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Computer Science Special Methods (1)

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Mutwiwa Noah
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8 views

Computer Science Special Methods (1)

Uploaded by

Mutwiwa Noah
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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COMPUTER SCIENCE SPECIAL

METHODS
LEPG 5225
CONCEPTS

• DATA
• INFORMATION
• PROCESS
• SYSTEM
INTRODUCTION:
INFORMATION
• STATISTICS ON THE USE OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS DEMONSTRATE THEIR CRITICAL ROLE IN
MODERN BUSINESS AND SOCIETAL FUNCTIONS:

• GLOBAL INTERNET USAGE: AS OF 2023, 67% OF THE WORLD'S POPULATION


(APPROXIMATELY 5.4 BILLION PEOPLE) USED THE INTERNET, HIGHLIGHTING THE GROWING
REACH OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS. THIS MARKS A 45% INCREASE SINCE 2018, DRIVEN BY
EXPANDING ACCESS AND DIGITAL INCLUSION EFFORTS.

• CLOUD COMPUTING ADOPTION: CLOUD SYSTEMS ARE ESSENTIAL FOR BUSINESSES, WITH
OVER 51% OF ORGANIZATIONS IDENTIFYING THEM AS CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE FOR DIGITAL
OPERATIONS IN 2024. CLOUD SOLUTIONS SUPPORT DATA MANAGEMENT, SECURITY
AUTOMATION, AND WORKFORCE OPTIMIZATION.

• ECONOMIC IMPACT OF IT: IN THE UNITED STATES ALONE, THE IT SECTOR EMPLOYS OVER 3
MILLION PEOPLE, WITH STEADY GROWTH PREDICTED. BY 2033, THIS NUMBER IS EXPECTED TO
EXCEED 6.7 MILLION. THIS UNDERSCORES THE PIVOTAL ROLE OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS IN
JOB CREATION AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT​

• CYBERSECURITY NEEDS: INCREASING DATA MANAGEMENT AND CYBER THREATS HAVE


SPURRED ORGANIZATIONS TO PRIORITIZE SECURE INFORMATION SYSTEMS. NEARLY HALF OF IT
FIRMS REPORT INVESTING MORE IN CYBERSECURITY TO MEET MODERN DEMANDS​.
THE NATURE OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS
• HARDWARE
• SOFTWARE
• DATA
• PEOPLE
• PROCESSES
• POLICIES AND PROCEDURES
• NETWORKS
NATURE OF COMPUTER
SCIENCE
•Definition: Computer science studies computation, algorithms, programming, and the design
of computing systems.or Is the study of computers, computation, and the underlying principles
of how they process, store, and communicate information.

•Key aspects/Core Areas:


•Theory of computation
•Programming and software development
•Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning
•Systems Design and architecture
•Cybersecurity
•Human computer Interaction
IMPORTANCE OF COMPUTER SCIENCE

• PROBLEM-SOLVING:
• DEVELOPS LOGICAL THINKING AND SOLUTIONS TO REAL-WORLD CHALLENGES.

• INNOVATION:
• DRIVES ADVANCEMENTS IN TECHNOLOGY, FROM MOBILE APPS TO SELF-DRIVING
CARS.

• UBIQUITY:
• FORMS THE BACKBONE OF MODERN SOCIETY, IMPACTING FIELDS LIKE
HEALTHCARE, EDUCATION, ENTERTAINMENT, AND COMMERCE.
HISTORICAL AND FOUNDATION
OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND
COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY

• THE DEVELOPMENT OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS (IS) AND COMPUTER


TECHNOLOGY HAS A RICH HISTORY, GROUNDED IN INNOVATION AND THE
EVOLUTION OF TOOLS DESIGNED TO PROCESS AND MANAGE INFORMATION.
Early Foundations: Pre-Computer Era
• ABACUS :
• THE FIRST KNOWN TOOL FOR COMPUTATION, USED FOR BASIC ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS.

• MECHANICAL CALCULATORS (17TH-18TH CENTURY):


• BLAISE PASCAL (1642): INVENTED THE PASCALINE, A MECHANICAL CALCULATOR.
• CHARLES BABBAGE (1837): DESIGNED THE ANALYTICAL ENGINE, A PRECURSOR TO MODERN
COMPUTERS.
• ADA LOVELACE: DEVELOPED ALGORITHMS FOR THE ANALYTICAL ENGINE, EARNING HER RECOGNITION AS
THE FIRST PROGRAMMER.

• PUNCHED CARDS (19TH CENTURY):


• HERMAN HOLLERITH (1890): CREATED A TABULATING MACHINE USING PUNCHED CARDS,
REVOLUTIONIZING DATA PROCESSING FOR THE U.S. CENSUS.
THE ADVENT OF COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY
• FIRST GENERATION (1940S-1950S):
• ENIAC (1945): THE FIRST GENERAL-PURPOSE ELECTRONIC COMPUTER, USED
VACUUM TUBES.
• UNIVAC (1951): THE FIRST COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE COMPUTER, USED FOR
BUSINESS DATA PROCESSING.
• EARLY PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES LIKE ASSEMBLY EMERGED.
• SECOND GENERATION (1950S-1960S):
• INTRODUCTION OF TRANSISTORS, REPLACING VACUUM TUBES, MAKING
COMPUTERS SMALLER AND MORE RELIABLE.
• COBOL AND FORTRAN: EARLY HIGH-LEVEL PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES.
• RISE OF BATCH PROCESSING SYSTEMS FOR BUSINESS APPLICATIONS.
THE ADVENT OF COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY
• THIRD GENERATION (1960S-1970S):
• DEVELOPMENT OF INTEGRATED CIRCUITS, LEADING TO FASTER AND MORE
EFFICIENT SYSTEMS.
• INTRODUCTION OF OPERATING SYSTEMS FOR MULTITASKING.
• EMERGENCE OF MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS (MIS) FOR DECISION-
MAKING IN ORGANIZATIONS.

• FOURTH GENERATION (1970S-PRESENT):


• USE OF MICROPROCESSORS (INTEL 4004 IN 1971), ENABLING THE CREATION OF
PERSONAL COMPUTERS.
• DEVELOPMENT OF RELATIONAL DATABASES FOR STRUCTURED DATA STORAGE.
• RISE OF NETWORKING AND THE INTERNET, ENABLING GLOBAL COMMUNICATION.
FIFTH-GENERATION
COMPUTERS
• REPRESENT THE LATEST PHASE IN THE EVOLUTION OF COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY
• THEY FOCUS ON INTELLIGENCE, INTEGRATING ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES LIKE
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI), MACHINE LEARNING, NATURAL LANGUAGE
PROCESSING, AND QUANTUM COMPUTING.

• KEY FEATURES OF FIFTH-GENERATION COMPUTERS


• ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE:
• THESE COMPUTERS ARE DESIGNED TO MIMIC HUMAN COGNITIVE ABILITIES.
• EXAMPLES: VOICE RECOGNITION, EXPERT SYSTEMS, AND ROBOTICS.
• HIGH PARALLELISM:
• USE OF MASSIVELY PARALLEL PROCESSING (MPP) FOR FASTER COMPUTATION.
• IMPROVED EFFICIENCY IN HANDLING COMPLEX TASKS.
FIFTH-GENERATION
COMPUTERS
•NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING (NLP):
• ENABLES COMMUNICATION WITH COMPUTERS IN HUMAN LANGUAGES.
• APPLICATIONS INCLUDE VIRTUAL ASSISTANTS LIKE ALEXA, SIRI, AND CHATBOTS.
• QUANTUM COMPUTING:
• EXPERIMENTAL USE OF QUANTUM BITS (QUBITS) INSTEAD OF BINARY BITS,
PROVIDING EXPONENTIAL SPEED-UPS FOR CERTAIN PROBLEMS.

• UBIQUITOUS COMPUTING:
• INTEGRATION OF COMPUTERS INTO EVERYDAY OBJECTS (IOT DEVICES).
• FOCUS ON SMART ENVIRONMENTS AND SEAMLESS CONNECTIVITY.
• ADVANCED HARDWARE:
• USE OF SUPERCONDUCTORS, NANOTECHNOLOGY, AND OPTICAL COMPUTING FOR
IMPROVED SPEED AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY.
HISTORICAL MILESTONES IN INFORMATION SYSTEMS

• EARLY IS IN ORGANIZATIONS:
• 1960S: INTRODUCTION OF MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS (MIS) TO HELP BUSINESSES
MANAGE OPERATIONS.
• 1970S: DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS (DSS) EMERGED TO AID IN COMPLEX DECISION-MAKING.
• 1980S: ENTERPRISE SYSTEMS LIKE ERP INTEGRATED BUSINESS PROCESSES.

• THE INTERNET ERA:


• 1990S: WIDESPREAD ADOPTION OF THE INTERNET TRANSFORMED IS INTO A GLOBAL
NETWORK.
• WEB-BASED SYSTEMS: E-COMMERCE PLATFORMS, ONLINE DATABASES, AND CUSTOMER
RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT (CRM) SYSTEMS BECAME ESSENTIAL.
HISTORICAL MILESTONES IN INFORMATION SYSTEMS

• MODERN IS INNOVATIONS:

• CLOUD COMPUTING: ALLOWES FOR SCALABLE AND ON-DEMAND ACCESS


TO COMPUTING RESOURCES.

• BIG DATA AND ANALYTICS: ENABLES ORGANIZATIONS TO ANALYZE VAST


AMOUNTS OF UNSTRUCTURED DATA.

• AI AND MACHINE LEARNING: INCORPORATES INTO IS FOR PREDICTIVE


ANALYTICS AND AUTOMATION.

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