Chapter 2

Fundamentals of MATLAB
Programming
Scientific Computing with
MATLAB, 2nd Edition
CRC/Taylor & Francis Press
Chinese version by Tsinghua University Press
PPT by Wenbin Dong and Jun Peng, Northeastern University, PRC
Proofread by Dingyu Xue & YangQuan Chen

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hen. Scientific Computing with
 Chapter 2 Fundamentals of
MATLAB Programming
□ Fundamentals of MATLAB Programming
□ Fundamental Mathematical Calculations
□ Flow Control Structures of MATLAB Language
□ Writing and Debugging MATLAB Functions
□ Two-, Three- Four-dimensional Graphics

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hen. Scientific Computing with
 Advantages of MATLAB
□ MATLAB has the following advantages:
Clarity and high efficiency
Scientific computation, covers almost all the useful
topics in math and engineering
Graphics facilities
Comprehensive toolboxes and block-sets, designed
by experts of almost all disciplines
Powerful simulation facilities, unite the sub-
systems of different domains together
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hen. Scientific Computing with
2.1 Fundamentals of MATLAB
Programming
□ Variables and constants in MATLAB
□ Data structures
□ Basic structure of MATLAB
□ Colon expressions and sub-matrices extraction

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hen. Scientific Computing with
2.1.1 Variables and Constants
in MATLAB
□ Variables in MATLAB
Starting with a letter followed by other characters:
Case-sensitive: Abc ≠ABc
Valid names: MYvar12, MY_Var12 and MyVar12_
Invalid variable names: 12MyVar, _MyVar12
□ Constants in MATLAB:
 eps, i, j, pi, NaN, Inf, i=sqrt(-1)
 lastwarn, lasterr

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hen. Scientific Computing with
2.1.2 Data structures

□ Double-precision data type

□ Symbolic data type
□ Other data types

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hen. Scientific Computing with
Double-precision Data Types
□ IEEE standard, 64 bits (8 bytes)
11 bits for exponential
52 bits for numerical
1 sign bit.
□ Use double() to convert other types to double.
□ Data range: 15 decimal digits

□ Other data types:

 int8(), int16(), int32(), uint16(), uint32()

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hen. Scientific Computing with
Symbolic Data Type
□ Usually used in formula derivations and
analytical solutions
variable declaration

Data type conversion

display the symbolic variables in any precision

The default value: 32 decimal digits.

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hen. Scientific Computing with
More on Symbolic Variables

□ More data types: integer

□ Conditions specification
assume function

assumeAlso function

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hen. Scientific Computing with
Example 2.1 Symbolic Variables

□ Please declare a positive symbolic integer k

such that it is a multiple of 13, and it does
not exceed 3000
Not possible in earlier versions
How to declare 3000/13 ≈ 230.7

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hen. Scientific Computing with
Example 2.2 Value of 
□ Display the first 300 digits of .
□ MATLAB command

□ One may further increase the number of digits

to display.
□ For extremely large number of digits, process
may be slow
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hen. Scientific Computing with
 Other Data Types
□ Strings: used to store messages. Single quotes
□ Multi-dimensional arrays:
a direct extension of matrices with multiple indices.
□ Cell arrays:
to put a set of data of different types under a single
variable, expressed by { }.
□ Classes and objects:
used in Object-Oriented Programming.

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hen. Scientific Computing with
2.1.3 Basic Structures of
MATLAB
□ Direct assignment
The basic structure of this type of statement is

A semicolon can prevent the results from display.

Reserved variable: ans, store the result of the lat
est statements without left-hand-variable
□ Function call, returns many arguments
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hen. Scientific Computing with
Example 2.3 Matrix Input
□ Enter matrix into MATLAB

□ Commands

□ Other commands

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hen. Scientific Computing with
Example 2.4 Complex Matrix
□ Enter complex matrix into MATLAB

□ MATLAB commands

□ Things to avoid:

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hen. Scientific Computing with
Function Call Statements
□ Function call statement

□ Function call examples

□ One function may be called in different ways

Built-in functions, *.m functions,
Anonymous functions, inline functions
Overload functions
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hen. Scientific Computing with
2.1.4 Colon Expressions and
Sub-matrices Extraction
□ Colon expression is an effective way in
defining row vectors.

□ Start value s1, increment s2 and final value s3

default increment: 1, when s2 is missing
Value of s3 not necessarily included in v
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hen. Scientific Computing with
Example 2.5 Make Vectors

□ For different increments, establish vectors

for

□ To include 

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hen. Scientific Computing with
Sub-matrix Extraction

□ Basic format

□ Arguments
v1 numbers of the rows
v2 numbers of the columns
:, all the columns or rows, depending on the
position of it
Key word end
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hen. Scientific Computing with
 Example 2.6 Sub Matrices
□ Different sub-matrices can be extracted from
the given matrix

□ MATLAB command

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hen. Scientific Computing with
2.2 Fundamental Mathematical
Calculations
□ Algebraic operations of matrices
□ Logic operations of matrices
□ Relationship operations of matrices
□ Simplifications and presentations of analytical
results
□ Basic number theory computations

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hen. Scientific Computing with
2.2.1 Algebraic operations
of matrices
□ Matrix transpose
□ Matrix addition and subtraction
□ Matrix multiplications
□ Matrix divisions
□ Matrix flip and rotations
□ Matrix power
□ Matrix dot operations
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hen. Scientific Computing with
 Matrix transpose
□ Matrix representation:
Matrix A, n rows and m columns, is referred to as a
n n×m matrix
□ Hermitian transpose

□ Simple transpose

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hen. Scientific Computing with
 Matrix Addition and
Subtraction
□ Mathematical representations

□ Difficult to program under C, like A*B

□ MATLAB implementation

□ Note: either variable can be a scalar

□ If not compatible, error messages given
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hen. Scientific Computing with
Matrix Multiplication
□ Math expression

□ MATLAB expression

□ Note: compatibility auto-checked

Applies to complex and others

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hen. Scientific Computing with
 Matrix Division
□ Matrix left division
Solve the linear equations:

MATLAB solution:

Least squares solution

If A is a non-singular square matrix. Then,

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hen. Scientific Computing with
 Matrix Right Division
□ Mathematical expression XA=B
MATLAB solution

Least squares solution

If A is a nonsingular square matrix. Then,

More precisely,

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hen. Scientific Computing with
Matrix Flips and Rotations
□ left-right flip

□ up-down flip

□ Rotate 90o , counterclockwise

□ How to rotate 180o , 270o ?

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hen. Scientific Computing with
 Matrix Power
□ A must be a square matrix
□ Matrix A to the power x.
Math description

MATLAB command

Rotations needed

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hen. Scientific Computing with
Example 2.7 Cubic Roots
□ Given matrix A

□ MATLAB code

□ Other two roots

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hen. Scientific Computing with
 Matrix Dot Operations
□ Element-by-element operation
Dot product
Dot power

Curve of a function

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hen. Scientific Computing with
2.2.2 Logic Operations
□ Logical variables
For new version of MATLAB
Non-zero means logic 1
□ Logical operations (element-by-element)
“And” operation
“Or” operation
“Not” operation
Exclusive Or
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hen. Scientific Computing with
2.2.3 Relationship Operations
of Matrices
□ Allowed comparisons:
>, >=, <, <=, ==,~=, find(), all(), any()
□ Examples:

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hen. Scientific Computing with
2.2.4 Simplifications and
Conversions
□ Function simple() can be used to simplify mat
hematical formula – old version:

In new versions, use simplify()

□ Other commonly used simplification functions
numden(), collect(), expand(), factor()

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hen. Scientific Computing with
Example 2.8 Polynomial
□ Find the simplest form of the polynomial

□ Process it with various functions

In old versions

□ Simplify the polynomial

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hen. Scientific Computing with
Variable Substitution
□ Two commands to use

□ It is run on the dot operation basis

□ Convert to LATEX expression

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hen. Scientific Computing with
 Example 2.9 Math Display
□ Function

□ Use taylor() to evaluate its Taylor expression a

nd convert the results in LATEX

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hen. Scientific Computing with
□ By MATLAB
\cos \left( b \right) -\sin \left( b \right) a
t+ \left( -1/2\,\cos \left( b \right) {a}^{2}
+cd \right) {t}^{2}+1/6\,\sin \left( b \righ
t) {a}^{3}{t}^{3}+ \left( 1/24\,\cos \left( b
\right) {a}^{4}-1/6\,c{d}^{3}-1/6\,{c}^{3}d \
right) {t}^{4}-{\frac {1}{120}}\,\sin \left(
b \right) {a}^{5}{t}^{5}
□ By LaTeX

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hen. Scientific Computing with
2.2.5 Basic Discrete Mathematics
Computations

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hen. Scientific Computing with
Example 2.10 Finding Integers
□ Data set
-0.2765, 0.5772,1.4597, 2.1091, 1.191,-1.6187
□ Observe the results from different rounding
functions.

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hen. Scientific Computing with
Example 2.11 Rationalization
□ 3x3 Hilbert matrix can be specified with the
statement A = hilb(3), perform the rational
transformation.

□ result

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hen. Scientific Computing with
 Example 2.12 GCD/LCM
□ Two numbers 1856120 , 1483720
get the GCD (greatest common divisor)
LCM (least common multiple)
prime factor decomposition to the least common
multiplier
□ Better to use symbolic form

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hen. Scientific Computing with
Example 2.13 Prime Numbers
□ Prime numbers in 1-1000

Two statements. Recall C programming

□ The prime numbers obtained

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hen. Scientific Computing with
2.3 Flow Control Structures of
MATLAB Language
□ With Control structures, complicated and
sophisticated programs can be written
Loop control structures
Conditional control structures
Switch structure
Trial structure
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hen. Scientific Computing with
2.3.1 Loop Control Structures
□ The for loop structures

Every term in v is taken

□ If v is a matrix, i pick up one column at a time

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hen. Scientific Computing with
 While Loops
□ The while loop structures

□ Loops can be nested

Different structures have different characteristics
Loops can be broken with break command

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hen. Scientific Computing with
Example 2.14 Sum of Sequence

□ Compute the sum of using loop structures.

□ the simplest statement

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hen. Scientific Computing with
Example 2.15 How Many Terms
□ Find the minimum value of m such that

□ Only while can be used

□ For structure cannot act alone for the problem

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hen. Scientific Computing with
Example 2.16 Loops or Vectorizatio
n
□ Evaluate the sum of the series

□ MATLAB loop code, and vectorized code

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hen. Scientific Computing with
2.3.2 Conditional Control Structures

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hen. Scientific Computing with
 Example 2.17 Another Way
□ Using for and if statements to determine the
minimum m

□ It is more complicated than the while structure.

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hen. Scientific Computing with
2.3.3 Switch Structure

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hen. Scientific Computing with
2.3.4 Trial Structure
□ This is a brand new structure

□ Advantages:
An error trap
More efficient algorithm implementation

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hen. Scientific Computing with
2.4 Writing and Debugging
MATLAB Functions
□ Basic structure of MATLAB functions
□ Programming of functions with variable
inputs/outputs
□ Inline functions and anonymous functions

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hen. Scientific Computing with
2.4.1 Basic Structure of
MATLAB Functions
□ Function structures

□ Important functions
 nargin, nargout, varargin, varargout

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hen. Scientific Computing with
 Example 2.18 Why Functions
are Needed?
□ Problem

□ M-script can be written and saved as an M-file.

If 10000 is changed to other values, the M-file
should be modified
□ A new file format (function) is needed

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hen. Scientific Computing with
Example 2.19 M-Function
Implementation
□ Write an M-function for Example 2.18
□ M-function

□ Example

□ Advantages: no need to modify for N

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hen. Scientific Computing with
Example 2.20 Hilbert
Matrix Generation
□ Write an M-function for n×m Hilbert matrix

□ Requirements
If only 1 input argument given, generate a square
matrix
Write suitable help information
Check the numbers of inputs and outputs
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hen. Scientific Computing with
□ MATLAB function

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hen. Scientific Computing with
□ On-line help commands

□ Generate Hilbert matrices

□ Limitations: cannot generate symbolic matrix

Modify kernel statements

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hen. Scientific Computing with
Example 2.21 Recursive
Implementation of Factorials
□ Recursive relations
□ Recursive function implementation

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hen. Scientific Computing with
Factorial Calculations
□ Calculate 11!

□ Other functions

□ Symbolic computation

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hen. Scientific Computing with
Example 2.22 Not Suitable for
Recursive Implementation
□ Implement Fibonacci sequence
Fibonacci sequence

Recursive implementation in MATLAB

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hen. Scientific Computing with
□ The 25th term (takes 3 seconds)

□ With for loop, 1000th term can be obtained

□ Note: not suitable to use recursive structures

□ Symbolic computation

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hen. Scientific Computing with
2.4.2 Handling Variable Input
and Returned Arguments
□ Functions with variable numbers of arguments
In/out arguments: varargin, varargout
□ Extracting actual input arguments
varargin{1}, varargin{2},…, varargin{n}
□ Storage and transfer of the arguments

varargin{1} varargin{2} varargin{n}

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hen. Scientific Computing with
 Example 2.22 Handling Arbitrary
Number of Input Arguments
□ conv(): calculate product of 2 polynomials
□ Handle arbitrary number of polynomials
□ MATLAB programming
Extract 1 term from varargin at a time

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hen. Scientific Computing with
2.4.3 Inline and Anonymous
Functions
□ inline function (not recommended)
No need to create an M-file

□ For MATLAB7.0+, recommend anonymous

Direct use of variables in MATLAB workspace

□ Other types of functions – private, overload

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hen. Scientific Computing with
 2.4.4 Pseudo Code and
Source Code Protection
□ Why pseudo code?
Increase execution speed
Protect source code: ASCII file to binary file
□ Creating pseudo code

□ Must reserve source code in safe place

□ .p files not reversible
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hen. Scientific Computing with
2.5 Two-dimensional Graphics
□ Scientific visualization is important in scienti
fic research. Convert data into graphs
Basic statements in 2D graphics
Plots with multiple vertical axes
Other 2D graphics facilities
Plotting implicit functions
Access data in files (*.txt or *.xls)

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hen. Scientific Computing with
2.5.1 Basic Statements in
2D Plots
□ Two sequences

Construct vectors

□ Use the data to draw plots

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hen. Scientific Computing with
Example 2.24 Function Plotting
and Validations
□ Draw plot for function

□ MATLAB code

□ Problem: how to validate curves?

Select different step sizes
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hen. Scientific Computing with
Variable Step-size Vectors
□ Use different step-sizes
Use the same small step-size

□ Use variable step-size, small around ±/2

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hen. Scientific Computing with
Example 2.25 Piecewise Functions
□ Draw saturation function

□ MATLAB draw (mutual exclusive conditions)

互斥

□ Simpler statement: draw poly-lines

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hen. Scientific Computing with
 Other Syntaxes
□ t is vector, while y is a matrix, e.g.,

□ t and y are matrices, size of t and y the same

□ More pairs of vectors or matrices

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hen. Scientific Computing with
A More General Syntax
□ Change the properties directly

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hen. Scientific Computing with
Object Properties Extraction
and Settings
□ Figure window, curve, axes are objects
□ Object properties can be assigned with set()
□ Properties can be extracted with get()

□ Object properties can be set with menus

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hen. Scientific Computing with
 2.5.2 Plots with Multiple
Vertical Axes
□ Sometimes the differences in the two plots are
huge, plotyy() function should be used
□ Example 2-26: Draw the two functions

□ More plotting functions for more axes

plotyyy(), plot4y(), plotxx() functions
Downloadable from MATLAB File Exchange
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hen. Scientific Computing with
2.5.3 Drawing Other Forms of
2D Graphics
□ Different functions to use

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hen. Scientific Computing with
Example 2.27 Polar Plots
□ Draw polar function curves

□ Drawing curves

Incomplete – find the period

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hen. Scientific Computing with
Drawing plots as Subplots
□ Divide graphics window into several parts

n and m are rows and columns

k is the serial number of the portion of window
□ Also setting with menu items
Add an axis
Drag mouse button to adjust axis size

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hen. Scientific Computing with
Example 2.27 Different 2D
Plots as Subplots in Windows
□ Sinusoidal function is used as an example
□ Divide graph window as 2x2
□ Draw in different portions

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hen. Scientific Computing with
 2.5.4 Drawing Implicit
Functions
□ Example of an implicit function

□ Drawing implicit functions

Represent implicit functions as strings

Default region is [-2,2]
□ Other syntaxes

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hen. Scientific Computing with
Example 2.29 Implicit Function
□ Please draw

□ MATLAB statements -- handles

□ Over a large region

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hen. Scientific Computing with
2.5.5 Decoration of Plots
□ Direct use of toolbar
□ Text decorations
Special symbols
Subscript and superscripts, with ^ and _

 advantages. Better to use overpic package

□ New functions since MATLAB 7.0
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hen. Scientific Computing with
2.5.6 Access Data Files
□ Commands save and load

□ Exchange between MATLAB & Excel

Write file: xlswrite()

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hen. Scientific Computing with
Example 2-30 Access Excel File
□ Known Excel file: census.xls – population
Open file
Rows 5-67 stores data
B column stores year, C columns, population
□ Read into MATLAB, the plotting

□ Simpler method: Copy & Paste

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hen. Scientific Computing with
2.6 Three-dimensional Graphics
□ Difficult to obtain with other computer
languages, easy to obtain with MATLAB
□ Main topics in the section
3D curves
3D surfaces
View-point setting
3D implicit function plots
Rotating 3D graphs
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hen. Scientific Computing with
2.6.1 3D Curves
□ Plotting 3D curves

□ Other 3D plotting functions

stem3, fill3, bar3
Draw trajectory dynamically: comet3

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hen. Scientific Computing with
 Example 2.31 Position of a
Particle in 3D Space
□ 3D parametric equation

Position of a particle (change with time)

where,
□ MATLAB plotting (dot calculation)

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hen. Scientific Computing with
Other 3D Plots
□ With function stem3()

□ Dynamic trajectory

□ Toolbar usages
View point adjustment in 3D plots
Read coordinate, zooming facilities
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hen. Scientific Computing with
 2.6.2 3D Surface Plots
□ Draw surfaces

□ Other functions
surfl(), surfc()
□ Contour plots
contour(), contours()
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hen. Scientific Computing with
Example 2.32 3D Surface
□ Given function with 2 variables

□ MATLAB plot

□ Surface plot

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hen. Scientific Computing with
Example 2.33 Another Function
□ Two-variable function

□ Draw 3D surface

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hen. Scientific Computing with
 Step-size Selection
□ With variable step-sizes

□ Singular point, to be discussed in Ch5

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hen. Scientific Computing with
Example 2.34 Handling
Piecewise Functions
□ Draw surface for piecewise function

Evaluation of piecewise functions

Mutually exclusive relations, dot operations
Loops, rather complicated

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hen. Scientific Computing with
 Drawing Piecewise Surfaces
□ Math form

□ MATLAB plotting
Generate mesh grid, evaluate then plot

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hen. Scientific Computing with
2.6.3 Contour Plots
□ Various of contour plots
Direct draw
Contours with labels

3D contours

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hen. Scientific Computing with
 Example 2-35 Contours
□ Example 2-34, piecewise function
Generate data, draw contours

□ 3D contours

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hen. Scientific Computing with
 2.6.4 Plots of 3D Implicit
Functions
□ 3D implicit function
□ Download ezimplot3() from File Exchange

Default region [-2,2]

□ Fun can be of
Implicit function strings
Anonymous functions
M-functions
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 Example 2-36 3D Implicit
Function Plots
□ Given 3D implicit functions

□ Drawing statements

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2.6.5 View-point Specifications
□ Two ways of setting view points
Direct use of toolbar
Command view()

Read current view points

□  is azimuth angle,  is elevation angle
□ Uniquely define the view-point
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 Definition of View-points
□ Settings

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Example 2.37 Orthographic Views
of 3D Plots 三视图
□ Given function

□ Default angle extraction

□ 3D surface plot

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2.6.6 Rotations of 3D Surfaces
□ Rotating function

where
Handles of 3D plot h
Rotate baseline by vector v
Angle is 
Example: rotate along positive direction of x
axis, v = [1,0,0]
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Example 2-38 Rotating 3D Plots
□ Rotate the piecewise plot

□ Rotate along x axis, baseline v=[1,0,0]

□ Rotate along baseline v =[1 1 1]

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 Animation of Rotations
□ Rotate along x axis for 360 degrees
Rotate 1 degree per step (0.01s pause)
Loop structure needed

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2.7 Drawing 4D Plots
□ 4D plots
Time-driven 3D animation 体视化
Slice view of 3D plots: volume visualization
Examples
CT images, temperature or density of a 3D solid
Slices are needed to view inside
Flow rate and concentration of liquid
MATLAB function

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 Example 2-39 Slice Views of
3D Solid Objects
□ Function

Ordinary slices
Generate 3D mesh grids
Calculate function values in the grids (dot operation)
Plotting

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 Special Slices
□ Construct a plane at z = 1
□ Rotate 45o the plane along x axis
□ Slice with the plane

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A Volume Visualization
Interface
□ A volume visualization interface is
developed vol_visual4d()
□ Syntax
Generate volume data
Call the function

Freely setting different slices

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Example 2-40 Use the Volume
Visualization Interface
□ Function

□ Slice plotting
Use scrollbars to adjust the slices
Select whether a slice is shown

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Chapter Summary
□ Fundamentals of MATLAB programming
Constants and variables
Data types and statement structures
Colon expression and sub-matrix extraction
□ Matrix computation
Algebraic, logic and relational operations
Expression simplification and conversion
Some discrete math computation
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□ Control flow structures
Two kinds of loops, conditional and switch
Trial structure in MATLAB
□ Main stream programming -- functions
Standard function structures
Examming input and output arguments
With arbitrary number of in/out arguments
Recursive structures
Pseudo-code manipulations

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□ Two-dimensional graphics
Descartes, polar, logarithmic and bars
Implicit function plotting
Decorations of plots
View point setting
□ Three-dimensional plots and surfaces
3D implicit functions
Rotations of plots
□ Four-dimensional volume visualization
An easy-to-use GUI

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