to business process management. In recent
years, he has focused on geospatial development and data analytics using languages
such as JavaScript, Java, Python, Scala, and R. He has extensive knowledge about the
open source geospatial and the Esri platforms. Currently, he is focused on Big Data,
and its applications across broad industries and sectors.

chorStream Inc. (http://www.chorstream.com/) is a software development firm

focused on the use of Big Data and Big Data technologies to help clients work with
and leverage large and diverse volumes of data, which was founded in 2015. As a
co-founder, Mr. Ganev has worked with an accomplished team of professionals to
create and bring to market an application's framework that end users are able to use
to build custom and focused applications without needing any development skills.

He has reviewed the book ArcGIS for JavaScript Developers by Example, by Packt
Publishing.

[ FM-5 ]
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[ FM-6 ]
 Table of Contents
Preface vii
Chapter 1: Designing for Fun and Profit 1
The road to JavaScript 1
The early days 2
A pause 4
The way of GMail 5
JavaScript everywhere 7
What is a design pattern? 9
Anti-patterns 12
Summary 13
Part 1: Classical Design Patterns
Chapter 2: Organizing Code 17
Chunks of code 17
What's the matter with global scope anyway? 20
Objects in JavaScript 21
Build me a prototype 25
Inheritance 28
Modules 30
ECMAScript 2015 classes and modules 34
Best practices and troubleshooting 35
Summary 35
Chapter 3: Creational Patterns 37
Abstract factory 38
Implementation 42
Builder 45
Implementation 46

[i]
Table of Contents

Factory method 48
Implementation 49
Singleton 52
Implementation 52
Disadvantages 53
Prototype 54
Implementation 54
Tips and tricks 55
Summary 56
Chapter 4: Structural Patterns 57
Adapter 58
Implementation 59
Bridge 62
Implementation 63
Composite 65
Example 66
Implementation 67
Decorator 70
Implementation 71
Façade 72
Implementation 72
Flyweight 74
Implementation 75
Proxy 76
Implementation 77
Hints and tips 79
Summary 79
Chapter 5: Behavioral Patterns 81
Chain of responsibility 82
Implementation 82
Command 86
Command message 86
Invoker 88
Receiver 89
Interpreter 90
Example 90
Implementation 91
Iterator 92
Implementation 92
ECMAScript 2015 iterators 94

[ ii ]
 Table of Contents

Mediator 95
Implementation 95
Memento 97
Implementation 98
Observer 100
Implementation 101
State 103
Implementation 104
Strategy 106
Implementation 108
Template method 110
Implementation 111
Visitor 113
Hints and tips 117
Summary 118
Part 2: Other Patterns
Chapter 6: Functional Programming 121
Functional functions are side-effect-free 122
Function passing 122
Implementation 124
Filters and pipes 126
Implementation 127
Accumulators 129
Implementation 130
Memoization 131
Implementation 131
Immutability 133
Lazy instantiation 135
Implementation 135
Hints and tips 137
Summary 137
Chapter 7: Reactive Programming 139
Application state changes 140
Streams 140
Filtering streams 143
Merging streams 145
Streams for multiplexing 147
Hints and tips 147
Summary 148

[ iii ]
Table of Contents

Chapter 8: Application Patterns 149

First, some history 150
Model View Controller 150
MVC code 155
Model View Presenter 159
MVP code 161
Model View ViewModel 163
MVVM code 164
A better way to transfer changes between the model and the view 166
Observing view changes 168
Tips and tricks 169
Summary 169
Chapter 9: Web Patterns 171
Sending JavaScript 171
Combining files 172
Minification 175
Content Delivery Networks 176
Plugins 177
jQuery 177
d3 179
Doing two things at once – multithreading 182
Circuit breaker pattern 184
Back-off 185
Degraded application behavior 186
Promise pattern 187
Hints and tips 189
Summary 190
Chapter 10: Messaging Patterns 191
What's a message anyway? 192
Commands 193
Events 194
Request-reply 196
Publish-subscribe 199
Fan out and in 202
Dead letter queues 205
Message replay 207
Pipes and filters 207
Versioning messages 209
Hints and tips 210
Summary 210

[ iv ]
 Table of Contents

Chapter 11: Microservices 213

Façade 215
Service selector 216
Aggregate services 217
Pipeline 218
Message upgrader 219
Failure patterns 220
Service degradation 220
Message storage 221
Message replay 222
Indempotence of message handling 222
Hints and tips 223
Summary 223
Chapter 12: Patterns for Testing 225
The testing pyramid 225
Testing in the small with unit tests 226
Arrange-Act-Assert 228
Assert 229
Fake objects 229
Test spies 231
Stubs 232
Mock 234
Monkey patching 235
Interacting with the user interface 235
Browser testing 235
Faking the DOM 236
Wrapping the manipulation 237
Tips and tricks 238
Summary 239
Chapter 13: Advanced Patterns 241
Dependency injection 241
Live post processing 244
Aspect oriented programming 246
Mixins 249
Macros 250
Tips and tricks 251
Summary 252

[v]
Table of Contents

Chapter 14: ECMAScript-2015/2016 Solutions Today 253

TypeScript 253
Decorators 254
Async/Await 255
Typing 256
BabelJS 257
Classes 259
Default parameters 261
Template literals 262
Block bindings with let 263
In production 264
Tips and tricks 264
Summary 265
Index 267

[ vi ]
 Preface
JavaScript is starting to become one of the most popular languages in the world.
However, its history as a bit of a toy language means that developers are tempted
to ignore good design. Design patterns are a great tool to suggest some well-tried
solutions.

What this book covers

This book is divided into two main halves, each of which contains a number
of chapters. The first half of the book, which we'll refer to as Part 1, covers the
classical design patterns, which are found in the GoF book.

Chapter 1, Designing for Fun and Profit, introduces what design patterns are and
why we are interested in using design patterns. We will also talk about some
of the history of JavaScript to give you a historical context.

Chapter 2, Organizing Code, looks at how to create the classical structures that are
used to organize code, namespaces, or modules and classes, as JavaScript lacks
these constructs as first class citizens.

Chapter 3, Creational Patterns, covers the creational patterns outlined in the Gang of
Four book. We'll discuss how these patterns apply to JavaScript, as opposed to the
languages that were popular at the time when the Gang of Four wrote their book.

Chapter 4, Structural Patterns, looks at creational patterns. We'll examine the

structural patterns from the Gang of Four book.

Chapter 5, Behavioral Patterns, discusses behavioral patterns. These are the final set
of patterns from the Gang of Four book that we'll examine. These patterns govern
different ways to link classes together.

[ vii ]
Preface

Part 2 looks at patterns that are either not covered in the GoF book or that are specific
to JavaScript.

Chapter 6, Functional Programming, covers some of the patterns that can be found in
functional programming languages. We'll look at how these patterns can be
used in JavaScript to improve code.

Chapter 7, Reactive Programming, explores the problems associated with the

callback model of programming in JavaScript. It presents Reactive programming,
a stream-based approach to events, as a possible solution.

Chapter 8, Application Patterns, examines the confusing variety of different patterns to

create single page applications. We'll provide clarity and look at how to use libraries
which use each of the existing patterns, as well as create our own lightweight
framework.

Chapter 9, Web Patterns, looks at a number of patterns that have specific applicability
to web applications. We'll also look at some patterns around deploying code to
remote runtimes, such as the browser.

Chapter 10, Messaging Patterns, covers how messaging is a powerful technique to

communicate inside and even between applications. In this chapter, we'll look at
some common structures around messaging and discuss why messaging is so useful.

Chapter 11, Microservices, covers microservices, which are growing in popularity

at a tremendous rate. This chapter examines the ideas behind this approach to
programming and suggests a number of patterns to keep in mind when building
using this approach.

Chapter 12, Patterns for Testing, discusses how building software is hard, and how
building good software is doubly so. This chapter provides some patterns which
can make the testing process a little bit easier.

Chapter 13, Advanced Patterns, explains how some patterns such as aspect-oriented
programming are rarely applied in JavaScript. We'll look at how these patterns can
be applied in JavaScript and discuss whether we should apply them.

Chapter 14, ECMAScript-2015/2016 Solutions Today, covers some of the tools available
to allow you to use features from future versions of JavaScript today. We'll examine
Microsoft's TypeScript as well as Traceur.

[ viii ]
 Preface

What you need for this book

There is no specialized software needed for this book. JavaScript runs on all modern
browsers. There are standalone JavaScript engines written in C++ (V8) and Java
(Rhino), and these are used to power all sorts of tools, such as Node.js, CouchDB,
and even Elasticsearch. These patterns can be applied to any of these technologies.

Who this book is for

This book is ideal for JavaScript developers who want to gain expertise in object-
oriented programming with JavaScript and the new capabilities of ES-2015 to improve
their web development skills and build professional-quality web applications.

Conventions
In this book, you will find a number of text styles that distinguish between different
kinds of information. Here are some examples of these styles and an explanation
of their meaning.

Code words in text, database table names, folder names, filenames, file extensions,
pathnames, dummy URLs, user input, and Twitter handles are shown as follows:
"You'll notice that we explicitly define the name field."

A block of code is set as follows:

let Castle = function(name){
this.name = name;
}
Castle.prototype.build = function(){ console.log(this.name);}
let instance1 = new Castle("Winterfell");
instance1.build();

When we wish to draw your attention to a particular part of a code block, the
relevant lines or items are set in bold:
let Castle = function(name){
this.name = name;
}
Castle.prototype.build = function(){ console.log(this.name);}
let instance1 = new Castle("Winterfell");
instance1.build();

[ ix ]
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