Maths D

Day 2
Class 2 Teacher: Amrita Shahab
Sarwat Sultana
Thursday, August 7,2024 Nawveed Newaz

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Mutually Exclusive and Independent
Events
Two events are mutually exclusive if they cannot occur at the same time.
The simplest example of mutually exclusive events is a coin toss. A tossed coin outcome
can be either head or tails, but both outcomes cannot occur simultaneously.
For mutually exclusive events A and B,
……. OR rule.

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Two events are independent if the occurrence of one event is unaffected by the
occurrence of the other.
example- obtaining a head on one coin and a tail on another coin when the coins are
tossed at the same time.

For independent events A and B,

………multiplication rule.

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Example 6: One ball is selected at random from a bag containing 5 red balls,2 yellow
balls and 4 white balls. Find the probability of selecting a red ball or a white ball.

Ans: The events are mutually exclusive.

ans

Example 7: A fair coin is tossed and a fair die is rolled. Find the probability of
obtaining a “head” and a “six”
Ans: The events are independent.

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ans
 Tree diagram/Probability Tree/ Decision Tree

Probability trees are useful for calculating combined probabilities for sequences of
events. It helps you to map out the probabilities of many possibilities graphically,
without the use of complicated probability formulas.
Sometimes, you’ll be faced with a probability question that just doesn’t have a
simple solution. Drawing a probability tree (or tree diagram) is a way for you to
visually see all of the possible choices, and to avoid making mathematical errors.
This how to will show you the step-by-step process of using a decision tree.

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 Example question: An airplane manufacturer has three factories A,B and C which
produce 50%, 25%, and 25%, respectively, of a particular airplane. Seventy percent of the
airplanes produced in factory A are passenger airplanes, 25% of those produced in factory
B are passenger airplanes, and 25% of the airplanes produced in factory C are passenger
airplanes. If an airplane produced by the manufacturer is selected at random, calculate the
probability the airplane will be a passenger plane.

Step 1:Draw lines to represent the first set of options

in the question (in our case, 3 factories). Label them:
Our question lists A,B and C so that’s what we’ll use
here.
Step 2: Convert the percentage to decimals, and place
those on the appropriate branch in the diagram. For
our example, 50% = 0.5, and 25% = 0.25.

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Example question: An airplane manufacturer has three factories A,B and C which produce
50%, 25%, and 25%, respectively, of a particular airplane. Seventy percent of the airplanes
produced in factory A are passenger airplanes, 25% of those produced in factory B are
passenger airplanes, and 25% of the airplanes produced in factory C are passenger
airplanes. If an airplane produced by the manufacturer is selected at random, calculate the
probability the airplane will be a passenger plane.

Step 3: Draw the next set of branches. In our case, we

were told that 70% of factory A’s output was passenger.
Converting to decimals, we have 0.7 P (“P” is just my
own shorthand here for “Passenger”) and 0.3 NP (“NP” =
“Not Passenger”)
Step 4:Repeat step 3 for as many branches as you are
given.

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Step 5: Multiply the probabilities of the first branch
that produces the desired result together. In our case, we
want to know about the production of passenger planes,
so we choose the first branch that leads to P.
Step 6: Multiply the remaining branches that give the
desired result. In our example there are two more
branches that can lead to P.
Step 7: Add up all of the probabilities you calculated in
steps 5 and 6. In our example, we had:
.35 + .0625 + .0625 = .475

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Ex:2B
9) In a probability experiment , three fair coins are tossed, one after another.
(a) Display all the possible outcomes of the experiment using a tree diagram.
(b) For the experiment, the events A,B,C and D are
defined as follows:
A: All three coins show heads.
B: At least two coins show tails.
C: Exactly one coin shows a head.
D: The sides appear alternately .
For each part , identify if the following events are
mutually exclusive .
(i) A,B (iv) A,C
(ii) C,D (v) B,D
(iii) B,C (vi) A,B,C 9
(a) Display all the possible outcomes of the experiment using a tree diagram.

3rd coin

2nd coin
H

1st coin H
H T
H
T

H
T T
H
T

T 10
8. Every year, only one student can win the Student of the year Award. The
probabilities of Priya, Rui Feng and Amirah winning the award are
respectively. What is the probability that -

(i) One of them will win the award.

(ii) None of them will win the award.

(iii) Priya and Rui Feng will not win the award?

ans:

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 Ex: 2C

9) A red die has the number 1 on one face, the number 2 on two faces and the number 3 on three faces. Two green dice each
has the number 6 on one face and the number 5 on five faces. The three dice are rolled together.

Copy and complete the tree diagram shown below by writing the probabilities on
the branches.

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 5
5
5 6
5 1
6
6 6
5
1 5
1 6
6 1
1 6
5 6 6
6 5
6
5 1
2 1 6 5
= 6 6
6 3 5
2 5
6
1
3 1 6 1
= 6 6
6 2 5 6
5
5 6
6 5 1
3 6
5 6 5
1 6
6 6 1
6 6 13
(b) Using the tree diagram, calculate the 5
6 5
5
probability of obtaining – 5
1
6
6 6 1
(i) 2 on the red die, 5 on the first green die and 6 1
5
5 12
1 6
on the second green die 6 1 2
1 6
5 6 6
6 51
6
5 1 2
(ii) 3 on the red die and 6 on each of 2 1 6 5
= 6 6
5
the two green dice 6 3 2 5
6
1
3 1 6 1
= 6
6 2 5 6 6
5 5
(iii) Exactly two sixes 6 5
6
1
3 6
5 6
1 5
6
(iv) A sum of 12 6 6 1
6 6 1
5
(v) A sum divisible by 3 14
18. A bag contains 10 red balls, 9 blue balls and 7 yellow balls. Three balls are drawn in
succession without replacement. By drawing a tree diagram or otherwise , find the
probability.

(i) A red and two blue balls in that order.

(ii) A red, a yellow and a blue ball in that order.

(iii) Three balls of different colors. R B Y

R Y B
B R Y
ans: B Y R
Y B R
Y R B 15
19) A game is such that a fair die is rolled repeatedly until a “6” is
obtained. Find the probability that-
(a) (i) the game ends on the third roll-

(ii) the game ends on the fourth roll –

(b) The game ends by the fourth roll-

…………………

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(b) Suppose now that the game is such that the same die is rolled repeatedly until two
6’s are obtained. Find the probability that-
(i) The game ends on the third roll.

(ii) The game ends on the third roll and the sum of the score is odd.
ans:

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Practice Chap 2,Book 4

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