ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

Chapter 2

Python Fundamentals
Class : XI

Prepared by: Mala Patidar , PGT – Computer Science

 Outline
3.1 Python Features
3.2 Python Character set
3.3 Tokens
3.4 Variables and Assignment
3.5 simple Input and Output
 INTRODUCTION
What is Python?

• Python is a high-level, interpreted programming

language known for its readability and simplicity.

• It supports multiple programming paradigms,

including procedural, object-oriented, and
functional programming.
 Features of Python
Python is a high level language. It is a free and open source language.

It is an interpreted language, as Python programs are executed by an interpreter.

Python programs are easy to understand as they have a clearly defined syntax and
relatively simple structure.

Python is case-sensitive. For example, NUMBER and number are not same in Python.

 Python is portable and platform independent, means it can run on various operating
systems and hardware platforms.

Python has a rich library of predefined functions.

Python is also helpful in web development. Many popular web services and
applications are built using Python.

Python uses indentation for blocks and nested blocks.

 Why Choose Python?

• Readability: Python's syntax is designed to be easy to

read and write.

• Versatility: Used in web development, data analysis,

artificial intelligence, scientific computing, and more.

• Community: A large, supportive community with

numerous resources and libraries available.
 Installing Python

Windows
Download the installer from the official Python website.

Run the installer and ensure "Add Python to PATH" is checked.

Follow the installation prompts.

Setting Up a Development Environment

Text Editors and IDEs

Text Editors: Sublime Text, Visual Studio Code, Atom

IDEs: PyCharm, Spyder, Jupyter Notebook
Running Python Code

Interactive Mode: Open a terminal and type python or

python3.
Script Mode: Write code in a .py file and run it:
What is Character Set?
 Python Character set

What is Character Set?

Character set is a set of valid characters that a language can
recognize.
A character represents any letter, digit or any other symbol.
 PYTHON CHARACTERSET

• Letters:- A-Z, a-z

• Digits:- 0 to 9
• Special Symbols:- space + - / ( ) [ ] = ! = < > , ‘ “ $ # ; : ? & % _ @
• White Spaces:- Blank Space , Horizontal Tab, Vertical tab, newline.
• Other Characters:- Python can process all 256 ASCII and Unicode Characters.
Tokens or Lexical Elements
 What is Token?

Individual elements that are identified by

programming language are called tokens or
lexical unit.
TYPES OF LEXICAL UNITS
 1. Key Words

5. Punctuators 2. Identifiers

TOKENS

4. Operators. 3. Literals
What is Keyword or reserved word?
 Keyword or reserved word

What is Keyword?

Keywords are also called as

reserved words these are having special
meaning in python language. The words
are defined in the python interpreter
hence these cant be used as
programming identifiers.
Some Keywords of Python Language
They are used for their special features. In Python we have 33
keywords some of them are:

and assert
break class
continue def global if
del elif import in
else except is lambda
not or
exec finally
pass print
for from raise return
try while
with yield
# for loop
for x in range(1, 9):

# Print the value of x

print(x)

# Check if the value of x is less than 6

# Here if the value of x is less than 6
# then the loop will continue
# Here, if, continue, else, break,
# for loop are keywords
if x < 6:
continue

# If i greater than 6 then break loop

else:
break
What is an identifier?
 2. IDENTIFIERS
What is an identifier?
A Python Identifier is a name given to a
function, class, variable, module, or other
objects that you’ll be using in your Python
program.
In short, its a name appeared in the
program.
For example: a, b, c
a b and c are the identifiers and
a b & c and , are the tokens
PYTHON NAMING CONVENTIONS

OR

IDENTIFIER FORMATION RULES

 PYTHON NAMING CONVENTIONS
What are the python naming conventions?

1. An identifier can be a combination of

uppercase letters, lowercase letters,
underscores, and digits (0-9). Hence, the
following are valid identifiers: myClass,
my_variable, var_1, and print_hello_world.
 PYTHON NAMING CONVENTIONS
What are the python naming conventions?

2. The first character must be letter.

3. Special characters such as %, @, and $
are not allowed within identifiers.
4. An identifier should not begin with a
number. Hence, 2variable is not valid,
but variable2 is acceptable.
 PYTHON NAMING CONVENTIONS
What are the python naming conventions?

5. Python is a case-sensitive language and

this behaviour extends to identifiers. Thus,
Labour and labour are two distinct identifiers
in Python.
6. You cannot use Python keywords as
identifiers.
 PYTHON NAMING CONVENTIONS

What are the python naming conventions?

7. You cannot use Python keywords as

identifiers.
8. You can use underscores to separate
multiple words in your identifier.
PYTHON NAMING CONVENTIONS
SOME VALID IDENTIFIERS:
Myfile1 DATE9_7_8
y3m9d3 _xs
MYFILE _FXd
SOME INVALID IDENTIFIERS:
MY-REC 28dre break
elif false del
What is literals?
 3. LITERALS / CONSTANT VALUES

What is literals?

Literals are also called as constants or

constant values these are the values which
never change during the execution of program.
What are the types of literals?
TYPES OF LITERALS / CONSTANT VALUES
What are the types of literals?

1) String Literals or Constants.

2) Numeric Literals or Constants.
3) Boolean Literals or Constants.
4) Special Literal None.
5) Literal Collections.
What is string?
1. STRING LITERALS OR CONSTANTS
What is string?
Sequence of letters enclosed in quotes
is called string or string literal or constant.
Python supports both form of quotes
i.e.
‘Hello’
“Hello”
Representation of String
 REPRESENTATION OF STRING
>>> s = “Hello Python”
This is how Python would index the string:

Backward Indexing

Forward Indexing
 REPRESENTATION OF STRING

To access the first character on the string you

just created, type and enter the variable name s and
the index 0 within square brackets like this:
>>>s[0]
You’ll get this output:
‘H’
 REPRESENTATION OF STRING

To access the last character, you can use this

expression:
Len() function
>>>s[len(s)-1]
is used to find
the length of
You’ll get the output: the string.
‘n’
 REPRESENTATION OF STRING

The expression introduces you to the len function.

There is actually an easier way to
access the last item on the string:
>>>s[-1]
‘n’
To access the penultimate character:
>>>s[-2]
‘o’
 TYPES OF STRINGS
What are the types of strings supported in
python?

Python supports two ways of representation

of strings:

1) Single Line Strings.

2) Multi Line Strings.
TYPES OF STRINGS
 SINGLE LINE STRINGS

Strings created using single quote or double

quote must end in one line are called single
line strings
For Example:
Item=“Computer”
Or
Item= ‘Computer’
 MULTI LINE STRINGS

Strings created using single quote or double

quote and spread across multiple lines are
called Multi Line Strings.
by adding backslash \ one can continue
to type on next line.
For instance: Item = ‘Key\
board’
SIZE OF STRINGS
 SIZE OF STRINGS

‘\\’ Sizei s 1 ( \ is an escape

sequence)
‘abc’ size is 3
“\ab” size is 2
“Raama\’s Laptop” size is 13
Strings with Triple Quotes
STRINGS WITH TRIPLE QUOTES

For multi line strings created by triple

quotes, while calculating size, the
EOL(End of Line) character at the end of
line is also counted.
For instance: Enter keys are
considered as
Str2=“’x EOL so size of
y str2 is 5
Z”’
Escape Sequences
 ESCAPE SEQUENCES

\\ Back Slash

\’ Single Quote (‘)

\” Double Quote (“)

 ESCAPE SEQUENCES

\a ASCII Bell

\b ASCII Backspace

\f ASCII Formfeed
 ESCAPE SEQUENCES

\n New Line

\r Carriage return

\t Horizontal Tab
 ESCAPE SEQUENCES

\t Vertical Tab

\x 16 bit hex value

\ooo Octal Value

\\ Back Slash
\’ Single Quote
\” Double Quote
\a ASCII Bell
\b ASCII Backspace
\f ASCII Form Feed
\n New Line
\r Carriage Return
\t Horizontal Tab
\v Vertical Tab
\x 16 bit Hex Val
 \ooo Octal Value

Note: ooo represents 3 octal digits.

 2. NUMERICAL LITERALS

Numerical Literals have the following types:

int or integers - Whole numbers
float - real values
Complex - Complex numbers
 Integer Literal

It includes both positive and

negative numbers along with 0. It
doesn’t include fractional parts. It
can also include binary, decimal,
octal, hexadecimal literal.
 INTEGER LITERALS OR CONSTANTS
 Decimal Integer Literals: Any whole number (+ve)
or (-ve).
INTEGER LITERALS OR CONSTANTS
 Octal Integer Literals(base 8): A Sequence of digits
starting with 0O (digit zero followed by letter o) is
taken to be an Octal Integer Literals.
 INTEGER LITERALS OR CONSTANTS
 Hexadecimal Integer Literals (base 16): Sequence of
digits preceded by ox or OX is hexadecimal integer
literals
INTEGER LITERALS OR CONSTANTS
Binary literals (base 2): To signify binary literals,
you’ll use the prefix ‘0B’ or ‘0b’ (zero and uppercase
or lowercase ‘b’).
 oct ( )
To convert an integer into its string representation,
you can use the functions hex(), bin(), and oct().

To convert the integer 7 to its octal literal, type and

enter oct(7) on the command prompt. You’ll get the
output ‘0o7’:
 hex ( )
Here is what happens when you convert the integer
2572 to a hexadecimal literal:
 bin ( )
see what happens when you use the bin() function to
convert the integer 12 to its binary string:
FLOATING POINT LITERALS OR
CONSTANTS
 FLOATING POINT LITERALS OR CONSTANTS
Floating point literals are also called as real
literals having fractional part.

These may be written in one of the two forms:

1. Fractional Form: for example 15.75

2. Exponent Form: It consists of two parts Mantissa and

Exponent. for example 5.8 can be represented as 0.58
x 10-1 = 0.58E01. where mantissa part is 0.58 and E01
is the exponent.
FLOATING POINT LITERALS OR CONSTANTS
Float type
BOOLEAN LITERALS OR CONSTANTS.
3) BOOLEAN LITERALS OR CONSTANTS.

A Boolean literal in python is used to

represent the Boolean values (true or false).
Special Literal - None
 4) SPECIAL LITERAL NONE

The None literal is used to indicate

absence of value.
For example: val = None
LITERAL COLLECTIONS
 5) LITERAL COLLECTIONS

Python supports literal collections

also such as tuple and lists ..etc

It will be to complex to discuss as we are

in the beginning, subsequent chapters we will
cover literal collections.
 Literals Collections
List: It is a list of elements represented in square brackets with
commas in between. These variables can be of any data type
and can be changed as well.
Tuple: It is also a list of comma-separated elements or values
in round brackets. The values can be of any data type but can’t
be changed.
Dictionary: It is the unordered set of key-value pairs.
Set: It is the unordered collection of elements in curly braces
‘{}’.
# List
my_list = [23, "geek", 1.2, 'data']

# Tuple
my_tuple = (1, 2, 3, 'hello')

# Dictionary
my_dict = {1:'one', 2:'two',
3:'three'}

# Set
my_set = {1, 2, 3, 4}
Output[
# Driver code
23, 'geek', 1.2, 'data']
print(my_list)
print(my_tuple) (1, 2, 3, 'hello')
print(my_dict) {1: 'one', 2: 'two', 3: 'three'}
print(my_set) {1, 2, 3, 4}
4. OPERATORS
 OPERATORS

What is an operator?
Operators are tokens that trigger some computation
when applied to a variable.

In detail we study in the next chapter.

5. PUNCTUATORS
 PUNCTUATORS

Punctuators are also called as separators

The Followings are used as punctuators:
Brackets [ ]
Parentheses ( )
Braces { }
Comma ,
Semicolon ;
Colon :
Asterisk *
Ellipsis …
Equal Sign =
Pound Sign #
WHITE SPACE
 WHITE SPACE

• Use consistent indentation instead.

• The first line with less indentation is outside of
the block.
• The first line with more indentation starts a
nested block.
• Often a colon appears at the start of a new
block. (E.g. for function and class definitions.).
COMMENTS
 COMMENTS

Comments are non executable statements in a

program.
Single line comment always starts with #
Multiline comment will be in triple
quotes. For example “’ write a program to find
the simple interest “’.
Note: Triple apostrophe is called docstrings.
STATEMENTS
 STATEMENTS

In computer terminology statement

refers to an instruction.

Program contains several statements. A

collection of statements makes program

Another name for a program is code.

 VARIABLES AND ASSIGNMENTS
Named labels are called variables.
For example: marks =86

78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87
2000 2016 2018 2026 2032 2044 2048 2050 2054 2068

marks refers to
location 2054
 VARIABLES AND ASSIGNMENTS

Now marks = 81

78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87
2000 2016 2018 2026 2032 2044 2048 2050 2054 2068

marks refers to
location 2026

Note: Variables in python do not have fixed

locations unlike other programming languages
 VARIABLES AND ASSIGNMENTS
lvalues & rvalues:

Lvalue: Expressions that is on LHS (Left Hand

Side) is called Lvalue.

Rvalue: Expressions that is on RHS (Right Hand

Side) is called Rvalue.
 VARIABLES AND ASSIGNMENTS
Multiple Assignments
Python is very versatile with assignment
statements.

1. Assigning same value to multiple variables:

a=b=c=d=e=10
VARIABLES AND ASSIGNMENTS
Multiple Assignments

2. Assigning Multiple values to multiple

variables:
p,q,r =5,10,15
print(q, r) will print 10 15
p,q=q,p
print (p,q) will print 10 5
 VARIABLES AND ASSIGNMENTS
Multiple Assignments

2. Assigning Multiple values to multiple

variables:
a,b,c = 5,10,7
b,c,a = a+1, b+2, c-1
print(a,b,c) will print 6 6 12
Now,
X=10
 VARIABLES AND ASSIGNMENTS
Multiple Assignments
Expressions separated by commas are
evaluated from left to right.
Now,
x = 10
y,y = x+2,x+5
y,y = 12,15
First It will assign y = 12 then y = 15
So print(y) will print 15
 VARIABLES AND ASSIGNMENTS
Dynamic Typing:
A variable pointing to a value of certain type
can be made to point to a value/object of different
type this is called Dynamic Typing.
x=10
print(x)
x=“ Hello World”
print(x)
VARIABLES AND ASSIGNMENTS

Output will be
10
x
Hello World
10

10

Hello World
 VARIABLES AND ASSIGNMENTS

Caution with Dynamic Typing:

x = ‘day’
y = x/2 Error! String can not be divided.
 VARIABLES AND ASSIGNMENTS
type() function:

To know the data type of a value which is pointing

use type ( )
>>>a=10
>>>type(a)
<class ‘int’> Type returned as integer
>>>a=20.4
>>>type(a)
<class ‘float’> Type returned as float
VARIABLES AND ASSIGNMENTS

type() function:

To know the data type of a value which is

pointing use type ( )
>>>a=“Hello”
>>>type(a)
<class ‘str’> Type returned as string
INPUT ( ) FUNCTION
 INPUT ( ) FUNCTION
Input( ) Function is a built in function of
python used to read values from the user
The general format or syntax of the input() is:

Variable_to_hold_the_value=input(message)
For Example:
Where,
variable_to_Hold_the_Value is a variable which is
the label for a memory location where the value is
stored.
 INPUT ( ) FUNCTION
For Example:
p = input(“Enter the value”)

x = int(input(“Enter x value”))
reads the value and converts it in to integer type
data or value.
y=float(input(“Enter y value”))
reads the value and converts it in to float type
data or value.
 INPUT ( ) FUNCTION
int ( ) and float ( ) Functions:
Python offers two functions to be used with
input( ) to convert the received values:

Example 1: >>age = int(input(“Enter age”))

Example 2: >>sal=float(input(“Enter salary))

PRINT ( ) FUNCTION
 PRINT ( ) FUNCTION
print( ) Function is a built in function of
python used to display the values on the screen
The general format or syntax of the input() is:
print(*objects, sep=' ', end='\n', file=sys.stdout,
flush=False)
The print function can print an arbitrary
number of values ("value1, value2, ..."), which are
separated by commas. These values are separated by
blanks. In the following example we can see two print
calls. We are printing two values in both cases, i.e. a
string and a float number:
 PRINT ( ) FUNCTION
print() Parameters:
objects - object to the printed. * indicates that there
may be more than one object
sep - objects are separated by sep. Default value: ' ‘
end - end is printed at last
file - must be an object with write(string) method. If
omitted it, sys.stdout will be used which prints objects
on the screen.
flush - If True, the stream is forcibly flushed. Default
value: False
 PRINT ( ) FUNCTION
Example 1: How print() works in Python?

print("Python is fun.")
a=5
#Two objects are passed:
print("a =", a)
b=a
# Three objects are passed:
print('a =', a, '= b‘)
Output
Python is fun.
a=5
 PRINT ( ) FUNCTION
Example 2: How print() works in Python?

>>> print("a = ", a)

a = 3.564
>>> print("a = \n", a)
a=
3.564
>>>
Any Questions Please
 CLASS TEST
ON
PYTHON FUNDAMENTALS
CHAPTER
CLASS TEST ON PYTHON FUNDAMENTALS
Each carries 2 Marks Questions (10 x 2 = 20)

1. What is EOL?
2. What is an escape sequence?
3. What is the maximum line length in a
python program?
4. Write any four keywords of python
language
5. What are the types of Assignment
statements? Explain
6. Explain with a diagram how a variable refers
to a memory location?
7. What is Dynamic typing?
 QUESTION BANK
ON
CHAPTER 2
PYTHON FUNDAMENTALS
CHAPTER 2: PYTHON FUNDAMENTALS
One Mark Questions
1. What is character set?
2. What is token?
3. List the types of tokens
4. What is keyword?
5. What is an identifier? Give suitable example.
6. What is a literal?
7. What is string?
8. What is single line string?
9. What is multi line string?
10. What is EOL?
11. What is an escape sequence?
12. What is Boolean literal?
CHAPTER 2: PYTHON FUNDAMENTALS
One Mark Questions

13. What is none?

14. What is an operator?
15. What is Unary Operator?
16. What is Binary Operator?
17. List the shift operators
18. List the Bitwise operators
19. What is an assignment statement?
20. What is Punctuators?
21. What is comment?
22. What is whitespace?
23. What is statement?
CHAPTER 2: PYTHON FUNDAMENTALS
One Mark Questions

24. Weather python uses statement

termination? Justify your answer
25. What is the maximum line length in a
python program?
26. What is Block?
27. What is Code Block?
28. What is Code?
29. What do you mean by case sensitive
language?
CHAPTER 2: PYTHON FUNDAMENTALS
One Mark Questions

30. What is variable?

31. What is Lvalue?
32. What is Rvalue?
33. What is an Assignment statement?
34. What is Dynamic typing?
CHAPTER 2: PYTHON FUNDAMENTALS
Two Marks Questions

1. Explain the character set of python

2. What are the types of tokens supported in
python language?
3. Write any four keywords of python language
4. What are the types of literals?
5. Explain Boolean literals
6. What are relational operators?
7. What are the types of Assignment
statements? Explain
8. What is General Structure or General format
or Syntax?
CHAPTER 2: PYTHON FUNDAMENTALS
Two Marks Questions

9. What are the types of comments? Explain

with suitable examples
10. Explain with a diagram how a variable refers
to a memory location?
11. While dealing with dynamic typing what
caution must be taken care of? Explain with
suitable example.
CHAPTER 2: PYTHON FUNDAMENTALS
Three Marks Questions

1. What are the python naming conventions?

2. Explain the representation of string in python
language.
3. Explain the types of strings supported by
python language.
4. Explain escape sequences.
5. Explain numerical literals supported in python
language.
6. Explain the Floating point literals supported in
python language.
CHAPTER 2: PYTHON FUNDAMENTALS
Three Marks Questions

7. Explain the General structure of python

program and give example.
8. What is whitespace how its useful in python
programming?
9. What is input ( ) function? Write down the
general format of input ( ) function and explain
with proper example.
10. What is print ( ) function? Write down the
general format of print ( ) function and explain
with proper example.
Thank You