“DBMS”

DATABASE MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM
(Introduction to access 2013)
NAME :- Arnav Sahoo
Class :- 8
Section :- A
COMPUTER PROJECT
 Database
• Database
• Collection of related data that is stored in a central location
or in multiple locations
• Data hierarchy: Structure and organization of data involving
fields, records, and files.
• Database management system (DBMS)
• Software for creating, storing, maintaining, and accessing
database files .
• Makes using databases more efficient.

• A Database Management System (DBMS) is a software that

arranges all your data in an orderly manner so that you can
modify and retrieve the data easily
 INTRODUCTION TO
DATABASE
 Every organization has to maintain data pertaining to
its business, its employees, and other relevant
information.
 For example, a school has to maintain data about its
students' personal details, their academic and co-
curricular achievements, and the details of their
teachers and administrative staff.
 This data needs to be made available to a user easily
and promptly. This data should also be available for
easy updation whenever required. Thus, it is
preferable to store the entire data in a database.
 Work of Database
 A database is simply an organized collection of data. A
database arranges information in such a way that any piece of
information can be easily accessed for retrieval and
modification.
 A simple example of a database is a telephone directory.
Databases maintain data electronically. Earlier, data was stored
manually by maintaining records in various files. Each file
would relate to a specific project, activity, customer, or
employee only. But, maintaining files is difficult, especially in
a big organization with complex processes. Report generation
also becomes tedious in this system.
 Therefore, there was a need to have a data collation system
where the control of information could be centralized. This led
to the designing of a database software or DBMS
 INTRODUCTION TO
DATABASE MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM
 A database management system (DBMS) is defined as a
program that manages databases easily, efficiently, and
accurately.
 A database management system helps maintain centralized
control over the entire data. This involves inserting ,
modifying, deleting, and maintaining the data. It gives you
complete command over your data, enabling you to retrieve,
sort, analyse, and summarize the data, and report the results
quickly. It makes data entry and retrieval highly efficient and
accurate.
 Some popular DBMS software are Access 2013, Oracle,
Interaction Between the User,
DBMS and Database
 Advantages of a DBMS
 When data is stored in files, there are problems of
data redundancy, data inconsistency, and incorrect
updation, deletion, and retrieval of data. A DBMS
provides an easy solution to all these problems as it
allows centralized control over the data. A DBMS
provides the following benefits:
 1. Reduces data redundancy .
 2. Controls data inconsistency .
 3. facilitates sharing of data .
 4. Enforces standards .
 5. Ensures data security .
 6. Maintains integrity .
 1. Reduces data redundancy .

 Data redundancy means duplication of data. This

means that information is repeated at various
locations. For example, in a school, two separate files
are maintained for bus and fees information, named
as Bus Information and Fees Information, and both
these files include the student address also. This
condition is called data redundancy.
 In database, any information usually appears at a
single place, hence, data duplication or redundancy is
reduced or virtually eliminated. This is useful in
saving computer memory and leads to accurate
management of data.
 2. Controls data inconsistency .

 Data inconsistency is a situation where there

are multiple tables within a database that deal
with the same data but may receive it from
different inputs. Inconsistency is generally
compounded by data redundancy.
 In a database management system, this will not
happen, as reduced data redundancy leads to
data consistency.
 3. facilitates sharing of data .

 The ability to share the same data resource with

multiple applications or users. It implies that the data
are stored in one or more servers in the network and
that there is some software locking mechanism that
prevents the same set of data from being changed by
two people at the same time.
 A database is usually used by many people,
simultaneously or at different times Using a database
ensures that correct data is extracted for all the users
based on their requirements .
 4. Enforces standards .

 A DBMS makes it possible to apply certain

standards to data representation. These
standards could be an organization's own
standards or national/international standards.
 Enforcement is the process of ensuring
compliance with laws, regulations, rules,
standards, and social norms. Governments
attempt to effectuate successful
implementation of policies by enforcing laws
and regulations.
 5. Ensures data security .
 Data security refers to the process of protecting data
from unauthorized access and data corruption
throughout its lifecycle. Data security includes data
encryption, hashing, tokenization, and key
management practices that protect data across all
applications and platforms.
 In a DBMS, the database administrator (DBA) has
complete control Over the database and ensures that
the data is accessible only to authorized people.
Different categories of users can be given different
permissions. Some may have the authority to only
view the data, while others may have the authority to
modify data too.
 6. Maintains integrity .

 Integrity is the practice of being honest and showing

a consistent and uncompromising adherence to strong
moral and ethical principles and values. In ethics,
integrity is regarded as the honesty and truthfulness
or accuracy of one's actions.
 A DBMS supports database integrity . Suppose, a
database contains information about the marks scored
by the students in an examination . If the maximum
marks are 100, you can have rules to make sure that
the database accepts numbers only in the range of 0 to
100.
 DATABASE CONCEPTS
 Tables: The Building Blocks of Databases
 A database stores data in the form of tables. A
table organizes data into rows called records
and columns called fields. Records and fields
together make the table. Each record defines
information about one entity and gives
complete details about it. Each field defines
information of a certain type for all records.
tables, records, and fields form the elements bf
a database.
 Record
 Record A record (row) contains information on
one item or entity. It is also called a tuple.
 a record (also called a structure, struct, or
compound data) is a basic data structure.
Records in a database or spreadsheet are
usually called "rows". A record is a collection
of fields, possibly of different data types,
typically in a fixed number and sequence.
 Field
 A field (column) contains a certain type of
information for all records. It is also called an
attribute.
 A value is located at the intersection of a column
and a row. The total number of values in a table
is the number of rows multiplied by the number
of columns.
 A database field is a single piece of information
from a record. A database record is a set of
fields. The Fields window displays the record-
level fields that are contained in a Progeny
 Uniqueness of Each Record
 Each record in a table is unique. In other
words, you cannot have identical records about
the same item in a table. To distinguish one
record from another, tables contain a primary
key field.
 Primary key
 Primary key is a group of one or more columns used
to uniquely identify each record of the table. It can be
the product code, employee ID, project ID, or a
student's roll number.
 In table, records are arranged according to the values
in the primary key field. The value in the primary key
field is different for every record and thus helps in
uniquely identifying the records.
 Two characteristics of a primary key are:
 1. It should be unique.
 2. It should not have NULL value.
 Composite key
 Sometimes, more than one attribute is required
to uniquely identify a record. In such cases, a
combination of two or more fields can be used
as the primary key. The primary key that is
made up of more than one field is known as
composite key.
 Candidate key

A field or a group of fields that can

be used as the primary key of a table
is called candidate key.
 Alternate key
A candidate key of a table which is
not made its primary key is called its
alternate key.
 RELATIONAL DATABASE
 There are many ways in which data can be organized
in a database, such as, Hierarchical work, Relational,
and Object-oriented, The relational database model is
the most popular.
 A relational database is one in which data is not
stored in a single, very large table. Instead database is
composed of several tables, each containing a specific
set of information. The tables are related to one
another through similar fields. Such fields relate
(join) the tables so that the data can be retrieved from
multiple tables at once.
 The two tables will be related through a
field called foreign key. In a relational
database, foreign key is a field that
matches the primary key of another table.
In this case, Supplier Company ID will be
the foreign key of linking these tables.
So, you can use information from the two
tables easily.
 Foreign key
 A foreign key is a field or a group of fields that
is used to establish a link between data in two
tables
 Relational Database
Management System (RDBMS)
 The software that manages (creation,
modification, deletion, and addition of data) a
relational database is called a Relational
Database Management System (RDBMS)
software. Some popular RDBMS software are
Oracle, SQL Server, MySQL, and MS Access.
We will discuss Access 2013 in detail here.
 NAME :- Arnav Sahoo
 Class :- 8

 Section :- A