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Introduction to control system

The document provides an introduction to control systems, defining key concepts such as controlled and manipulated variables, and distinguishing between open-loop and closed-loop systems. It outlines types of control systems, including natural and manmade systems, and discusses design processes and compensation methods. Additionally, it covers various control theories and the mathematical foundations required for understanding classical and modern control theory.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
4 views

Introduction to control system

The document provides an introduction to control systems, defining key concepts such as controlled and manipulated variables, and distinguishing between open-loop and closed-loop systems. It outlines types of control systems, including natural and manmade systems, and discusses design processes and compensation methods. Additionally, it covers various control theories and the mathematical foundations required for understanding classical and modern control theory.

Uploaded by

lidedure
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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REGULATION AND CONTROL

INTRODUCTION TO CONTROL SYSTEMS

By Tewedage Sileshi
Outline
 What is a Control System?
 Basic Definitions
 Types of Control Systems
 Examples
 Design and compensation of control systems
 Outline of the course
What is control system?

 A system Controlling the operation of another system.

 A system that can regulate itself and another system.

 A control System is a device, or set of devices to manage,

command, direct or regulate the behaviour of other device(s) or


system(s).
Definition

 System – An interconnection of elements and devices for a desired purpose.

 Control System – An interconnection of components forming a system


configuration that will provide a desired response.

 Process – The device, plant, or system under control. The input and output
relationship represents the cause-and-effect relationship of the process.

Input Process Output


Cont’d
 Controlled Variable– It is the quantity or condition that is measured and

Controlled. Normally controlled variable is the output of the control system.

 Manipulated Variable– It is the quantity of the condition that is varied by the

controller so as to affect the value of controlled variable.

 Control – Control means measuring the value of controlled variable of the system

and applying the manipulated variable to the system to correct or limit the
Manipulated
deviation of the measured value from Variable
a desired value.
Input
or Output
Set point Controll Proces
Or
or er s Controlled Variable
reference
Cont’d

 Disturbances– A disturbance is a signal that tends to adversely affect the value

of the system. It is an unwanted input of the system.

• If a disturbance is generated within the system, it is called internal


disturbance. While an external disturbance is generated outside the system.
Type of control systems

 Natural Control System

 Universe

 Human Body
Cont’d

 Manmade Control System

 Aeroplanes

 Chemical Process
Cont’d
 Manual Control Systems

 Room Temperature regulation Via Electric Fan

 Water Level Control

 Automatic Control System

 Home Water Heating Systems (Geysers)

 Room Temperature regulation Via A.C

 Human Body Temperature Control


Cont’d
 Open-Loop Control Systems utilize a controller or control actuator to obtain the

desired response.

• Output has no effect on the control action.

• In other words output is neither measured nor fed back.

Input Output
Controlle
r
Process

 Examples:- Washing Machine, Toaster, Electric Fan, microwave oven,

e.t.c
Cont’d
• Since in open loop control systems reference input is not compared with
measured output, for each reference input there is fixed operating condition.
Therefore, the accuracy of the system depends on calibration.

• The performance of open loop system is severely affected by the presence of


disturbances, or variation in operating/ environmental conditions.

Missile Launcher System


Cont’d

 Closed-Loop Control Systems utilizes feedback to compare the actual output


Input output response.
to the desired Controll Output
Comparator Process
er

Measurement

 Examples:- Refrigerator, Electric Iron, Air conditioner


Cont’d
Feedback Control System

• A system that maintains a prescribed relationship between the output and

some reference input by comparing them and using the difference (i.e. error)

as a means of control is called a feedback control system.


Input + error Controll Output
Process
- er

Feedback

• Feedback can be positive or negative.


Cont’d

Missile Launcher System


Closed loop Vs. Open loop control system
• Major advantage of open-loop control systems

• Simple construction and ease of maintenance

• Less expensive than a corresponding closed-loop system

• There is no stability problem

• Convenient when output is hard to measuring the output precisely is economically not

feasible.

• Major disadvantage of open-loop control systems

• Disturbances and changes in calibration cause errors, and the output may be different

from what is desired.

• To maintain the required quality in the output, recalibration is necessary from time to
Cont’d
Linear vs. Nonlinear Control System

 A Control System in which output varies linearly with the input is called a linear

control system. Proces


u(t) y(t)
s
y(t )   2u(t )  1 y(t ) 3u(t )  5
y=-2*u(t)+1 y=3*u(t)+5
5 35

0 30

25
-5
y(t)

y(t)
20
-10
15
-15
10
-20
0 2 4 6 8 10 5
u(t) 0 2 4 6 8 10
u(t)
Cont’d
 When the input and output has nonlinear relationship the system is said to be

nonlinear.
Adhesion Characteristics of Road

0.4
Adhesion Coefficient

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08
Creep
Cont’d

Time invariant vs Time variant

• When the characteristics of the system do not depend upon time itself then the

system is said to time invariant control system.

y(t )   2u(t )  1
• Time varying control system is a system in which one or more parameters vary

with time.

y(t )  2u(t )  3t
Cont’d

Continuous Data vs. Discrete Data System

• In continuous data control system all system variables are function of a continuous
x(t)
time t.

• A discrete time control system involves one or more variables that are known only
X[n]
at discrete time intervals.

n
Control theories

 Classical control theory – single input , single output systems

 Modern control theory – time domain analysis and synthesis using

state variables (based on a model)

 Robust control theory – possible range of error (mathematically very

complex)
Example of Control systems
 Speed control systems (James Watt’s speed governor)
Cont’d

 Temperature control system (electric furnace)


Design and compensation of control systems

1. Performance specifications

2. System compensation: setting the gain

 Compensation is the modification of the system dynamics to satisfy the

given specifications.

3. Design procedures
Control System Design Process
1. Determine a physical system and specifications from the
requirements

2. Draw a functional block diagram

3. Transform the physical system into a schematic

4. Use the schematic to obtain a block diagram, signal-flow


diagram, or state-space representation

5. If multiple blocks, reduce the block diagram to a single


block or closed-loop system

6. Analyze, design, and test to see that requirements and


specifications are me
Mathematics review required

 For Classical Control Theory


 Differential Equations
 Laplace Transform
 Basic Physics
 Ordinary and Semi-logarithmic graph papers
 For Modern Control theory above &
 Linear Algebra
 Matrices
Next Lecture

Review of Laplace Transform

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