Database Programming with

SQL
 About Me
linkedin.com/in/dr-rituahluwalia

• Professor & Head CSBS , GGITS

• OCP(Oracle Certified Professional)
• MCP(Microsoft Certified Professional)
• Comptia A+ Certified
• IBM Certified in Db2
• Data Camp Certified in SQL for Data Science
• Cisco Devnet Associate.
 Course Outline
Day 1 Data ,Database and RDBMS
Anatomy of a SQL Statement
Day 2 WHERE, ORDER BY, and Intro to Functions
Day 3 Single Row Functions
Day 4 JOINs
Day 5 Group Functions
Day 6 Subqueries
Day 7 DML
Day 8 DDL & Constraints
Day 9 Views
Day 10 TCL
 Objectives
• Differentiate Data and information
• Define database −Describe the elements of a
database management system (DBMS)
• Identify the transformations in computing
• Identify business and industry examples where
database applications are used
• Database Terminology
• SQL
• Reasons to learn SQL
 Database - Definition
• A database is an organized collection of
structured information, or data, typically
stored electronically in a computer system.
 Relational Database Concept
• Dr. E.F. Codd proposed the relational model for database
systems in 1970.
• It is the basis for the relational database management
system (RDBMS).
• The relational model consists of the following:
– Collection of objects or relations
– Set of operators to act on the relations
– Data integrity for accuracy and consistency
 Definition of a Relational Database

A relational database is a collection of relations or

two-dimensional tables.
Oracle
server

Table Name: EMPLOYEES Table Name: DEPARTMENTS

… …
 Relational Databases
To understand how important databases have become
in today's world, consider the following statistics:
−Currently 20% of the world's data resides in RDBMSs
−In the next two years, databases are expected to grow
larger than 100 terabytes
−A database this big would be able to store 100,000
copies of the Encyclopedia Britannica or 200,000
hours of music or about 10 billion web pages
 Relating Multiple Tables
• Each row of data in a table is uniquely identified
by a primary key (PK).
• You can logically relate data from multiple tables
using foreign keys (FK).
Table Name: DEPARTMENTS
Table Name: EMPLOYEES

…
Primary key Foreign key Primary key
Relational Database Terminology
3 4
2
6

1
 Relational Database Properties
A relational database:
• Can be accessed and modified by executing
structured query language (SQL) statements
• Contains a collection of tables with no
physical pointers
• Uses a set of operators
Relational Database Management System

Oracle
server

User tables Data

dictionary
 Communicating with a RDBMS
Using SQL
SQL statement
is entered. Statement is sent to
SELECT department_name Oracle Server.
FROM departments;

Oracle
server
 Examples of Databases
Can you think of more uses of Databases ?
System Development Life Cycle
Strategy
and
analysis
Design
Build
and
document
Transition

Production
 Data Models

Model of
system
in client’s Entity model of
mind client’s model

Table model
of entity model Oracle
server

Tables on disk
Data Storage on Different Media

Database
Electronic
Filing cabinet
spreadsheet
 SELECT Data retrieval

INSERT
UPDATE Data manipulation language (DML)
DELETE
MERGE
CREATE
ALTER
DROP
RENAME Data definition language (DDL)
TRUNCATE

COMMIT
ROLLBACK
SAVEPOINT Transaction control
GRANT
REVOKE
Data control language (DCL)

Categories of SQL Statements

 Tables Used in the Course
EMPLOYEES

DEPARTMENTS JOB_GRADES
 Structured Query Language
• Pronounced as “sequel” or “S-Q-L” .
• SQL is an acronym for Structured Query
Language
• A standard and widely accepted language
used for database maintenance by
performing operations such as retrieval and
manipulation of data stored in a database.
• SQL has been in existence since the 1970s. 
Capabilities of SQL SELECT Statements

Projection Selection

Table 1 Table 1

Join

Table 1 Table 2
 Why SQL ?
• After completing this session, you should be
able to understand the following questions:
– what made SQL stay in trend for so long in this
technological age which is always dynamic and
evolving in nature? 
– will the demand and significance of SQL
continue in 2022 as well? 
1. A Programming Language Not Only
Limited To Programming Tasks
• SQL breaks the stereotype of just being
used for Programming purposes.
• SQL in forecasting sales. 
• SQL for financial analysis
 2. Almost Every Data Technology Supports
SQL or a Flavour of It
• Most of the data-oriented technologies use
SQL interface.
• Be it any aspect of technology, all possess data
and therefore, they would have to support SQL
in some form or the other.
• Having said that, learning SQL is a win-win
situation as it is highly probable to come in
handy while working on any data or data-driven
technology.
 3. Helpful in Handling Huge Amounts of
Structured Data
Can you guess which is the most valuable thing in the technological era? Hint: It’s not
money, or gold or diamond.  

• It’s data! This valuable data needs to be stored and managed efficiently.

• Due to the outbreak of COVID-19, many sectors have gone from physical to
completely virtual by 2022.
• More books are getting replaced by ebooks, papers are getting replaced by pdfs,
data entry registers are getting replaced by excel sheets.
• This leads to more data, more data leads to the need for the management of data.
• It is not always convenient to analyze data manually when you have a database as
big as millions of entries in it.
• SQL queries make it efficient to perform various operations such as getting rows
based on certain filter criteria from the huge database and even performing
manipulation to it as suited.  
4. A Useful Tool for Data Analytics
• Data analysis involves processing and interpretation
of data to deduce valuable information from it which
can help in answering a question or solving a problem.
• SQL is listed as the most in-demand skill in the skill set
for Data Analyst roles as data analysis involves
working with a humongous amount of data and
performing manipulation on it.
• SQL makes it easier for a data analyst to
make strategic business decisions that can benefit
stakeholders by analysing the trends of the business.  
5. The Cherry on a Cake For Data Mining
“Data Mining is the process of discovering new patterns from large data sets.”
–Wikipedia
• SQL helps in mining the useful data from a pool of datasets.

• SQL Server provides a data mining platform to perform operations such as

Classification, Estimation, Clustering, and Forecasting so that data can be
classified and figures can be estimated for some information such as
predicting the price of stocks from the past data and forecasting it to
analyze whether to go with stock or not.

• The useful information extracted while data mining can be used to make an
organization more proactive and knowledge-based will then have logical
aspects and studies along with it to go through the recent market
trends and future trend predictions.  
6. Helpful in Pursuing Data Science as a Career
• Data Science is the most demanding job of the
21st century.
• Big data platforms use SQL as their primary
API to manage the relational databases. Joins,
null value, indexes, primary and foreign keys,
and sub query are some of the concepts which
are beneficial to work with SQL in data
science.  
 SQL for Data Science
• A Data Scientist needs SQL to handle
structured data. As the structured data is
stored in relational databases. Therefore, to
query these databases, a data scientist must
have a good knowledge of SQL commands
 7. In-Demand Skill
• Be it a developer, a product manager, or a
business analyst, SQL helps in upskilling the
career.
• According to the job portals, SQL is the most
in-demand skill as it is robust and easy to learn
programming language. Many top technical, as
well as top financial giants, ask for SQL as it
goes hand in hand with technologies.
 learning SQL is a big yes for 2022
• With the unpredictable times that the world has
faced during COVID-19, one predictable thing is
that SQL is a powerful tool for various sectors of
industry.
• SQL has been there for more than three to four
decades. It is still in demand and will not go away
soon as It makes management of structured data
easier, eases the client-server operations, and is not
only restricted to development roles but is also an
efficient choice for the analyst and financial roles.  
 Conclusion
• Want to prepare for Placements? In this
course, you will learn about Structured Query
Language from the very scratch.
Thank You