BIT

Semester 1
Computer Systems

Chapter 3
Input and Output Devices
 Input Devices
• The devices that are use to input ‘Data’ to
the computer.

• Most Common input devices of the

computer are,
– Keyboard
– Mouse
 Keyboard
• The primary input device of the computer.

• Using the keyboard you can do the simplest

Input functions of entering data and commands
to your computer system.

• Has a similar layout to the typewriter.

• but has some additional keys that provide

additional functionality than a typewriter.
 Keyboard Cont….
• Keyboards come in different shapes and sizes
but may different the number of additional keys.

• The keyboards may be connected to the

computer system through a wire or as wireless.

• The wired connection may be through the

DIN(Deutsches Institute für Normung)-
5connector, PS/2connector or USB. The
wireless may use radio-frequency or infrared.
Keyboard Types
 Standard Keyboards
• The standard keyboard has one hundred
keys. This set of keys can be divided in to
six categories.
– Alphanumeric keys
– Modifier keys
– Numeric keypad
– Function keys
– Cursor-Movement keys
– Special-purpose keys
 Alphanumeric keys
• These include the alphabetical and numeric keys
grouped together on the left side of the
keyboard.
• The main function of these keys is to simply
enter what ever symbol that is displayed on the
particular key.
 Modifier keys
• These keys are located on the bottom left and
right corners of the grouping of the alphanumeric
keys.
• These keys include “Shift, ”Ctrl”, Alt”
• Should use with another supporting key to
modify. E.g.- Ctrl+C, Ctrl+V, Alt+F4
 Numeric keypad
• These are the set of keys that are located
at the right most end of your keyboard.
• These help to enter numeric data faster
that using the alphanumeric keys.
 Function keys
• These are the keys located on the top
most row of the keyboard and labeled
F1toF12.
• These keys are allocated certain functions
by different applications. E.g-F1-Help
 Cursor-Movement keys
• These cursor keys include the quad-directional
arrows keys and the" Home, End, Page-up,
Pagedown”keys are the movement keys.
 Special-purpose keys

• Special keys usually located between the

alphanumeric and number-pad keys which
allow you to carry out special functions.
• These keys are the “Insert (also known as
the over write), Delete, Print screen, Scroll
Lock, Pause and Esc”
 Special keyboards
• According to the users requirements the
keyboard structure radically changed.

– 101-key enhanced keyboard

 104-key Windows keyboard
• Two Windows keys and One Application
Key attached to the keyboard.
 Mac keyboard
• Similar to 101-keyborad.
• But specially use within Apple Mac O/S.
 Multimedia and Web-enabled
keyboards
• Enable you launch you multimedia players
and control your media player.
• Support Many media facilities.
 Ergonomic keyboards
• The term “ergonomic” implies that’ something's
designed to optimize human well-being, overall
system performance and human comfort
Pointer Devices
 Pointer Devices
• Any location on the computer screen can
be addressed by using X-Y coordinates.
• Pointer devices as the name implies are
used to point to specific location on the
computer screen.
• According to the movement of the device
screen pointer moves.
 Mouse

• The second most common input device

(after keyboard) is Mouse.
• The X-Y Position indicator for a display
system was invented by Mr. Douglas
Englebartin 1964.
• This device was later
called the mouse.
 Mouse cont……

• The mouse comprises of four parts.

– A ball/roller or optical sensors that indicate the
mouse motion.
– Buttons and/or wheel that are used to make
selections and scroll.
– A housing that holds the above components
and lets you move the mouse around
– An interface to connect to the computer
system.
 Ball Mouse
• The Ball mouse uses a ball/roller.
• When the mouse is moved the
perpendicular wheels touching the ball
moves and sensors at the end of these
wheels indicate the direction of motion.
• The disadvantage of the ball mouse is that
it gathers dust and trash ,which cause
unreliable motion.
 Optical Mouse

• The optical mouse uses a light and an

optical sensor.
• Advantages-
– More reliable to perform smoother operations.
– Light weight.
– No dust problems.
Mouse cont….
• The mouse rolls on a flat surface.
• The motion of the mouse is picked up by
the sensors and passed through the
interface to the computer system.
• The system software decodes this motion
data and appropriately moves the pointer
on the computer screen.
• The required task can be executed by
clicking the mouse buttons.
 Mouse interface…..
• The interface between the mouse and the
computer system may be wired or wireless.
• Wired connection by via PS/2 port or USB.
• Wireless may use radio signal or IR.
 Trackball

• The trackball works like an upside-down

mouse. (Ball mouse)
• The ball is on the top of the device where
as the mouse ball is on the underside.
• The mouse has to be moved around where
as the trackball remains stationary.
• All other functions are similar to mouse.
• The best example is the use of a trackball
in laptops where you do not have space for
a mouse.
 Touchpad

• The touchpad also known as Trackpad.

• First invented at 1994.
• This is a square area about 2 inches by 1.5
inches.
• The finger is used to move around on the
touchpad and this is similar to movement of a
mouse-”Strike sensitive”.
• Tapping the Touchpad is one way to give inputs
or users can use provided buttons.
• More common within ‘Notebook’ environments.
 Pen-Stylus

• The stylus is used to write on a special pad or

directly on the screen.
• The pen is commonly used for data entry on
PDAs, handheld computers, tablet PCs, smart
phones and palmtops.
• Clicking the mouse similar to tapping the screen
or pad by using the “Pen”.
• To enter characters using a ‘Virtual Keyboard’.
 Touch Screen
• Is a display screen which has sensors or
capacitive film to locate where the finger is
touching the screen.
• Act as a input as well as output device.
Touch Screen cont….
• These are commonly used in locations where
using a mouse or keyboard is not feasible and
an intuitive interface is required.
• The buttons or icons on the screen can be
pressed by the finger or a Pen.
• Very popular in ATMs, point of sales, mobile
phones
Joystick and Game Pad
Joystick and Game Pad cont…
• Use to provide the gaming experience for
the users with more entertainment.
• By using these motion & sound becoming
more and more realistic.
• New devices connected via USB ports and
users can very easily plug & play the
device without using device drivers.
Optical Devices
 Optical Devices
• Optical devices use light to capture data
and input it in to the computer system.
 Barcode readers
• Barcodes are a set of dark lines that are used to uniquely
identify an item or product.
• Barcodes are found in many products. (most of the
International products)
• This is a convenient way of entering data by simply swiping
the printed barcode under the barcode reader.
• These emits trips of LASER light and the reflected image is
picked-up by the light sensors.
• The captured image is processed and the barcode is
identified and passed on to the computer system as an
alpha numeric value.
• This value can be processed by the program and a suitable
response can be executed.
 Scanners
• Scanners are used to capture printed image in to an
electronic format.
• Hard-copy input can be stored within a computer as soft-
copy by using a Scanner.
• This is done by shining light on to the image and
capturing the wave length of light reflected a teach point
of the image.
• The wave length at each position is plotted to a two
dimensional array that creates an electronic image file.
• This image file can be stored within the computer.
 The types of Scanners
• There are two types pf Scanners.
-Flatbed -Hand-held
 Microphones
• The microphone is the device used to input sound
into the computer system through the soundcard.
• The microphone aids in recording speech,
communicating though voice and providing voice
commands.
• Communication can be achieved through voice
overIP telephony and voice chat.
• If your computer system has voice recognition
software it can recognize your voice command
and execute appropriate actions.
 Video Input
• Video input devices also referred to as video
cameras come in many sizes, different recording
qualities, different storage mediums and in
analog and digital forms.
• There are some types of Cameras,
– Web camera
– Analog video camera
– Digital video camera (DV and DVD)
– camcorder
 Web Camera
• This type can be considered the most prehistoric type of
video camera.
• Where it captures the image and transfers it directly to
the computer system.
• Specially use within online video conferencing.
(Cam-Chat)
• The video quality was low comparing to the other
cameras.
• Not support to capture and transfer sound.
• Now a days come up as a in built device with portable
devices.
 Analog video camera
• These can capture and store analog video
on magnetic tapes.
• These cameras also capture sound.
• The main disadvantage is user need to
have a special video capture card to
convert the analog video in to digital format.
 DV Camera
• The DV camera stores the audio and video on
DV tapes in digital format.
• Connect to the computer via “Fire-Wire”
interface.
• Fire-wire interface allow the control of the
camera playback through a GUI on the computer
system.
• Disadvantage is data transfer time similar to
recording time.
 DVD Camera
• The DVD cameras directly write the video
on to a mini-DVD/DVD.
• These can be read using a DVD-ROM and
copied to the computer using DVD-ripping
software.
 Camcorder
• The most convenient video cameras are those
with digital memory cards that directly store the
video and audio as a single file on the memory
card.
• When the user attach the device to the computer
the content of the memory card will display as a
disk drive. (similar like flash drive)
• File can be simply copy. (Don’t need to convert)
• The video quality is very high.
• Easy to use than other devices.
 Digital cameras
• The difference between digital cameras and video
cameras is that digital cameras only captures still images
and store them in a digital memory card.
• Most often the image file is compressed and stored on
the memory card to allow a large number of photographs
to be taken.
• The memory card is displayed like another disk drive on
your computer system when you connect the digital
camera to the computer system.
• Users just need to copy items. (Don’t need conversion
method)
 Output devices
• The computer uses output devices to
transfer information to the environment
and the user.
 Monitors
• The primary output device of the computer
system.
• Monitors provide us with a graphical
representation of information on the screen.
• Mainly there are two types,
– CRT
– Flat-panel
 CRT
• CTR stands for Cathode Ray Tube.
CRT cont…..
• This is the technology commonly used in
television sets.
• The monitor tube is a glass vacuum tube with
one end having an electron gun that projects
three beams and the other a display surface
coated with phosphors.
• When the electron beam strike the coating it
glows with the particular color.
• The three electron beams are intended to glow
the red, green and blue phosphors.
CRT elements 1. Deflection coils
2. Electron beam
3. Focusing coil
4. Phosphor layer
5. Filament for heating the cathode
6. Graphite layer on the inner side of
the tube
7. Rubber gasket where the anode
voltage wire enters the tube
8. Cathode
9. Air-tight glass "body" of the tube
10.Screen
11.Coil yoke made of iron
12.Control electrode regulating the
intensity of the electron beam and
thereby the light emitted from the
phosphor
13.Contact pins for cathode, filament
and control electrode
14.Wire for anode voltage
CRT cont….
• The electron beams are controlled by the
focus control coil and the deflection coil.
• This enables the electron beams to be
focused on to a specific location of the
phosphorus screen.
• The mixture of the colors red, green and
blue can create any given color.
CRT cont…..
• The electron beam scans the screen
horizontally and vertically at a given number
of times per second.
• It also known as Refresh rate.
• Higher refreshing rate making better views.
• CRT monitors are high electricity
consumption. But better display quality.
• But also output lot of radiation that cause
health issues.
 Flat-Panel
• The most common type of Flat-Panels are LCD.
• The LCD was first used in digital calculators
and wrist-watches etc…..
• And usually worked in monochrome (one color)
 LCD
• LCD Stands for Liquid Crystal Display.
• As the name amplifies the LCD screen is
a grid of liquid crystals.
LCD cont…..
• By coloring all the pixels on screen an image is created.
• The Refresh rate of LCD very similar to CRT monitors.
• Originally designed for the Laptops but now a days also
use within desktops.
• Most modern day color display mobile and smart
phones, PDAs, Digital and video cameras, portable DVD
players and many more digital devices useLCD
technology for the display.
 LCD
• The main advantages of the LCD over CRT, that has a
flat screen,
– Consumes very little space
– Has better color quality
– Consumes about 5% of the power
– Used by a CRT, has low glare and produces no radiation and
little heat.
• The main disadvantages of LCD,
– requires a special back-light
– Has low contrast
– Has a limited viewing angle
– More expensive
 Other monitor types
• Some of the less common monitors are,
– ELD
– Plasma
– Paper-White
 ELD
• ELD Stands for Electro luminescent displays.
• Similar to LCD.
• But instead of liquid crystal phosphorus film
sandwiched between two layers of film.
• The advantage of this is that these have
higher contrast and brightness and do not
require a back light.
 Plasma Display

• Plasma displays differ from LCD and ELD

by, create the screen output use Gas in
between layers of the screen.
• Expensive method but can create high
quality output and back light is not a
requirement .
• The screen size can be increase up to
very higher level.
 Paper-White displays
• These monitors are used by individuals
who create high quality graphics like
graphic designers for advertisements
newspaper, and magazine and desktop
publishers.
• The display output is monochrome. That
displays characters in black against a
white background. Such monitors are
popular for desktop publishing.
 Key features of monitors
• A good monitor will be easy on your eyes
and allow you to work for longer periods of
time with comfort.
• A bad monitor will cause eye strain and in
the long run could harm your eyes.
• When buying a computer there are some
considerations.
 Main features of monitor
• The size of the viewing area-usually stated in inches
diagonally.
• Resolution-the total amount of pixels of the screen.
• Image contrast-The contrast between colors.
• Image brightness-The brightness of the display.
• Power consumption and management-The amount of
power it uses and its power management features.
• Refresh rates-the number of times a second it refreshes
the screen
• Price-up to the user.
Multimedia Projectors
• Use to share video output among large
number of people.

• Mainly there are two types of Projectors

available,
– DLP
– LCD
DLP-Digital Light Processing
• These have a special microchip called the
Digital Micro-mirror device.
• The images projected by the DLP
projectors are sharp not blur and brighter.
• Can be use within normal light conditions.
• Little time taken to cool down and compact
in size.
• But very expensive.
 LCD-Liquid Crystal Display
• The projector lamp is shone through a
LCD display with the image.
• These projectors are not that bright
therefore require a dark room.
• The output quality is less compare to DLP
projectors.
• Also more time taken to cool down.
• But the prize is low.
 Sound Systems
• To get sound output from the computer
system.
• The soundcard and speakers have
become a standard component in a
computer system.
• The soundcard converts the digital audio
data in to an analog form during playback.
Sound Systems cont…..
• During recording the sound card converts
the analog signal in to digital data and
stores it on the disk.
• To get sound outputs sound card have to
attach with high quality speakers as well.

Sound Card
 Sound Systems cont…..
• For better quality outputs users can select
necessary speaker systems.

2.1 sound System 4.1 Surround sound System Headphones

5.1 Surround sound System 7.1 Surround sound System Stereo Speakers
 Printers
• The printer is the device that provides you
with a hardcopy output.
• Printers are generally categorized in to two
types,
– Impact - make a high impact on the printing
paper, use pins or shapes to make the impact.
– Non-impact – make low impact on the printing
paper, but the ink will be spayed on the paper