Chapter 7

Introduction to Structured Query

Language (SQL)
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 Creating the Database
 Create database structure
 RDBMS creates physical files that will hold database
 Differs from one RDBMS to another
 Authentication is the process DBMS uses to verify
that only registered users access the database
 Required for the creation tables
 User should log on to RDBMS using user ID and
password created by database administrator

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To create a table, you
will need:
1. A table name
2. Names for all
columns
3. Data type for each
column
4. Applicable
constraints
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 Table 7.4 - Common SQL Data Types

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CREATE TABLE

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Or, name the constraint
CREATE TABLE VENDOR(
V_CODE integer NOT NULL,
V_NAME VARCHAR(35) NOT NULL,
…,
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constraint constraintName PRIMARY KEY (V_CODE));
Delete this part if not supported 8
by your RDBMS.
 Creating Table Structures
 Use one line per column (attribute) definition
 Use spaces to line up attribute characteristics and
constraints
 Table and attribute names are fully capitalized
 Features of table creating command sequence:
 NOT NULL specification ensures data entry
 UNIQUE specification avoids duplicated values
 Table definition enclosed in parentheses
 RDBMS automatically enforces referential integrity for
foreign keys.
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website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
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 SQL Constraints
NOT NULL
• Ensures that column does not accept nulls

UNIQUE
• Ensures that all values in column are unique

DEFAULT
• Assigns value to attribute when a new row is added to
table

CHECK
• Validates data when attribute value is entered
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website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
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Constraint Examples

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 Data Manipulation Commands
• INSERT
• SELECT
• COMMIT
• UPDATE
• ROLLBACK
• DELETE

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 Adding Table Rows

INSERT: Command to insert data into table

• Syntax : INSERT INTO tablename [(columnnames)]

VALUES (value1, value2, … , valueN);

• Used to add table rows with NULL and NOT NULL

attributes

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website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
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 Save and Restore

COMMIT: Command to save changes

• Syntax - COMMIT [WORK];

• Ensures database update integrity

ROLLBACK: Command to restore the database

• Syntax - ROLLBACK;
• Undoes the changes since last COMMIT command

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website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
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 Saving Table Changes
• Changes made to table contents are not physically saved on
disk until:
– Database is closed
– Program is closed
– COMMIT command is used
• Syntax:
– COMMIT [WORK];
• Will permanently save any changes made to any table in the
database
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 Restoring Table Contents
• ROLLBACK
– Undoes changes since last COMMIT
– Brings data back to prechange values
• Syntax:
ROLLBACK;
• COMMIT and ROLLBACK only work with commands to add,
modify, or delete table rows

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 Updating Table Rows
UPDATE: Command to modify data

• Syntax - UPDATE tablename SET columnname =

expression [, columnname = expression] [WHERE
conditionlist];

• If more than one attribute is to be updated in row,

separate corrections with commas

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website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
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 Deleting Table Rows

DELETE: Command to delete

• Syntax - DELETE FROM tablename

• [WHERE conditionlist];

• WHERE condition is optional

• If WHERE condition is not specified, all rows from
specified table will be deleted
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website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
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 More SQL commands

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website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
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 The Database Schema
 Logical group of database objects – such as tables
and indexes - related to each other
 Command:
 CREATE SCHEMA AUTHORIZATION {creator};
 Seldom used directly as command is usually optional

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website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
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 Additional Data Definition Commands
 ALTER TABLE command: To make changes in the table structure
 Keywords use with the command
 ADD - Adds a column
 MODIFY - Changes column characteristics
 DROP - Deletes a column
 Used to:
 Add table constraints
 Remove table constraints

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website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
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 Changing a Column’s Data Type and Data
Characteristics
 ALTER used to change data type and characteristics
 Some RDBMSs do not permit changes to data types unless
column is empty
 Changes in characteristics are permitted if they do not alter
the existing data type
 Syntax:
 Data Type: ALTER TABLE tablename MODIFY
(columnname(datatype));
 Data Characteristic: ALTER TABLE tablename MODIFY
(columnname(characteristic));
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 Adding and Dropping Columns
 Adding a column
 Use ALTER and ADD
 Do not include the NOT NULL clause for new
column
 Dropping a column
 Use ALTER and DROP
 Some RDBMSs impose restrictions on the deletion of
an attribute

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 Advanced Data Updates
 UPDATE command updates only data in existing rows
 If a relationship is established between entries and existing columns, the
relationship can assign values to appropriate slots
 Arithmetic operators are useful in data updates
 In Oracle, ROLLBACK command undoes changes made by last two
UPDATE statements

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 Copying Parts of Tables
 SQL permits copying contents of selected table columns
 Data need not be reentered manually into newly created table(s)
 Table structure is created
 Rows are added to new table using rows from another table

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 Adding Primary and Foreign Key
Designations
 A created new table based on another table does not
include old table’s integrity rule (no primary key)
 Can re-establish integrity rules using ALTER
command
 Use ALTER TABLE command to ADD primary and
foreign keys
 Composite primary keys and multiple foreign keys can
be designated in a single SQL command

©2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected
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 Deleting a Table from the Database
DROP TABLE: Deletes table from database
 Syntax - DROP TABLE tablename;
 Can drop a table only if it is not the one side of any relationship
 RDBMS generates a foreign key integrity violation error message if the
table is dropped

©2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected
website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
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