ISSN : 0975-4946

TECHNOINSIGHT • July-December • Volume 15 • Issue 2

Volume 15 Number 2 July-December 2023

technoinsight

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A SPECIAL EDITION OF TECHNOINSIGHT
 TECHNOINSIGHT • July-December • Volume 15 • Issue 2

TECHNOINSIGHT

Editor-In-Chief
S. K. PATTNAIK
Asst. Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Gandhi Institute of
Technology and Management, Bhubaneswar

Editorial Board
Dr. M. K MOHANTY, OUTR, BBSR
Dr. B. B PANI, VSSUT, BURLA
Dr. P. K JENA, GITA, BBSR
B. SUTTON, USA
S. DARKE, AUSTRALIA
S. SILVA, PORTUGAL
S. DOBRE, FRANCE
R. D’ANTONI, ITALY
G. RUFFINI, SPAIN
Dr. N. DEEP, ABIT, CTC
Dr. S. NAYAK, GIFT, BBSR
Dr. SANAT KUMAR PATTNAIK, ARYAN, BBSR

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 TECHNOINSIGHT • July-December • Volume 15 • Issue 2

A SPECIAL EDITION OF TECHNOINSIGHT

Volume Number 2 July-December 2023

Contents
Sl. No. Title Page No.

1. Composite materials - history, types, fabrication techniques, advantages, and applications….01-07

2. A study on impact of demonetization on cooperative banks in India……………………….. 08-13
3. Research about how social media affects society in good and bad ways…………………… 14-20
4. Properties of alkali-activated fly ash concrete blended with slag…………………………… 21-30
5. Study of optical characterization of L-amino acid doped 2-aminopyridine co- crystals using
Powder XRD, FTIR and UV-Vis spectrum………………………………………………… 31-34
6. Quantum hoop conjecture and a natural cutoff for vacuum energy of a scalar field……… 35-37
7. Green house guard: micaz note IOT monitoring system…………………………………… 38-43
8. Deep learning models for NSE stock market prediction…………………………………… 44-48
9. Progress of red mud utilization: an overview……………………………………………… 49-63
10. Training and development at nalco: a study………………………………………………… 64-66
11. A systematic literature review of the impact of organizational structure on firm performance
……………………………………………………………………………………………… 67-90
12. Performance appraisal of executive at Orissa mining corporation Ltd. Bhubaneswar. Odisha
………………………………………………………………………………………………..91-97
13. Understanding the Impact of the Dark Web on Society: A Systematic Literature Review…98-104
14. A Review Paper on Natural Fiber ReinforcedLaminated Composite Materials………… 105-108
15. Wind Energy: A Review Paper………………………………………………………….. 109-113
16. Intelligent vehicle control for driver behavior using wireless in transportation system… 114-117
17. DNA sensor C GAS - CANSOR detection ………………………………………………118-123
18. Role of Communication skill in Educational Institute and it’s importance……………… 124-132

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 TECHNOINSIGHT • July-December • Volume 15 • Issue 2

COMPOSITE MATERIALS - HISTORY, TYPES, FABRICATION TECHNIQUES, ADVANTAGES, AND

APPLICATIONS

¹Tanmya Kumar Barik, ²S.S Singh, ¹S. Satapathy

1Assistant Professor, GITAM Bhubaneswar

¹ Asst. Prof. Department of Mechanical engineering, GITAM, Bhubaneswar

² Prof. Department of Mechanical engineering, GITAM, Bhubaneswar

Abstract.

This paper presents a brief introduction of composite materials followed by history, fabrication techniques,
advantages, and applications. A composite material (also called a composition material or shortened to
composite which is the common name) is a material made from two or more constituent materials with
significantly different physical or chemical properties that, when combined, produce a material with
characteristics different from the individual components. The individual components remain separate and
distinct within the finished structure. The new material may be preferred for many reasons: common
examples include materials which are stronger, lighter, or less expensive when compared to traditional
materials. More recently, researchers have also begun to actively include sensing, actuation, computation
and communication into composites, which are known as Robotic Materials. As the composite materials
possess great properties they are substituting various other conventional materials therefore, the research
on composite materials must be developed further.

Keywords: Fibrous Composites, Filament winding, History, Resin infusion processes

Introduction The first uses of composites date back to the 1500s

B.C. when early Egyptians and Mesopotamian
A typical composite material is a system of settlers used a mixture of mud and straw to create
materials composing of two or more materials strong and durable buildings. Straw continued to
(mixed and bonded) on a macroscopic scale. For provide reinforcement to ancient composite
example, concrete is made up of cement, sand, products including pottery and boats. Later, in
stones, and water. If the composition occurs on a 1200 AD, the Mongols invented the first
microscopic scale (molecular level), the new composite bow. Using a combination of wood,
material is then called an alloy for metals or a bone, and “animal glue,” bows were pressed and
polymer for plastics. Generally, a composite wrapped with birch bark. These bows were
material is composed of reinforcement (fibers, extremely powerful and extremely accurate.
particles, flakes, and/or fillers) embedded in a Composite Mongolian bows provided Genghis
matrix (polymers, metals, or ceramics). The matrix Khan with military dominance, and because of the
holds the reinforcement to form the desired shape composite technology, this weapon was the most
while the reinforcement improves the overall powerful weapon on earth until the invention of
mechanical properties of the matrix. When gunpowder. The modern era of composites did not
designed properly, the new combined material begin until scientists developed plastics. Until
exhibits better strength than would each then, natural resins derived from plants and
individual material. animals were the only source of glues and binders.
HISTORY In the early 1900s, plastics such as vinyl,
polystyrene, phenolic and polyester were

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developed. These new synthetic materials pipes, arrow shafts, armor, train floors, medical
outperformed resins that were derived from devices, and more.
nature. However, plastics alone could not provide
enough strength for structural applications. Continued Advancement in Composites
Reinforcement was needed to provide the In the 1970s the composites industry began to
strength, and rigidity. In 1935, Owens Corning mature. Better plastic resins and improved
introduced the first glass fiber, fiberglass. reinforcing fibers were developed. DuPont
Fiberglass, when combined with a plastic polymer developed an aramid fiber known as Kevlar, this
creates an incredibly strong structure that is also fiber has become the standard in armor due to its
lightweight. This is the beginning of the Fiber high tenacity. Carbon fibers was also developed
Reinforced Polymers (FRP) industry as we know it around this time; it has since been replacing metal
today. as the new material of choice.The composite
WWII – Driving Early Composites Innovation industry is still evolving, with much of the growth
is now focused around Renewable energy Wind
Many of the greatest advancements in composites turbine blades are constantly pushing the limits on
were incubated by war. Just as the Mongols size and are requiring advanced materials,
developed the composite bow, World War II designs, and manufacturing.In contrast to metallic
brought the FRP industry from the laboratory into alloys, each material retains its separate chemical,
actual production. Alternative materials were physical, and mechanical properties. The two
needed for lightweight applications in military constituents are a reinforcement and a matrix.
aircraft. Engineers soon realized other benefits of
composites beyond being lightweight and strong. TYPES OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS
It was discovered that fiberglass composites were Composite materials are commonly classified at
transparent to radio frequencies, and the material following two distinct levels:
was soon adapted for use in sheltering electronic
radar equipment (Radomes). • The first level of classification is usually made
with respect to the matrix constituent. The major
Adapting Composites: “Space Age” to “Everyday” composite classes include Organic Matrix
By the end of the WWII, a small niche composites Composites (OMCs), Metal Matrix Composites
industry was in full swing. With lower demand for (MMCs) and Ceramic Matrix Composites (CMCs).
military products, the few composites innovators The term organic matrix composite is generally
were now ambitiously trying to introduce assumed to include two classes of composites,
namely Polymer Matrix Composites (PMCs) and
composites into other markets. Boats were an
obvious fit for composites, and the first carbon matrix composites commonly referred to
commercial boat hull was introduced in 1946.At as carbon-carbon composites.
this time Brandt Goldsworthy, often referred to as • The second level of classification refers to the
the “grandfather of composites,” developed new reinforcement form - fibre reinforced composites,
manufacturing processes and products. He is laminar composites and particulate composites.
credited with numerous advancements including Fibre Reinforced composites (FRP) can be further
being the first to fiberglass a surfboard, which divided into those containing discontinuous or
revolutionized the sport.Goldsworthy also continuous fibres.
invented a manufacturing process known as
pultrusion. Today, products manufactured from • Fibre Reinforced Composites are composed of
this process include ladder rails, tool handles, fibres embedded in matrix material. Such a

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composite is considered to be a discontinuous processes involve some form of molding, to shape

fibre or short fibre composite if its properties vary the resin and reinforcement. A mold tool is
with fibre length. On the other hand, when the required to give the unformed resin /fiber
length of the fibre is such that any further increase combination its shape prior to and during cure.
in length does not further increase, the elastic The most basic fabrication method for thermoset
modulus of the composite, the composite is composites is hand layup, which typically consists
considered to be continuous fibre reinforced. of laying dry fabric layers, or “plies,” or prepreg
Fibres are small in diameter and when pushed plies, by hand onto a tool to form a laminate stack.
axially, they bend easily although they have very Resin is applied to the dry plies after layup is
good tensile properties. These fibres must be complete (e.g., by means of resin infusion).
supported to keep individual fibres from bending
Several curing methods are available[1]. The most
and buckling.
basic is simply to allow cure to occur at room
• Laminar Composites are composed of layers of temperature. Cure can be accelerated, however,
materials held together by matrix. Sandwich by applying heat, typically with an oven, and
structures fall under this category. pressure, by means of a vacuum.Many high-
performance thermoset parts require heat and
• Particulate Composites are composed of high consolidation pressure to cure — conditions
particles distributed or embedded in a matrix that require the use of an autoclave. Autoclaves,
body. The particles may be flakes or in powder
generally, are expensive to buy and operate.
form. Concrete and wood particle boards are Manufacturers that are equipped with autoclaves
examples of this category. Based on the form of usually cure a number of parts simultaneously.
reinforcement, common composite materials can
Computer systems monitor and control autoclave
be classified as follows: temperature, pressure, vacuum and inert
1. Fibers as the reinforcement (Fibrous atmosphere, which allows unattended and/or
Composites): a. Random fiber (short fiber) remote supervision of the cure process and
reinforced composites b. Continuous fiber (long maximizes efficient use of the technique. Electron-
fiber) reinforced composites beam (E-beam) curing has been explored as an
efficient curing method for thin laminates. In
2. Particles as the reinforcement (Particulate Ebeam curing, the composite layup is exposed to a
composites): stream of electrons that provide ionizingradiation,
causing polymerization and crosslinking in
3. Flat flakes as the reinforcement (Flake
radiationsensitive resins. X-ray and microwave
composites):
curing technologies work in a similar manner. A
4. Fillers as the reinforcement (Filler composites): fourth alternative, ultraviolet (UV) curing, involves
the use of UV radiation to activate a photoinitiator
FABRICATION TECHNIQUES added to a thermoset resin, which, when
activated, sets off a crosslinking reaction. UV
There are numerous methods for fabricating
curing requires lightpermeable resin and
composite components. Some methods have
reinforcements.
been borrowed (injection molding, for example),
but many were developed to meet specific design Open molding
or manufacturing challenges. Selection of a
method for a particular part, therefore, will Open contact molding in one-sided molds is a
depend on the materials, the part design and end- lowcost, common process for making fiberglass
use or application. Composite fabrication composite products. Typically used for boat hulls

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and decks, RV components, truck cabs and surface finish. Automakers are exploring carbon
fenders, spas, bathtubs, shower stalls and other fiber-reinforced SMC, hoping to take advantage of
relatively large, noncomplex shapes, open carbon’s high strength- and stiffness-to-weight
molding involves either hand layup or a semi- ratios in exterior body panels and other parts.
automated alternative, sprayup[2-5]. In an open- Newer, toughened SMC formulations help prevent
moldsprayup application, the mold is first treated microcracking, a phenomenon that previously
with mold release. If a gel coat is used, it is typically caused paint “pops” during the painting process
sprayed into the mold after the mold release has (surface craters caused by outgassing, the release
been applied. The gel coat then is cured and the of gasses trapped in the microcracks during oven
mold is ready for fabrication to begin. In the cure). Composites manufacturers in industrial
sprayup process, catalyzed resin (viscosity from markets are formulating their own resins and
500 to 1,000 cps) and glass fiber are sprayed into compounding SMC in-house to meet needs in
the mold using a chopper gun, which chops specific applications that require UV, impact and
continuous fiber into short lengths, then blows the moisture resistance and have surface-quality
short fibers directly into the sprayed resin stream demands that drive the need for customized
so that both materials are applied simultaneously. material development[5-8].
To reduce VOCs, piston pump-activated, non-
atomizing spray guns and fluid impingement spray Filament winding is a continuous fabrication
heads dispense gel coats and resins in larger method that can be highly automated and
droplets at low pressure. Another option is a roller repeatable, with relatively low material costs.
impregnator, which pumps resin into a roller Filament winding yields parts with exceptional
similar to a paint roller. In the final steps of the circumferential or “hoop” strength. The highest-
sprayup process, workers compact the laminate volume single application of filament winding is
by hand with rollers. Wood, foam or other core golf club shafts. Fishing rods, pipe, pressure
material may then be added, and a second vessels and other cylindrical parts comprise most
sprayup layer imbeds the core between the of the remaining business[9].
laminate skins. The part is then cured, cooled and Pultrusion, like RTM, has been used for decades
removed from the reusable mold. Hand layup and with glass fiber and polyester resins, but in the last
sprayup methods are often used in tandem to 10 years the process also has found application in
reduce labor. advanced composites applications. In this
High-volume molding methods relatively simple, low-cost, continuous process,
the reinforcing fiber (usually roving, tow or
Compression molding is a high-volume thermoset continuous mat) is typically pulled through a
molding process that employs expensive but very heated resin bath and then formed into specific
durable metal dies. It is an appropriate choice shapes as it passes through one or more forming
when production quantities exceed 10,000 parts. guides or bushings. The material then moves
As many as 200,000 parts can be turned out on a through a heated die, where it takes its net shape
set of forged steel dies, using sheet molding and cures. Further downstream, after cooling, the
compound (SMC), a composite sheet material resulting profile is cut to desired length. Pultrusion
made by sandwiching chopped fiberglass between yields smooth finished parts that typically do not
two layers of thick resin paste. Low-pressure SMC require postprocessing. A wide range of
formulations that are now on the market offer continuous, consistent, solid and hollow profiles
open molders low-capitalinvestment entry into are pultruded, and the process can be custom-
closed-mold processing with near-zero VOC tailored to fit specific applications [10-12].
emissions and the potential for very high-quality

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Tube rolling is a longstanding composites for example, where less weight means better fuel
manufacturing process that can produce finite- efficiency (more miles to the gallon). People who
length tubes and rods. It is particularly applicable design airplanes are greatly concerned with
to smalldiameter cylindrical or tapered tubes in weight, since reducing a craft’s weight reduces the
lengths as great as 20 ft/6.2m. Tubing diameters amount of fuel it needs and increases the speeds
up to 6 inches/152 mm can be rolled efficiently. it can reach. Some modern airplanes are built with
Typically, a tacky prepreg fabric or unidirectional more composites than metal including the new
tape is used, depending on the part. The material Boeing 787, Dreamliner.
is precut in patterns that have been designed to
achieve the requisite ply schedule and fiber High Strength - Composites can be designed to be
architecture for the application. far stronger than aluminum or steel. Metals are
equally strong in all directions. But composites can
Automated tape laying (ATL) is an even speedier be engineered and designed to be strong in a
automated process in which prepreg tape, rather specific direction.
than single tows, is laid down continuously to form
parts. It is often used for parts with highly complex Strength Related to Weight - Strength-to-weight
ratio is a material’s strength in relation to how
contours or angles. Tape layup is versatile,
allowing breaks in the process and easy direction much it weighs. Some materials are very strong
changes, and it can be adapted for both thermoset and heavy, such as steel. Other materials can be
strong and light, such as bamboo poles. Composite
and thermoplastic materials. The head includes a
spool or spools of tape, a winder, winder guides, a materials can be designed to be both strong and
compaction shoe, a position sensor and a tape light. This property is why composites are used to
build airplanes—which need a very high strength
cutter or slitter. In either case, the head may be
located on the end of a multi axis articulating material at the lowest possible weight. A
robot that moves around the tool or mandrel to composite can be made to resist bending in one
which material is being applied, or the head may direction, for example. When something is built
be located on a gantry suspended above the tool. with metal, and greater strength is needed in one
Although ATL generally is faster than AFP and can direction, the material usually must be made
place more material over longer distances, AFP is thicker, which adds weight. Composites can be
better suited to shorter courses and can place strong without being heavy. Composites have the
material more effectively over contoured highest strength-to-weight ratios in structures
surfaces. These technologies grew out of the today.
machine tool industry and have seen extensive use Corrosion Resistance - Composites resist damage
in the manufacture of the fuselage, wing skin from the weather and from harsh chemicals that
panels, wingbox, tail and other structures on the can eat away at other materials. Composites are
forthcoming Boeing 787 Dreamliner and the good choices where chemicals are handled or
Airbus A350 XWB. ATL and AFP also are used stored. Outdoors, they stand up to severe weather
extensively to produce parts for the F-35 Lightning and wide changes in temperature [13].
II fighter jet the V-22 Osprey tiltrotor troop
transport and a variety of other aircraft. Design Flexibility - Composites can be molded into
complicated shapes more easily than most other
ADVANTAGES materials. This gives designers the freedom to
Light Weight - Composites are light in weight, create almost any shape or form. Most
compared to most woods and metals. Their recreational boats today, for example, are built
lightness is important in automobiles and aircraft, from fiberglass composites because these

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materials can easily be molded into complex aircraft, such as the U.S. Air Force’s B-2 stealth
shapes, which improve boat design while lowering bomber, which is nearly invisible to radar.
costs. The surface of composites can also be
molded to mimic any surface finish or texture, Low Thermal Conductivity - Composites are good
insulators—they do not easily conduct heat or
from smooth to pebbly.
cold. They are used in buildings for doors, panels,
Part Consolidation - A single piece made of and windows where extra protection is needed
composite materials can replace an entire from severe weather.
assembly of metal parts. Reducing the number of
parts in a machine or a structure saves time and CONCLUSION
cuts down on the maintenance needed over the In a nutshell the composites are the materials
life of the item [14]. which have many desirable properties and makes
Dimensional Stability - Composites retain their them the best material that can be used in many
shape and size when they are hot or cool, wet or applications. These properties make the
dry. Wood, on the other hand, swells and shrinks composite materials replace the already existing
as the humidity changes. Composites can be a materials which are used in the present days.
better choice in situations demanding tight fits Therefore the research on the composite
that do not vary. They are used in aircraft wings, materials must expand through leaps and bounds.
for example, so that the wing shape and size do REFERENCES
not change as the plane gains or loses altitude.
Nonconductive - Composites are nonconductive, [1] An Introduction to Composite Materials
meaning they do not conduct electricity. This (Cambridge Solid State Science Series) 2nd Edition,
property makes them suitable for such items as by D. Hull (Author), T. W. Clyne (Author)
electrical utility poles and the circuit boards in
[2] Composite Materials: Design and Applications,
electronics. If electrical conductivity is needed, it is
Third Edition by Daniel Gay
possible to make some composites conductive
[15]. [3] Composite Materials, Science and Applications
Authors: Chung, Deborah D. L.
Nonmagnetic - Composites contain no metals;
therefore, they are not magnetic. They can be [4] Composite Materials: Science and Engineering
used around sensitive electronic equipment. The (Materials Research and Eng.
lack of magnetic interference allows large
magnets used in MRI (magnetic resonance [5] MR K 2004 Advanced topics in characterization
imaging) equipment to perform better. of composites (Trafford Publishing)
Composites are used in both the equipment
[6] JP D, V K and R Z 2013 Drilling of polymer-
housing and table. In addition, the construction of
matrix composites (Springer Science & Business
the room uses composites rebar to reinforced the
Media)
concrete walls and floors in the hospital.
[7] S T, MA M and S K 2007 Pakistan Acad. Sci 44
Radar Transparent - Radar signals pass right
2–129
through composites, a property that makes
composites ideal materials for use anywhere radar [8] Mallick P K 2007 Fiber-Reinforced Composites:
equipment is operating, whether on the ground or Materials, Manufacturing, and Design (Third
in the air. Composites play a key role in stealth Edition, CRC Press)

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[9] Sadiq N S 2011 Iraqi Journal of Science 52 48– [12] Market Report 2007 Glass fibers us industry
53 forecasts (Freedonia publisher)

[10] Morton W J C J 1991 Journal of Polymer 22 [13] Pandy P C 2004 Composites materials'', dept.
347 of civil eng.Iisc

[11] Al-Jubouri Q K 1998 Mechanical Properties [14] URL WWW.arconsupplies.co.uk.

Study of Composite Materials Reinforced with
Metal Wire (University of Technology) [15] Ameen M H 2015 “Employment of Synthetic
Fiber with Polymer Blends for Impact
Applications”,

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 TECHNOINSIGHT • July-December • Volume 15 • Issue 2

A STUDY ON IMPACT OF DEMONETIZATION ON COOPERATIVE BANKS IN

INDIA
1
Bhakta Charan Jena, 1Rajaswini Mishra, 1BKN Satapaty, 1Swati Swetalin Martha, 1Sushil Kumar Pradhan
1Asst. Prof. Department of MBA, GITAM, Bhubaneswar

ABSTRACT

The reason for this move was simple: India’s Ministry of Finance claimed that 500- and 1,000-rupee notes
are being used to finance terrorism, fund illegal drug sales, fuel the black market, drive counterfeiting, and
pay bribes. This so-called “black money” had reputedly built up to such epic proportions that Prime Minister
Modi declared that enough was enough, that he would take it upon himself to wash his country’s currency
supply in one fell swoop. Demonetization can be said as a “Surgical Strike” on Black Money, Terrorism,
Fake Currency, Unorganized trading, Real Estate, share market etc. on the other hand if we talk about the
Indian industry on a broader way, it can be categories in three parts Manufacturing sector, Service sector and
Agriculture sector. After demonetization only Agriculture sector shows some positive improvement while if
we talk about the manufacturing and service sector both were crashed down and these will affect the whole
Indian market in 2017 also.As of December 28, official sources said that the Income Tax department detected
overs Rs. 4,172 crore of un-disclosed income and seized new notes worth 105 crores as part of its country-
wide operations. The department carried out a total of 983 search, survey, and enquiry operations under the
provisions of the Income Tax Act and has issued 5,027 notices to various entities on charges of tax evasion
and hawala-like dealings. The department also seized cash and jewelry worth over 549 crores out of which
the new currency seized (majority of them 2000 notes) is valued at about 105 crores. The department also
referred a total of 477 cases to other agencies like the CBI and the Enforcement Directorate (ED) to probe
other financial crimes like money laundering, disproportionate assets, and corruption.

Key word: Surgical Strike, Black Money.

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INTRODUCTION Reasons behind Demonetization:

With effect from 8th Nov. 2016 Tuesday Midnight PM As per my study Following is the main reasons behind
Shri Narendra Modi Ji Banned the Currency notes of Demonetization.
500 and 1000. It is a strict decision of banning regular
500- and 1000-rupee notes from circulation which is a Black Money: -
result of finding 1.25 lakh crore black money. Within 3
A recent study had pegged India ‘s black market
days of that striking decision: - Rs. 35000Crore
economy at over Rs 30 lakh crore or about 20 % of total
deposited in banks and approximate Rs.1500Crore
GDP. This is even bigger than the GDP of countries like
Black Money were destroyed. According to the RBI ‘s
Thailand and Argentina. So now after this Decision
(Reserve Bank of India) Annual Report for April 2015
black money holders are left with just two options –
to March 2016, the value of the currency notes at the end
either route this money through banks, declaring it to be
of March 2016 was 16.42 trillion Indian rupees. The 500
their income or burn the stashed file.
rupee and 1,000-rupee currency notes formed 86.4% of
the value. In one stroke, the government removed 86.4%
Fake Currency & Terrorism: -
of the currency in circulation by value. In terms of
volume, the currency notes of these two denominations Terrorism is a frightening thing. But have you ever
formed 24.4% of a total 90.27 billion pieces. First thought about how these terrorists get their money?
economy can be bifurcated in three broad segments Enemies from across the border have run their
Agriculture Sector, Manufacturing Sector and Service operations using fake currency notes. This has been
sector all these three sectors contributed in Indian GDP. going on for years.

Agriculture Sector Contribute 17% in GDP Economy: -

Manufacturing Sector Contribute 30% in GDP The Major impact of this decision is on the economy
because it gives highly positive impact on the economic
Service Sector Contribute 53% in GDP
Stability in near future. The coming six to seven months
After Demonetization all the three sectors faces negative are expected to witness a considerable level of deflation.
impacts Sectors like real estate, construction material, Gold,
unorganized trade and services will see significant pain
in the near time.

Election: -

We all know how much black money is used by political

parties. It will be a very tough task to use trucks of
money at least for the upcoming five state elections.
Now in upcoming UP election which was held in
January neither of the parties can purchase the vote of
poor people and some drastic change in the elections
going to be seen by everyone.

Unorganized Trading: -

1.) Prices hike in Real estate sectors is mainly because

Conceptual framework: of the involvement of black money, but after taking this

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decision the prices of property will surely come down to money in their own accounts, but they will continue to
their real value. be charged interest by the bank for the loan availed.
Cooperative banks will start to collapse as they fail to
2.) Unorganized dealing in share market will also be recover loans. Being the sowing season, PAX stores are
eliminated after this decision and this will gain positive filled with fertilisers, they will be unable to supply these
result in the economic condition of the country. to their own farmers as per rules because past loans
remain unpaid. PAX aren’t even allowed to operate with
3.) The problem of inflation will get solved with this
public sector banks, so are in a Catch-22 situation on
step as the government will get more money in its
what to do. Many farmers have also availed of revolving
pocket in form of taxes and undisclosed income.
cash credit limit which needs to be deposited at harvest
4.) Banking system will also get strengthened as banks time. When bank refuse to accept payment, these
will be flooded with huge amount of money. This will deposits will become NPA in the books of the bank and
also result in more economic development in the nation bank balance sheets will be decimated. People are
as the money will be channelized properly through starting to withdraw deposits from cooperative banks
banks. and good capital will flow to private or public sector
banks, never to return again. Wherever rural cooperative
Less Cash Economy: - banks branches have online facility this draconian
notification should not have been evoked at all. In one
It is not possible to make India Cash-Less economy, but stroke, all rural banking transactions have been brought
for the development and making transparency in the to a standstill. Problems were inevitable but the extent
economy we can say use of less Cash is possible. So for of mismanagement is astounding. Timing of the
making people familiar with E-Payment and use of currency recall itself is intriguing. Exploitive traders are
plastic currency. refusing to accept the old notes. Shopkeepers are
demanding 30% higher value for same inputs if
IMPACT ON COOPERATIVE BANKS
purchase is with older notes. Villagers are being forced
Farmers accustomed to decades of government policy to exchange one `500 note for four bills of Rs 400. The
failure are willing to bear the pain caused by the ideal window for sowing wheat is about 21 days.
government’s decision to recall Rs 500 & 1000 bills, but Resourceful farmers may manage but at a higher cost.
engineering a systematic failure of the rural cooperative Delayed sowing can reduce yield drastically.
banking sector would be an unpardonable desecration. Furthermore, farmers who take perishable fruits and
vegetables to the wholesale market are being squeezed
Earlier rural bank branches were given a step motherly like lemons. Traders reason small street vendors and
treatment: Rural cooperative bank branches were not shopkeepers do not have money to purchase perishables.
replenished with lower denomination currency, while Sales are down about 20% and even prices received by
the newer higher denomination notes were issued to farmers for their produce are down 25%. Truck drivers
bank branches in cities. Now all district cooperative get paid on delivery for their transport cost by the
banks have been directed not to exchange or even accept commission agent where delivery of perishables is
Rs 500 & 1000 bills from account holders. It will have made. Now traders at sabzi mandi insist on paying with
a multiplier impact. Most small farmers deal with such old denomination currency which truck drivers refuse to
banks and primary agriculture societies (PAX). Farmers accept. This is having a cascading effect. Possibly over
receive most direct credit for farm inputs from PAX. a third in rural areas don’t operate a bank account in a
Possibly the establishment did not fully grasp the extent cash-based rural economy. Specifically hurt are rural
of the implications of the notification. women who will have to reveal their savings to their
husbands. The secret stash however small took years to
Farmers operate through these institutions for their kisan build. It is improbable that husbands will return the
credit card. New rules won’t allow them to deposit savings to the wife. It appears the consequences of this
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 TECHNOINSIGHT • July-December • Volume 15 • Issue 2

policy aren’t even gender neutral. Additionally, go to the cities for the same because of that
moneylenders & traders are making dependent gullible Farmer‘s most of the time is engaged in
farmers to deposit old currency on their behalf. This will exchanging the old notes in Banks.
create interesting statistics which will be interpreted as Co-operative banks across the country are feeling the
proof of black money hoarded by farmers and make a ripple effects of demonetisation. These banks seem to be
case for taxing farmer incomes. A society which loses choking as they are not getting adequate cash from the
faith in its own currency is in a dangerously precarious currency chests of public and private sector banks to
situation. The economy is slowly grinding to a stop. service their customers, who either want to
Majority of the masses believe this bold reform is about exchange/deposit demonetised high-denomination ₹500
striking at the root of the black money menace and still and ₹1,000 notes or withdraw money from
support the PM. “But, it’s simply turning into a race branches/ATMs.
where on one end the government has to logistically Underscoring the acute shortage of small-denomination
make available cash in banks for people to exchange / notes being experienced in rural and semi-urban areas,
withdraw or the repercussions of a badly executed Satish Marathe, Patron, Sahakar Bharati, said cash
transition may not only force the government to dilute should be provided on top priority basis to the branches
the provisions of the de-notification, but could be the of urban co-operative banks (UCBs), district central co-
tipping point moment in the political lifespan of the operative banks (DCCBs) and state co-operative banks
leader.” Leaders need to be responsive, but a responsive (StCBs).
leader is not necessarily a responsible PM. “As supply of cash in all denominations is grossly
Unresponsive and irresponsible Opposition may not be inadequate, co-operative banks are forced to advise that
able to save the day. their ATM services will remain closed till availability of
currency notes of ₹100 and ₹500 denominations.
FACT AND FINDINGS “Hence, we have requested the Finance Ministry to
make special arrangements for providing cash to UCBs,
A.) Impact of Demonetization on Agriculture DCCBs, and StCBs,” said Marathe. Sayali Bhoir, Chief
Sector: - Executive and Secretary, The Maharashtra Urban Co-
operative Banks’ Federation, observed that prior to the
Agricultural growth in India contracted 0.2% in 2014-
November 8 announcement on demonetisation, public
15 and grew no more than 1.2% in 2015-16, largely
and private sector banks used to provide handsome
because of back-to-back droughts.
support to UCBs. However, post-announcement, these
It was expected to grow at 4% in this year as per banks refused to provide currency support to UCBs on
CRISIL Report, but due to Demonetization this forecast November 10, treating the latter as ‘general customers’
is proven wrong because Farmers are running out of and agreeing to give only ₹10,000.
Cash to buy Seeds, Fertilizer, Equipment, and Wages She explained that later, despite the RBI issuing a
payment to workers and Commission to Agents etc. circular that this ₹10,000 limit is not applicable to cash
Because of Cash shortage daily supply transport system withdrawals from a bank account by one bank from
has also suffered which was result in 25 to 50 % another bank, public sector banks refused to give cash.
reduction in sales. Following is the main reasons. “As a result, our member banks are facing acute
problems regarding supply of currency needed to either
I. Farmers are not educated and aware about how exchange against the demonetized notes and/or for
to work on E-Payment System, Recent study by honoring customer requests for withdrawal of cash from
RBI Says 78% of the population do not use ATMs/cash counters. Our member banks’ efforts to seek
internet in which almost 80 to 85 % are supplies from currency chests of public/private banks
Farmers. have been infructuous,” said the Federation chief.
II. In most of the Villages Proper Banking system UCBs. According to Bhoir, UCBs are facing an
is not Developed yet and Villagers are need to embarrassing situation as, on the one hand, there is a
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 TECHNOINSIGHT • July-December • Volume 15 • Issue 2

huge crowd in the branches of public and private sector announced ban on high-value bank notes of Rs 500 and
bank branches, which are smoothly serving the public Rs 1,000 from November 8 midnight. Many banks
by providing new currencies and exchanging the old accepted and exchanged the old currency notes at a
notes, while, on the other, there is no queue at all in front premium and parked large deposit in multiple accounts,
of UCB branches as they don’t have cash. the report added. Moreover, several accounts have been
“Through electronic and print media, the RBI is assuring opened without following Know-Your-Customer norm,
the public constantly about sufficient availability of cash the report pointed out. A senior government official said
in small denomination at the RBI and banks, while these banks could become conduits for black money in
UCBs are forced to return their customers empty handed the future. At present, the scrutiny and vigilance on
due to paucity/non-availability of funds. This has these banks is not as stringent as that on scheduled
created great resentment among the general public commercial banks.“These banks need to be monitored
against UCBs,” said Bhoir. as carefully as any other scheduled commercial banks
Marathe noted that since currency chests across the have been used for a large number of inappropriate
country are full due to the inflow of old notes, large activities in the past and these can be used for the same
banks are refusing to accept notes from co-operative purpose in the future,” the official, who did not wish to
banks and societies. be identified, said. “The demonetization drive has been
The Nikkei India Services Purchasing used as an excuse by several of these lenders to make
Managers' Index (PMI), which tracks services quick money,” the official added. The report also
pointed out that a cooperative bank in Alwar was used
sector companies on a monthly basis, stood at 46.7 in
to launder personal unaccounted cash of Rs 2 crore by
November, down from 54.5 in October. The Index
the management. Similarly, in another bank in Jaipur,
slipped into contraction territory for the first time since
Rs 1.5 crore was found stashed away in a cupboard in a
June 2015 and pointed to the sharpest reduction in
“cleaning” room. Besides, more than 2,000 new
output for almost three years.
currency notes of Rs 2,000 were withdrawn from the
On other hand if we talk about Banking Sector this is the
bank illegally. While the cooperative banks have played
only sector which was benefited by that decision in
a chief role in financial inclusion and many farmers and
many aspects, this move will pull a large chunk of first-
people categorized as low-income group are still
time users to banks, who will have to use the system at
dependent on these lenders, they have also indulged in
least once to exchange their old notes for new ones.
illegal activities. As on March 31, 2015, there were 32
According to a study conducted by Modi's, people tend
state cooperative banks, besides 370 district central
to continue using banking services once they have
cooperative banks.
crossed the 'first-time user' mark.
REFRENCES
This development will increase bank deposits by 1 to 2
percent compared to what they were before the [1] Gulati, Singh, Gurbir, (Jan. 2017) Impact of
demonetization scheme. Demonetization on Textile industry,
www.indiaretailing.com
CONCLUSION [2] Das, Samantak, (Jan. 2017), impact of
Demonetization on Real estate, Chief Economist
The government and Reserve Bank of India (RBI) are and national director, Knight Frank,
set to bring out tougher norms for cooperative banks, www.livemint.com
which have come under scanner for alleged [3] Malik, Anghshu, (Jan. 2017), Impact of
discrepancies and irregularities in the wake of the Demonetization on FMCG Products, Chief
demonetization drive. According to a recent report by Operating Officer at Adani Wilmar Ltd.,
the income tax department, most banks have indulged in www.livemint.com
money laundering after the Narendra Modi government

National Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering and Sciences, NCETRES-2023

12
 TECHNOINSIGHT • July-December • Volume 15 • Issue 2

[4] Kapoor, Mahimam, (2016), Impact of

Demonetization on Banking Sector,
www.bloombergquint.com
[5] Dec. 2016, PTI, New Delhi, www.dnaindia.com
[6] Key Economic Indicators, Office of the
Economic Advisor, www.indiaspend.com
[7] Crisil, 2016, A Global S&P Company,
www.indiaspend.com
[8] Sinha, Sanjeev, (Dec. 2016), Demonetization
impact, New Delhi.
[9] Ashworth, David (Nov. 2016), Reasons behind
Demonetization, www.marketrealist.com
[10] Heng, How, Koon, senior FX investment
strategist at Credit Suisse, www.bloomberg.com

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 TECHNOINSIGHT • July-December • Volume 15 • Issue 2

RESEARCH ABOUT HOW SOCIAL MEDIA AFFECTS SOCIETY IN GOOD AND BAD
WAYS

¹ L. Pattnaik, ² S.K. Sahoo, ¹P. Das, ¹A.K. Palit

¹Asst. Prof. Department of CSE, GITAM, Bhubaneswar
² Prof. Department of CSE, GITAM, Bhubaneswar
ABSTRACT
Social media lets people from all over the world talk about their thoughts and problems. But before understanding
what it does, it's important to know what social media actually is. Social media is when groups or people connect
online to share ideas, pictures, videos, and more. Kids today grow up using phones and sites like Twitter,
Myspace, Facebook, and Orkut, making social media a big part of their lives. It changes how young people talk
to their parents, friends, and use tech. Social media has two sides. On the good side, it helps professionals show
off their skills and find jobs. It's also great for networking. But on the bad side, the internet has risks, like cyber
bullying, where people use tech to hurt others. This paper looks at all aspects of social media—how it affects
health, business, education, society, and young people. We explain how these media can impact society in many
ways.

Keywords: Social Media, Business, Society, Mobile Devices, Education, Cyber Bullying.
news for daily updates; we can get it all from social
networks. They help us track and get info from around
1. INTRODUCTION
the world.
Section I introduces the paper, while Section II covers
Social media is an online place where people connect the literature review and the research methods used.
with others who have similar interests, backgrounds, Section III lists various popular social media sites.
or real-life connections. It's clear that these platforms Sections IV, V, VI, VII, and Section VIII concludes
are a big part of people's lives, especially for young the paper.
ones who use laptops, tablets, and smart phones to
keep up with their friends' Tweets and updates. With
2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
technology getting better, there's pressure to accept
different ways of living. Social networks can help
Youth and teens, being the future builders of our
young people become better at socializing. These
platforms let us talk, share info, and create online nation, are part of the Net Generation, growing up
content in various forms like blogs, micro-blogs, and with easy access to the latest technology like smart
photo-sharing sites. Billions of people worldwide use phones, digital cameras, and computers. Social media
social media to share info and connect with others. impacts them in both positive and negative ways.
This research paper relies on secondary data gathered
Personally, it helps us talk to friends, learn new things,
from online sources, various research papers, and the
explore interests, and have fun. Professionally, it
helps us learn more in our field and connect with other Google search engine. Additionally, we utilized data
collection tools such as on-site observations,
pros. In business, it's a way to talk to customers, get
feedback, and boost your brand. interviews, and questionnaires to gather information
on general social media usage.
Social media is a clever idea that keeps growing and
has lots of room to improve. Many organizations are This paper explores different social networking sites
using it to improve how they work. Social networks and how they're extensively used in various fields
such as Business and Commerce, Education, Health
help us advertise and talk to others more effectively.
Plus, we don't need to depend only on TV or the and Medical Education. We delve into the positive
and negative aspects of social media in these areas and

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 TECHNOINSIGHT • July-December • Volume 15 • Issue 2

provide guidelines for managing its negative effects Pinterest is relatively new in the realm of social
on society. networking. This platform functions like digital
bulletin boards where businesses can 'pin' their
3. People's Sharing Multimedia content. As of September 2015, Pinterest announced
Everywhere a user base of 100 million. Small businesses targeting
women as their primary audience should consider
Facebook investing in Pinterest, as the majority of its visitors are
female.
The largest social media network on the Internet, in
terms of both total users and name recognition, is Instagram
Facebook. Founded on February 4, 2004, Facebook Instagram is a visual social media platform with over
has amassed over 1.59 billion monthly active users in 400 million active users, owned by Facebook. Many
just 12 years, making it a premier platform for global users utilize it to share content about travel, fashion,
connectivity in business. It's estimated that over 1 food, art, and related topics. The platform is known
million small and medium-sized businesses utilize for its distinctive filters and photo/video editing
this platform for advertising their services. features. Nearly 95 percent of Instagram users are also
Twitter active on Facebook.
One might assume that limiting our posts to 140 Tumblr
characters isn't ideal for business advertising. Tumblr stands out as one of the more challenging
However, it's surprising to note that this social media social media platforms to navigate, yet it's also one of
platform boasts more than 320 million active monthly the most intriguing sites. The platform offers various
users who effectively use this 140-character limit to post formats, including quotes, discussions, videos,
share information. Businesses leverage Twitter to photos, and even audio posts, allowing flexibility in
engage with potential clients, respond to queries, the type of content you can share. Similar to Twitter,
share breaking news, and utilize targeted ads to reach reblogging—akin to retweeting—is swift and simple.
specific audiences. Founded on March 21, 2006, Founded by David Karp in February 2007, this social
Twitter is headquartered in San Francisco, California. networking site currently hosts over 200 million
Google+ blogs.
Google+ stands out as a popular social media Flickr
platform, especially due to its significant SEO (Search Flickr, pronounced as 'Flicker,' is an online platform
Engine Optimization) benefits, making it a necessary for hosting pictures and videos, initially created by the
tool for small businesses. Launched on December 15, Vancouver-based Ludicorp on February 10, 2004. It
2011, Google+ has garnered a substantial user base, was later acquired by Yahoo in 2005. The platform is
with 418 million active users as of December 2015, favored by users who share and embed photos. Flickr
cementing its position among major social media boasted over 112 million users across 63 countries and
networks. witnesses millions of photo shares daily.
YouTube Reddit
YouTube, the largest and most renowned video-based It's a social news and entertainment platform where
social networking site, was founded on February 14, registered users can submit content like direct links
2005, by three former PayPal employees. In and text posts. Users can also organize and determine
November 2006, Google acquired YouTube for $1.65 the visibility of posts by voting them up or down. The
billion. With over 1 billion monthly website visitors, most popular posts rise to the top categories or the
it stands as the second most popular search engine main page.
after Google itself. Snapchat
Pinterest Snapchat is an image messaging application
conceived by Reggie Brown, Evan Spiegel, and
Bobby Murphy during their time as students at

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 TECHNOINSIGHT • July-December • Volume 15 • Issue 2

Stanford University. It was officially launched in media significantly influences healthcare systems
September 2011 and quickly gained massive globally, improving access to healthcare and
popularity, amassing an average of 100 million daily empowering clients and communities.
active users by May 2015. Over 18 percent of all A. Beneficial impact of social media on
social media users engage with Snapchat. health.
WhatsApp ● Sharing doctors' prescriptions with
WhatsApp Messenger, a cross-platform instant acquaintances.
messaging client for smartphones, PCs, and tablets, ● Accessing online doctor consultations
requires an internet connection to send various types anytime, anywhere.
of messages to other users who have the app installed. ● Exchanging disease symptoms and advice
It was launched in January 2010 and was purchased among acquaintances.
by Facebook on February 19, 2014, for about $19.3 ● Information accessibility in developing areas.
billion. Presently, more than 1 billion people use the ● Online health forums for support and
service to communicate with friends, family, and even accountability.
clients. ● Backing health causes.
BizSugar ● Aiding health services in prioritizing critical
BizSugar is a social networking platform and cases.
specialized resource designed for entrepreneurs, ● Heightened consumer accountability.
business owners, and managers. Established in 2007 ● Expanded data access for health researchers.
by DBH Communications, Inc., a provider of
acclaimed business publications, it was later acquired
by Small Business Trends LLC in 2009. The platform B. Adverse impact of social media on
allows users to share various content such as videos,
health.
articles, blog posts, and podcasts, among others.
● Misguided self-diagnosis.
Additionally, users can view and vote on submissions
● Possible privacy violation
made by other members.
Delicious
It was founded by Peter Gadjokov and Joshua 5. Business effects of social media.
Schachter in 2003 and was later acquired by Yahoo in
2005. By the end of 2008, Delicious claimed to have Social media is a thriving arena for businesses,
bookmarked 180 million URLs and gathered more brands, and associations, allowing them to create
than 5.3 million users. In January of this year, news, influence connections, foster relationships, and
Delicious Media announced that it had acquired the build communities. Businesses leverage social media
service. to enhance performance, achieve goals, and boost
annual sales. It serves as a communication platform
4. Effect of social media on health and enabling two-way interactions between companies
and stakeholders, promoting businesses across
medicine.
various social networking sites. Companies harness
Social media empower healthcare professionals to
social media advertising to attract a larger customer
share health information, engage with the public,
base, fostering personalized interactions and
educate patients, and expand professional networks,
promoting business strategies.
potentially enhancing health outcomes and motivating
patients.
A. Beneficial impact of social media on
Physicians frequently engage in online platforms for businesses.
professional development, discussing patient issues, • Social media aids in understanding customer
networking, and direct patient communication. Social needs.

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• Social media enables global business social media platforms like Facebook, Orkut, and
promotion. Instagram to swiftly exchange information and
• Social media enhances sales and customer communicate.
retention via regular interaction and timely
service. A. Beneficial impact of social media on
• Social media enriches customer experiences. education.
• Social media monitoring offers insights into You can leverage its benefits for positive
competitor activities.
educational outcomes.:
• Social media facilitates quicker and simpler
Socializing:
sharing of business content.
Socializing and making friends are crucial parts of
• Social networking sites aid in acquiring new
growing up because they enable children to
customers through diverse offerings.
exchange ideas and acquire new knowledge,
• Social media aids in gaining market insights
ultimately fostering greater confidence in life.
and outpacing competitors.
Sharing knowledge:
• It increases customer awareness for better
It offers students an easy and effective means to share
product understanding.
knowledge. Accessing, studying, modifying (if
B. Detrimental impact of social media necessary), and sharing information becomes a
on business. seamless process, facilitating the smooth flow of
● Social media in business carries risks, as free knowledge.
expression by followers can lead to negative Staying up to date.
feedback, potentially impacting the It allows them to stay informed about new
organization negatively. developments, enabling them to update their own
● Negative customer reviews can be damaging. knowledge base.
● Extremely time-consuming Gaining knowledge from diverse sources:
● The internet is increasingly saturated with
Social media platforms are designed for students to
content.
choose the groups, activities, or individuals they wish
● Correcting a mistake on social media is to follow for daily updates, offering diverse learning
challenging.
avenues.
● Numerous major organizations have fallen
Being ready:
victim to hackers.
Social networking technologies showcase global
● An incorrect online brand strategy can doom
trends. Students can anticipate future expectations by
a company and create significant viral social
observing the changes, updates, discussions, and
setbacks.
trends shared on these platforms.
● Engaging in social media is very time-
Expressing their thoughts or feelings.
consuming. As a company, you should assign
Students often lack the proper platform to express
someone to consistently manage your pages
their emotions. Social networking technologies
and profiles with valuable content.
provide them an outlet to voice their thoughts. When
● Many organizations struggle to measure the
allowed to share freely, it becomes easier for them to
impact of social media marketing.
discern right from wrong.
Social media provides students a way to effectively
6. The influence of social media on collaborate on class projects, group assignments, or
education. seek help with homework.
Students who may not actively participate in class
Social networking enables sharing thoughts and often feel they can express their thoughts more
connecting individuals globally. Students utilize effectively through social media.

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 TECHNOINSIGHT • July-December • Volume 15 • Issue 2

Teachers can utilize social media to post about class Impact on health.
activities, school events, and homework assignments, Excessive use of these sites impacts both mental and
providing valuable information to students. physical health. Students may skip meals and
Social media marketing has emerged as a growing adequate rest due to this habit. Excessive daily use of
career option, preparing young professionals for these platforms negatively impacts students' physical
success in the field of marketing. and psychological health, leading to laziness and a
Access to social media allows teachers the lack of motivation for face-to-face interactions.
opportunity to demonstrate good digital citizenship Parents should monitor and regulate their children's
and teach productive internet usage. internet usage to ensure appropriate time
management. Peers and educators should also help
B. Detrimental impact of social media students understand the negative effects and highlight
on education what they might miss in real-life interactions by
excessively engaging in social media.
Diminished learning and research abilities.
Students relying heavily on readily available
information from social networking sites and the web 7. The influence of social media on
diminishes their learning and research capabilities. society.
Decrease in genuine human interaction. Social media has significantly impacted our society,
The more time students devote to social media, the altering the way people communicate and interact
less they engage in face-to-face interactions, leading online. These platforms provide opportunities for
to reduced social skills. This affects their ability to individuals to reconnect with old friends, colleagues,
communicate effectively in person. Employers’ and acquaintances. Moreover, they facilitate the
express dissatisfaction with the interpersonal skills of formation of new friendships and the sharing of
new graduates due to this trend, emphasizing the diverse content like images, sounds, and videos.
significance of strong interpersonal skills for success Overall, social media has brought about a change in
in the real world. societal lifestyles.
Diminishes language proficiency and creative writing
abilities. A. Positive impact of social media on society.
Students often use slang or abbreviated language on Enhanced connectivity within society.
social media platforms, relying on computer grammar The primary advantage of social media is
and spell-check features. This diminishes their connectivity, allowing people from anywhere to
command over language and hampers their creative connect regardless of location or religion. Its beauty
writing skills. lies in the ability to interact and share thoughts with
Wasting time. anyone.
Students, while researching online, often get Advancements in education through social media
distracted by social media sites, losing focus on their platforms.
primary task. This leads to delays in completing their Social networking offers numerous benefits to
work within deadlines. students and teachers. It provides a simple way to
Poor academic performance. learn from experts and professionals. Users can follow
Students receive low grades in school due to a lack of anyone to enhance their knowledge in any field,
desired information and writing skills. irrespective of location or educational background,
often without any cost.
Decreased student motivation Help
Students' motivation declines due to their use of social Community can bring support and encouragement.
media platforms, relying more on the virtual Whether it's financial help or advice, being part of a
environment rather than gaining practical knowledge connected group often provides assistance in various
from the real world. forms.

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Information and Updates 4. Knowledge Exchange: Students and

The main advantage of social media is staying professionals can easily share and seek
updated on global events. Often, TV and print media opinions on various subjects, fostering
knowledge exchange among like-minded
can be biased and may not convey the complete
individuals.
message. Social media allows access to facts and real
information through research, ensuring a more 5. Virtual Networking: Social media allows
comprehensive understanding of current events. people to meet and interact with others they
Advertising might not have encountered offline,
Certainly! Social media allows businesses to reach a expanding their social connections.
global audience, promoting products or services to a
6. Global Idea Sharing: Social media breaks
vast number of potential customers. This expansive geographical barriers, enabling the sharing of
reach can boost profits and help achieve business ideas and information worldwide.
targets.
Noble Cause 7. Connecting Writers with Audience: It offers
Social media serves as a platform for charitable an open opportunity for writers and bloggers
initiatives, allowing the public to contribute swiftly to connect directly with their audience.
and effectively to aid those in need. It's a quick and
8. Uniting for Change: These platforms bring
accessible way to support and help individuals or people together on a massive scale, allowing
causes requiring assistance. collective efforts toward achieving specific
Helps in Building Communities societal goals and driving positive change.
Social media offers a space where people from diverse
religious and cultural backgrounds can connect,
discuss, and share content related to their beliefs, B. Negative Effect of social media on Society
fostering understanding and dialogue among different
communities. Cyber Harassing
Social media has revolutionized According to a report from PewCenter.org, a
communication and marketing. Here's a significant number of young people have become
breakdown of its impact: victims of cyber bullying. The ease of creating fake
accounts and acting anonymously online has made it
simple for individuals to harass others on the internet.
1. Cost-Effective Marketing: Traditional
advertising mediums are costly, but social Threats, intimidating messages, and spreading rumors
media allows businesses to connect with can cause trouble and chaos in society, affecting
targeted customers for free, with the only individuals negatively.
investments being time and effort. Hacking
Instances of hacking on platforms like Twitter and
2. Communication Hub for Creators: Social
Facebook have led to the unauthorized access and
networks like Twitter, Facebook, and
LinkedIn have become key communication sharing of personal information. Hackers gaining
channels for bloggers, writers, and content control of accounts have posted content that has
creators due to their immense popularity. adversely impacted individuals' lives, highlighting the
risks associated with online security and privacy
3. Enhanced Connectivity for Bloggers: These breaches.
platforms enable bloggers to engage with
tech-savvy audiences, share expertise, and
Addiction
have their content circulated within larger The addictive nature of social media can have
social circles, expanding their follower base. detrimental effects on personal lives. Excessive use
can lead to time wastage, diverting individuals from

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 TECHNOINSIGHT • July-December • Volume 15 • Issue 2

productive tasks and activities, potentially impacting

their personal and professional lives.
CONCLUSION of Abnormal Motions in Multimedia”, Chania
Absolutely, the influence of social media is pervasive ICMI-MIAUCE’08 workshop, Crete, Greece,
2008.
in modern society. Its impact spans across
[3] S.Shabnoor,S.Tajinder,Social Media its Impact
collaboration for students, enhancing business with Positive and NegativeAspectsIJCATR,
performance, and regular interaction Volume 5– Issue 2, 71 - 75, 2016
amongindividuals. However, it's important to [4] Bin Zhao et al., “Online Detection of
acknowledge that alongside its benefits, social media Unusual Events in Multimedia via Dynamic
carries some downsides. Sparse Coding”, 2011.
False information disseminated through social media [5] Nagar, Himanshu, Chetna Dabas, and J. P.
Gupta. "Navie Bayes and K-Means Hybrid
can disrupt education systems and affect business
Analysis for Extracting Extremist
efficiency due to misleading advertising. Privacy Tweets", ACM Conference, pp 27-32.
breaches can harm individuals, while exposure to
unnecessary or violent content on certain platforms [6] S. Willium, “Network Security and
Communication”, IEEE Transaction, Vol.31,
can negatively impact young people, influencing them
Issue.4, pp.123-141, 2012.
inappropriately. It's crucial for everyone to embrace [7] A.T.M Shahjahan, K.Chisty, “Social Media
the positive aspects of social media while being research and its effect on our society”
vigilant and aware of its negative effects. International journal of Information 7
communication Engineering , Vol:8, No:6,2014
References: [8] W.Tariq, M.Mehboob, M.A.Khan, F.Ullah “The
Impact of social Media and Social Networking
[1] Abhimanyu Shankhdhar, JIMS / Social media on education and Students of Pakistan”
and businss/ international Journal of Computer sciences
[2] Mahmoudi Sidi Ahmed etal., “Detection issues, Vol:9,No:3,July 2012

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 TECHNOINSIGHT • July-December • Volume 15 • Issue 2

PROPERTIESOF ALKALI-ACTIVATEDFLY ASHCONCRETE BLENDED WITH SLAG

¹Suprava Samal, ¹Sanghamitra Mohapatra,¹Suman Kumar Behera,¹B.S Sahani

¹ Asst. Prof. Department of Civil Engineering, GITAM, Bhubaneswar

Abstract:

The current research aims to investigate alkali-activated fly ash (AAFA) concrete/mortar modified with
granulated ground blast-furnace slag (slag). FA was partially replaced with slag at levels of 0, 5, 10 and
15%, by weight. The workability and mechanical properties of alkali-activated concretes were studied.
Drying shrinkages of alkali-activated mortars were investigated. All results of alkali-activated FA/slag
concretes/mortars were compared to control concretes/mortars based on plain AAFA. The results
indicated that the workability decreased as the slag content increased. Mechanical strengths and drying
shrinkages increased with increasing slag content.

Keywords: Alkali-activated FA, Alkali-activated FA/slag, Workability, Mechanical strengths, Drying

shrinkage

INTRODUCTION comparison with pure AAFA system. In the

following, a short summary of some
Each year, the concrete industry produces investigations addressed the behavior of AAFA
approximately 12 billion tonnes of concrete and blended with slag in alkali activation system.
uses about 1.6 billion tonnes of Portland cement
(PC) worldwide. Indeed, with the manufacture of Puertas and Fernández-Jiménez [12] studied
one tonne of cement approximately 0.8 tonnes the mechanical, mineralogical and
of CO2 are launched into the atmosphere. The microstructural characterisation of cement
cement industry accounts for 5-8% of worldwide pastes obtained by activation of FA/slag
CO2 emission [1]. In addition, cement industry mixtures cured at different temperatures. The
consumes considerable amounts of virgin cement pastes were prepared in prismatic
materials (limestone and sand) and energy moulds of 1×1×6 cm. The FA/slag ratio was
(energy demand about 1700-1800 Mj/tonne 50/50 wt%. NaOH 10 M was used as activator
clinker), producing each tonne of PC requires solution. Two curing temperatures were used 22
about 1.5 tonnes of raw material [1]. In light of and 65 °C. The results indicated that at 7 days
these problems, the scientific community has the mechanical strengths are similar in both
undertaken to seek new processes, technologies curing conditions, the obtained compressive
and materials to provide the construction strength value was 30 MPa. At 28 days the
industry with alternative binders. One avenue mechanical values are higher in the pastes cured
that is expected to significantly reduce cement at 22 °C, the obtained compressive strength was
industry is the use of blended cement [2-8]. The 60 MPa. Puertas et al. [13] replaced FA with slag
second alternative is the use of alkali-activated at levels of 0, 30, 50, 70 and 100%. They
FA [1], slag [9-11] and other alumina-silicate activated the composite pastes with NaOH at
materials. concentration levels of 2 M and 10 M. They
concluded that as slag content in the pastes
Different additives have been used to modify increased, compressive strength also increased.
AAFA. Some authors blended AAFA with another Higher strengths were obtained when 10 M of
material, as slag, aiming to produce new activator was used.
composite material with superior properties in

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 TECHNOINSIGHT • July-December • Volume 15 • Issue 2

García et al. [14] studied the compressive atmosphere by replacing PC system with another
strength of the alkali-activated FA/slag system, reduction in consumption of natural
composites at ratios of 100/0, 75/25, 50/50, resources required in PC industry, reduction in
25/75 and 0/100. Sodium silicate with modulus the amount of fuel required in PC industry and
(SiO2/Na2O) of 0, 0.75, 1, 1.5 and 2 was used eliminating the problems related with FA and
and the %Na2O was added at 4, 6 and 8%, slag disposals. However, this investigation will
relative to the binder weight. The pastes were therefore add valuable knowledge to the alkali
activation system.
cured for 24 h at 75 °C and then 28 days at 20
°C. The results indicated that for 0/100 pastes, 2. 1. Materials
the highest strengths were for 4% Na2O (80-85
MPa); the optimum modulus was 1.5. For 100/0 The FA used in the current investigation was
pastes, the higher % Na2O, the better the obtained from disposal waste resulting from the
strength, whereas the highest strength of 25 combustion of pulverised coal in the coal-fired
MPa was reached using modulus 1. For the furnaces. It complies with the requirements of
composite of 25/75 the strengths were (56-60 BS3892: Part 1 (BSI 1992) and is classified as low
MPa) at 4% Na2O and the modulus 1 and 1.5. For calcium Class F fly ash in ASTM-C618. Specific
the composite of 50/50 pastes, the strengths gravity of the FA was 2.4 g/cm3. Its Blaine specific
were (45-48 MPa) at 4% Na2O and the best surface area was 3500 cm2/g. The slag was
modulus was 1-1.5. For the composite of 25/75 delivered from the disposal waste of Helwan steel
pastes, the strength reached (30-35 MPa) at 4% factory (in Cairo-Egypt) in the form of water
Na2O and modulus 1.5. Bakharev et al. [15] quenched fine grains. The slag was then finely
studied alkali-activated Australian slag mortar ground in a laboratory ball mill to satisfy Blaine
using different activators. In addition, they specific surface area of 3200 cm2/g. The specific
prepared mixture of alkali- activated slag/FA. gravity of the slag was 2.8 g/cm3. The slag
The inclusion of FA was 30% and slag was 70%. classified as a category 80 slag according to ASTM
They concluded that FA introduced in alkali- C 989 hydraulic activity index. The chemical
activated slag (AAS) at 30% reduced the composition of the FA and slag were evaluated by
compressive strength of the mortar. Wang et al. X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and are given in Table 1.
[16] reported that the addition of FA (below Liquid sodium silicate, which had a density of 1.38
10%) in AAS mortar often caused slight g/cm3 and a composition comprising of 8.2%
reduction in compressive strength under normal Na2O, 27% SiO2 and 64% H2O and NaOH in pellet-
curing. form with purity of 98% were used as alkali
activators.
Although the literature has numerous articles
on AAFA and alkali-activated FA/slag pastes [13, The employed sand was natural siliceous with
14] and mortars [15, 16], up to now, there is no a fineness modulus of 2.47. Its particle size
any publication studied the mechanical strengths distribution was within the range of medium
of AAFA concrete blended with slag. The current grading zone according to the classification of
study aims to investigate a number of the Egyptian Standard Specification ES 1109/
composition and processing conditions on 2002.
workability, compressive, splitting and flexural
strengths of AAFA concretes when FA was Table 1. Chemical composition of cementitious
partially replaced with slag at levels of 0, 5, 10 materials
and 15%, by weight, activated with a
combination of sodium silicate and sodium
hydroxide. In addition, the drying shrinkage of Oxide FA slag
alkali-activated mortars manufactured with FA
and FA/slag was investigated. Moreover, this Compositio (%) (%)
study aims to provide solutions for the extra four n
issues of: lower emission of pollutants into
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 TECHNOINSIGHT • July-December • Volume 15 • Issue 2

SiO2 60 30.3 Details

8 of
Al2O3 22 9.05 alkali-
.7 activat
ed
Fe2O3 4. 3.82 concre
6
te
CaO 4. 45.8 mixtur
5 8 es
MgO 1 5.39
Mix % %GGB Stone/s C/aggrega Solution
Na2O 0. 0.52 FA S and tes /C
7
M1 10 0 1.33 0.285 0.5
K2O 2 0.31 0

SO3 0. 1.78 M2 95 5 1.33 0.285 0.5

5
M3 90 10 1.33 0.285 0.5
L.O.I. 4 1.41
M4 85 15 1.33 0.285 0.5

Table
2.

The coarse aggregate was crushed limestone; 40%

of its particles was in the size range of 10 – 14 mm,
and the rest was finer than 10 mm size. 2. 3. Casting, Curing and Testing

Cementitious materials and aggregate were

2. 2 Mixture Proportions mixed in a pan mixer for 5 minutes, then the liquid
component of the material was added and mixed
for extra 5 minutes. Just after mixing, the slump of
fresh concrete was determined in accordance with
The activator was prepared by mixing 15% ASTM C173. Then the mixture was cast into 15 × 15
sodium silicate with 85% 12.2 M NaOH (SiO2/Na2O × 15 cm moulds, cylinders of 15 cm diameter and 30
ratio = 0.16) and left until the temperature of the cm height moulds and prisms of 10 × 10 × 50 cm, in
solution got down to the room temperature. The three layers. Each layer was vibrated for 15 seconds
ratios of FA (or FA+slag): fine aggregate: coarse using vibrating table. Immediately after casting, the
aggregate were taken as 1: 1.5: 2; and the alkaline specimens were wrapped with thin vinyl sheet to
solution/cementitious materials was adjusted at avoid loss of water then cured at 80.
0.5. The mixing proportions details are shown in
± 1 °C and 95 ± 5% RH for 48 h. The specimens were
Table 2. In the case of mortar production, the ratio
then demould and left at room temperature until
of cementitious materials / sand and the dissolution
testing. In similar way, the mortar was mixed. After
alkaline / cementitious materials were controlled at mixing, the mortar was cast into 2.5 × 2.5 ×
0.5 and 0.4, respectively.
28.5 cm moulds in three layers. Each layer was

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 TECHNOINSIGHT • July-December • Volume 15 • Issue 2

vibrated in similar way. Immediately after casting,

the mortar specimens were covered with plastic
sheets then cured at 80 ± 1 °C and 95 ± 5% RH for
48 h. The specimens were then demould and left at
20 ± 1°C and 50 ± 5% RH.

The compressive strength of cube specimens

was measured in triplicate after ages of 3, 7, 28 and
91 days. The testing machine employed for this test
complies with British Standard (BS 1881: Part 115).
The splitting tensile strength was determined using
cylinder specimens according to ASTM C 496 at
ages of 3, 7, 28 and 91 days. The flexural strength
tests were carried out on the prisms of 10

× 10 × 50 cm at ages of 3, 7, 28 and 91 days using

simple beam with center-point loading according
to ASTM C293. Three specimens of each mixture
were tested and the mean value was reported. Dry
shrinkages were determined on mortar specimens
in agreement with standard ASTM C596-09. The
drying shrinkage measurements started at the
third day from casting then repeated every 7 days.
The drying shrinkage measurements continued up
to 91 days.

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

4. 3. 1. Fresh Properties

Figure 1 shows that the alkali-activated

concretes give good workability. The degree of
workability decreased as the replacement of FA
with slag increased. It's worth mentioning that
Yang et al. [17] used sodium silicate powder to
activate either FA or slag mortars. They used
constant w/b ratio of 0.5 and sand to binder of 3.
They reported that the AAS mortars had lower
workability than AAFA mortars

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 Fig. 1. Initial slump of different concrete mixtures

3. 2. Mechanical Strength Development were 1.11, 1.16, 1.09 and 1.109 higher than those
of M1, respectively. Figure 3 shows the splitting
tensile strength of different mixtures. Apparently,
similar findings of splitting strengths were found as
Figures 2-4 show the compressive strength, compressive strengths. The splitting tensile
splitting tensile strength and flexural strength strength of AAFA concretes blended with slag is still
development at different ages of different concrete higher than those of plain AAFA concrete. Figure 4
mixtures. The compressive, splitting and flexural illustrates the flexural strength results. However, it
strengths of concretes increased with increasing is known that there is a relationship between the
hydration time. The obtained results indicate that flexural strength and compressive strength of
this type of concrete reaches good compressive concrete, such that the higher the compressive
strength at early ages. Only after three days, the strength the higher the flexural strength of
compressive strength of 27 MPa was obtained, for concrete. The flexural strengths of concretes were
AAFA. Replacing FA with slag led to increasing dependant on the amount of slag. As the amount
strength. Figure 2 illustrates that as the amount of of slag increased as the flexure strength increased.
slag increased in concrete matrix as the gain in
strength obtained. However, after 3, 7, 28 and 91
days of hydration, the compressive strengths of M4

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 Fig. 2. Compressive strength developments of different concrete
mixtures

Fig. 3. Splitting tensile strength developments of different

concrete mixtures

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 TECHNOINSIGHT • July-December • Volume 15 • Issue 2

Fig. 4. Flexural strength developments of different concrete

mixtures

Apparently, the compressive, splitting and flexural binder materials, the pH value of solution plays an
strengths increased as the percentage of FA replaced important role in the hydration process [20]
with slag increased. The increasing in mechanical determining the nature of CSH hydration product
strengths with increasing slag content may be formation [21]. The value of pH should be higher
related to many factors. The first factor, attributed to
than 11.5 to effectively activate the hydration
the difference in chemical composition of the slag
and FA, significantly affects the process of alkali [20] where this is impossible below pH 9.5 [20]. The
activation of the binders [18]. The second factor, as formation of CSH is depending on the types of
known,the reaction of slag is extremely higher than silicate in solution which is affected by pH. It has
those of FA and reacts almost completely. On the been reported that when the pH value was higher,
contrary, the FA partially dissolved and participates the activator showed better hydration capacity
in the reaction process [19]. The third factor, as the activation [22], accelerated setting times and
slag content increased in the FA concrete matrix, as increased the mechanical strengths [20]. However,
a compacted and denser matrix was obtained. The the measured pH value of the pure slag was 11.5 is
fourth factor, as known, is that in alkali activated. higher than that of pure FA which was

8.5. Furthermore, the increasing in mechanical

strengths due to increasing slag content may be

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 TECHNOINSIGHT • July-December • Volume 15 • Issue 2

Fig. 5. Dry shrinkage of different mortar mixtures

dried. It can be noted, from Fig 5, that the drying

shrinkage increases as the slag content increases in
related to the amount of crystalline material in FA the mortar matrices. The current
is much higher and much of it usually occurs as
spherical particles, while slag is typically in the form results give an idea of the great dimensional
of broken particles. FA is relatively rich in Al2O3 stability of AAFA mortar compared to alkali-
while slag in CaO [23]. However, the mechanical activated FA/slag mortars. This is due to the
strengths of M4 were approximately 10% higher spherical shape of FA particles that acted as the
than those of M1. The previous work by other micro-aggregate and increased the volume
authors reported similar findings and concluded stability. It's worth mentioning that Weiguo et al.
that the slag systems with no addition of FA [26] activated neat slag and slag blended with FA
achieved the highest compressive strength [24]. by waterglass with SiO2/Na2O ratio of 2.4 and
The current results seemed to be similar to the sodium hydroxide used to adjust the SiO2/Na2O
previous results conducted by Li and Liu [25] where ratio to 1.0. They studied the drying shrinkage up
they reported that the addition of 4% slag to the FA to 60 days compared to PC shrinkage. They
based geopolymer (10% metakaolin and 90% FA) reported that the drying shrinkage of PC paste was
led to more amorphous products and accelerated the lowest, while neat AAS was the highest and FA
the rate of reaction, refined the pore size and lowered the drying shrinkage of pure AAS paste.
reduced pore volume. Other authors [27-31] reported that

the drying shrinkage of AAFA binders could be

3. 3. Drying Shrinkage lowered than that of PC binders.

4. CONCLUSIONS
As known, shrinkage is the reduction in volume 1. The main benefits of using AAFA concrete or
at constant temperature without external loading. AAFA concrete blended with slag are at least
It is an important material property that two fold: reduction in the environmental
significantly affects the long-term performance of impacts resulting from cement production
designed structures. It also influences structural and reduction in stockpiling of common
properties and durability of the material. However, wastes.
Fig 5 shows the drying shrinkage of different mortar 2. Compared to PC, this kind of binder material
mixtures. Apparently, the AAFA mortar specimens may be economical because the source
experienced a very slight shrinkage when they were material is an industrial by-product.
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 TECHNOINSIGHT • July-December • Volume 15 • Issue 2

3. Although the workability of fresh AAFA slag, the mechanical strengths significantly
concrete decreases with incorporation of increase. The higher the slag content, the

higher the increase in mechanical strengths. blended cement on fresh and hardened
properties of concrete", Sil. Ind., Vol. 74, No.
4. Drying shrinkage of alkali-activated mortars 7-8, 2009, 245- 254.
mainly depends on the source of materials, its
7. Rashad, A. M., "Chloride ion permeability of
increased as the percentage of slag increased
plain and blended cement concretes",
in FA matrix.
Institute of construction and Architecture,
Slovak academy of science, Building research
REFERENCES Journal, BRJ, Volume 59, Number 1-2, 2011,
1. Rashad Alaa, M., and ZeedanSayieda, R., "The 39-52..
effect of activator concentration on the 8. Seleem Hosam El-Din, H., Rashad, Alaa M.,
residual strength of alkali-activated fly ash and El-Sabbagh, B.,, "Durability and strength
pastes subjected to thermal load", evaluation of high-performance concrete in
Construction and Building Materials, 25, marine structures", Construction and
2011, 3098-3107. Building Materials, 24, 2010, 878-884.
2. Morsy, M. S., Rashad, A. M. and Shebl, S. S.,
"Effect of elevated temperature on 9. Rashad Alaa, M., ZeedanSayieda, R., and
compressive strength of blended cement Hassan, A. Hassan, "A preliminary study of
mortar", Institute of Construction and autoclaved alkali-activated slag blended with
Architecture, Slovak Academy of Science, quartz powder", Construction and Building
Building Research Journal, BRJ, Volume 56, Materials, in press, 2012.
Number 2-3, 2008, 173-185. 10. Rashad, A. M., Bai, Y., Basheer, P. A. M.,
3. Morsy, M. S., Shebl, S. S. and Rashad, A. M., Collier, N. C., and Milestone, N. B., "Chemical
"Effect of fire on microstructure and and mechanical stability of sodium sulfate
mechanical properties of blended cement activated slag after exposure to elevated
pastes containing metakaolin and silica temperature", Cement and Concrete
fume", Sili. Indus., Vol. 74, N. 3-4, 2009, 59- Research, 42, 2012, 333-343.
64. 11. Rashad Alaa M., Khalil Marvat H., "A
4. Seleem, Hosam El-Din, H., Rashad Alaa, M., preliminary study of alkali-activated slag
and Elsokary, T.,, "Effect of elevated blended with silica fume under the effect of
temperature on physico-mechanical thermal loads and thermal shock cycles",
properties of blended cement concrete", Construction and Building Materials, 40,
Construction and building Materials, 25, 2013, 522-532.
2011, 1009-1017. 12. Puertas F. and Fernández-Jiménez A.,
5. Rashad Alaa, M., Seleem Hosan El-Din H., and "Mineralogical and
Yousry Khalid, M.., 'Compressive strength of microstructural characterization of alkali-
concrete mixtures with binary and ternary activated fly ash/slag pastes", Cement &
cement blendes", Institute of construction Concrete Composites, 25, 2003, 287-292.
and Architecture, Slovak academy of science, 13. Puertas F., martίnez-Ramίrez S., Alonso S.
Building Research Journal, BRJ, Volume 57, and Vázquez T., "Alkali0activated fly ash/slag
Number 2, 2009, 107-130. cement strength behavior and hydration
6. Rashad, A. M., "Effect of incorporating products", Cement and Concrete Research,
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 TECHNOINSIGHT • July-December • Volume 15 • Issue 2

30, 2000, 1625-1632. 15. Bakharev Tatiana, Sanjayan Jay

14. Garía J. I. Escalante, Campos-Venegas K., Gnananandan and Cheng Yi-Bing, "Alkali
Gorokhovsky A. and Fernández A., activation of Australian slag cements",
"Cementitious composites of pulverized fuel Cement and Concrete Research, 29, 1999,
ash and blast furnace slag activated by 113-120.
sodium 16. Wang Shao-Dong, Scrivener Karen L. and
silicate: effect of Na2O concentration and PrattP. L., "Factors affecting the strength of
modulus", Advances in Applied Ceramics, alkali- activated slag", Cement and Concrete
105, Research, Vol. 24, No. 6, 1994, 1033-1043.

4, 2006, 201-208.

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 TECHNOINSIGHT • July-December • Volume 15 • Issue 2

Study of optical characterization of L-amino acid doped 2-aminopyridine co- crystals using Powder XRD, FTIR and
UV-Vis spectrum.

¹S. Panda, ²T Dash, ¹Sukant Ku. Sahoo, ¹Rupali Bindhani, ¹Sandhyarani Chauhan,¹Ashok ku. Dalei

¹ Department of Physics, GITAM,Bhuabaneswar

² prof. Department of physics, GITAM, Bhubaneswar

ABSTRACT

The FTIR spectrum indicates that the carbonyl group of L-Leucine, L-Glutamic acid and L-Tyrosine interact with 2-
aminopydine through N—H⋯O hydrogen bonding. 2-aminopyridine protonated and L-amino acids deprotonated
during the reaction, resulting in the formation of 2-aminopyridiniumleucinate, bis2-aminopyridinium glutamate and 2-
aminopyridiniumtyrosinate co-crystals. The UV-Vis spectrum indicatesthat the molecules are closely packed,
undergoes transition in all these three co- crystals and the cut off wavelength value shows that bis2-aminopyridinium
glutamate and 2-aminopyridiniumtyrosinate co-crystals have Non-linear optical property compared to 2-
aminopyridiniumleucinate crystals. Using XRD pattern, the cell parameter can be calculated. In all the reported
structures, the charge–assisted.

Introduction

Several co-crystal structures have been reported that aminopyridine rather than the amine N atom gives an
are based upon 2-aminopyrimidine whether or not a ion for which an additional resonance structure can be
salt or co- crystal forms seems to be related to the written. As this has a lot of resonance energy (additional
ancillary groups that are bonded to the 2- ionic resonance) than 2-aminopyridine itself. 2-
aminopyriddine moiety. For example all 2- aminopyridine is a strong base, like amides. The positive
aminopyridines that interact with carboxylic acids charge in the 2-aminopyridinium ions of 2-amino
appear to be in the form of salts whereas 2- pyridininum–fumarate–fumaric acid is on the amine-
aminopyrimidines form either neutral or ionic Supra group2. The Supra molecular Synthase present are
molecular hetero synthase and melamine tends to exist analyzed and their effect upon the crystal packing is
as mono-protonated salts. An analysis of the Cambridge presented in the context of crystal engineering salt
structural info reveals that seventy seven of compounds C5H7N +. C6H7O7- is formed by the protonation of the
that contain each 2-aminopyridine and acid moieties pyridine N atom and de protonation of the central
generate 2-aminopyridine– acid Supra molecular hetero carboxylic group of citric acid. Systematic structural and
synthase instead of carboxylic acid or 2-amino pyridine- statistical analysis focusing on the identification of
supramolecular-homosynthons1. The 2-amino robust Supra molecular synthase or patterns are
pyridine–carboxylic acid system has been the subject of essential for crystal engineering and the design of new
theoretical and spectroscopic. 2-aminopyridine can be solid-state structures with desired properties. Organic
protonated in acidic solution. The bonding of the H crystals, especially salts are now considered as potential
atom to the ring N atom of 2- materials for optical applications because of their

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 TECHNOINSIGHT • July-December • Volume 15 • Issue 2

flexibility in molecular design, thermal stability and Neuro-transmitter in the brain7. Glutamic acid
delocalized clouds of pi electrons. performs a vital role in brain disorders like Parkinson
illness, dementia praecox, and brain disorder and
2-aminopyridinium–carboxylate or neutral 2-acetamino conjointly helps in correcting behavioural disorders of
pyridine-carboxylic hetero synthase is observed as childhood. Aspartic acid, an excitatory
suggested by statistical analysis. The crystal structure of neurotransmitter, is a metabolite in the urea cycle and
2-amino 5-chloropyridinium–L-tartrate shows that helps in the removal of ammonia8. Leucine, an essential
depicts of the presence of the other competing amino acid, helps in the formation of sterols in adipose
functionalities on the carboxylic acid the most frequent and muscle tissue9. It stimulates the synthesis of muscle
2-aminopyridinium– carboxylate hetero synthase is still protein. Tyrosine is one of the building blocks of protein
observed3. Hydrogen bonding plays a key role in and is especially important for its role as a precursor to
molecular recognition and crystal engineering research. dopamine. It becomes an essential amino acid and
The design of highly specific solid state compounds is of should be provided to the organism10. In this work an
considerable significance in organic chemistry due to investigation is done and reported that the 2-
the important applications of these compounds in the aminopyridine interact with L-Glutamic acid, L-Leucine
development of new optical, magnetic and electronic and L-Tyrosine amino acids and forms salts.
system4-6. Amino acids also play pivotal role in the
physical properties of peptides and proteins. Because 1. Material Preparation
their side chain rings can be stacked one with another.
Amino acids alone or together with insulin were able to During the preparation suitable pH is maintained.
regulate expression of several genes involved in the Colourless 2-aminopyridinium-leucinate co-crystals
metabolism of carbohydrates and lipids. The prepared by mixing the 2-aminopyridine and L-Leucine
in 2: 1 ratio through slow evaporation method.
properties of α-amino acids area unit advanced, yet
simplistic in that every molecule of an amino acid Colourless bis-2- aminopyridinium glutamate co-
involves two functional groups: carboxyl (-COOH) and crystals prepared by mixing the 2-aminopyridine and L-
amino (-NH2). Side chains having pure organic glutamic acid in 2: 1 ratio through slow evaporation
compound alkyl group or aromatic teams area unit method. Light brownish colour 2-
thought of non-polar, and these amino acids are aminopyridiniumtyrosinate co-crystal prepared by
mixing the 2-aminopyridine and L-tyrosine in 2: 1 ratio
comprised of Phenylalanine, Glycine, Alanine,
Isoleucine, Methionine, and Tryptophan. Meanwhile, if through slow evaporation method.
the aspect chain contains totally different polar teams
like amides, acids, and alcohols, they are classified as
polar. Their list includes, Serine, Asparagine, Threonine, 2. Result and Discussion
Glutamine, and Cysteine. If the aspect chain contains
Powder XRD
acid, the amino acids in the acidic-polar classification
are Aspartic Acid and Glutamic Acid. The side chain Powder x-ray diffraction pattern collected from
consists of a carboxylic acid in amino acids like Lysine, diffracto- meter XPERT-PRO, with starting position 2θ =
and Arginine. Glutamate is involved in neuro- 10.0231°, end position 2θ = 80.9231°, step size 2θ =
inflammation in autism and Glutamate is a major 0.0500°, specimen length = 10.00 mm, measurement
excitatory temperature = 25°C, Cu as anode material and K-Alpha
= 1.54060 Å. The powder XRD pattern.

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 TECHNOINSIGHT • July-December • Volume 15 • Issue 2

3.2 FTIR spectrum for L-tyrosine co- crystal. The absorption at 1158 cm-
1 , 1334 cm-1, 1156 cm-1 is due to the primary and
FTIR spectrum for powdered solid samples collected secondary amine C-N stretch present in co-crystal
from JASCO IR spectrometer, between the ranges 399 formed due to L-leucine, L- Glutamic acid and L- tyrosine
cm-1 – 4000 cm-1 with Scanning Speed - 2 mm/sec. respectively. The absorption at 1445 cm-1 in L-Leucine
Hydrogen bonding plays a key role in molecular co-crystal is due to CH3 bending. From these peaks it is
recognition5 and crystal engineering research4. The concluded that 2-aminopyridinium-leucinate, bis 2-
design of high specific solid state compounds is of aminopyridinium glutamate and 2-aminopyridinium-
considerable significance in organic chemistry due to tyrosinate co- crystals formed using slow evaporation
the important applications of these compounds in the method.
development of new optical, magnetic and electronic
system6. 2-aminopyridine can be protonated in acidic 3.3. UV-Vis spectrum
solution. The bonding of the H atom to the ring N atom
The UV- Vis spectrum derived from JASCO UV Vis
of 2-aminopyridine rather than the amine N atom gives
an ion for which an additional resonance structure can between the ranges 200 nm to 900 nm with the Scan
be written2. Based on these our investigation also show speed10 nm/min.
that the 2- aminopyridine was protonated and carbonyl UV Vis spectrum of L-aminoacid based 2-aminopyridine
group of L- leucine, L-glutamic acid and L-Tyrosine were co-crystalsThe optical behaviour of powdered 2-
deprotonated resulted as co-crystals. This was aminopyridinium-leucinate co-crystal, bis-2-
confirmed from the solid FTIR spectrum of these co- aminopyridinium glutamate co- crystal and 2-
crystals and is shown in figure 2. The absorption peaks aminopyridiniumtyrosinate co-crystal specimen
at 3559 cm-1, 3518 cm-1, 3569 cm-1 are due to the analysed using UV-Vis spectrometer and shown in figure
presence of O(carbonyl)…H(pyridineN) Hydrogen bond 4 and the cut off wavelength of powdered crystal
between 2-aminopyridine and L-leucine, L-Glutamic observed at 240 nm for 2-aminopyridiniumleucinate co-
acid and L-tyrosine respectively.And this indicates the crystals, at 285 nm for bis2-aminopyridinium
amine stretching present in these co-crystals. The peak glutamate co-crystals and at
at 3000 cm-1 disappears in all the co- crystals and new
peak at 1686 cm-1, 1734 cm-1, 1665 cm-1 appears in 275 nm for 2-aminopyridiniumtyrosinate co-crystals.
the co-crystals of 2-aminopyridine with L-leucine, L- Peak broadening in the range between 295 nm to
Glutamic acid and L-tyrosine respectively. This indicates 330nm in 2- aminopyridinium glutamate co-crystals and
the condensation / interaction of 2-aminopyridine with between 286 nm to 334nm in 2-
L-leucine, L-Glutamic acid and L-tyrosine. The structure aminopyridiniumtyrosinate co-crystals specimen is due
of these three co-crystals shown in. The absorption at to the electron level transition is accompanied by
782 cm-1& 859 cm-1 for L-leucine, 817 cm-1 for L- simultaneous change between more vibrational level
Glutamic acid and at 855 cm-1 for L-tyrosine is due to indicating that the molecules are closely packed
the N-H wagging in primary and secondary amine together and they exert influences on each other. This
present in these co-crystals. The stretching vibration of is due to the conjugation of the carbonyl group with
the C = O of carbonyl compound observed at 1681 cm- double bond shift in these two crystals. In all the three
1, 1958cm-1, 1664 cm-1 for the co-crystals formed due co-crystals, the heteroatom withdraws electron from
to L-Leucine, L- Glutamic acid and L- tyrosine carbonyl carbon and makes carbonyl oxygen lone pairs
respectively. And also C-O stretch found at 1211 cm-1 of electrons more stabilized due to its involvement in
for L-Leucine, 1337 cm-1 for L-glutamic acid and at 1212 increasing C=O bond order and undergotransition.
National Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering and Sciences, NCETRES-2023
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 TECHNOINSIGHT • July-December • Volume 15 • Issue 2

3. Conclusion 4. Goswami S P & Ghosh K, Tetrahedran Lett, 38,

1997, 4503 -4506.
By slow evaporation method the L-amino acid based 2-
aminopyride co-crystals were grown and they 5. Goswami S P, Mahapatra A K Nigam G D,
characterized by Powder XRD, FTIR and UV-Vis Chinnakali K & Fun H K, Acta CrystC54, 1998, 1301-1302.
spectrum. The interaction between the L-amino acid
and 2-aminopyridine were confirmed by the hydrogen 6. Lehn J M, Coord. Chem, 27, 1992, 3-6.
bonding interactions. 7. Ahmad Ghanizadeh, Disease Markers, Volume 35,
Reference Issue 5, 2013, 281–286.

1. Joanns A, Bis and Micheal J JZaworotko, Crystal http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/ 2013/536521

growth and design, Vol 5, No 3, 2005, 1169-1179. 8. Chen P E., Geballe M T, Stansfeld P J et al.,
2. Orhan Buyukgungor, Mustafa Odabasoglu, Molecular Pharmacology, Vol. 67, No. 5, 2005, 1470–
1484,.
Cigdem Albayrak & Peter Lonneche, Acta Cryst, C60,
2004, o470- o472. 9. Rosenthal J, Angel A, & Farkas J, American Journal
3.Shet M, Prakash S, Naveen N K, Lokanath PA, of Physiology, Vol. 226, No. 2, 1974, 411–418.
Suchetan and Ismail Warad, Acta CrystE74, 2018, 1111- 10. Louis I Grace, Rami Cohen T M, Dunn David M,
1116. Lubman, Mattanjah S de. Vries. Journal of molecular
spectroscopy 215, 2002, 204-219.

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 TECHNOINSIGHT • July-December • Volume 15 • Issue 2

Quantum hoop conjecture and a natural cutoff for vacuum energy of a scalar field

¹S. Panda, ²T. Das, ¹S. Sahoo, 1R. Bindhani, ¹A. Dalei, ¹S. Chouhan

¹Asst. Proff. Department of Basic Science & Humanities, GITAM, Bhubaneswar

² prof Department of Basics Science and Humanities, GITAM, Bhubaneswar

Abstract

We propose here a quantum hoop conjecture which states: the de Broglie wavelength of a quantum system cannot be
arbitrarily small; it must be larger than the characterized Schwarzschild radius of the quantum system. Based on this
conjecture, we find an upper bound for the wave number (or the momentum) of a particle, which offers a natural cutoff
for the vacuum energy of a scalar field.

Introduction vacuum energy density. Furthermore the differences

between these values are huge, see for
In the past years, a lot of independent cosmological
observations, such as supernova (SN) Ia at high red shift
[1,2], the cosmic microwave background (CMB)
anisotropy [3,4], and large-scale structure [5], have
confirmed that the Universe is undergoing an example, taking electroweak scale . The ratio of
accelerated expansion. In the framework of general theoretical to observational value of the vacuum energy
relativity, an unknown energy component, usually ranges from 1056 to 10120. This is the well known
called dark energy, has to be introduced to explain this cosmological constant problem [6–10]. Which scale we
phenomenon. The simplest and most theoretically should take is still an open problem? Can we find a UV
appealing scenario of dark energy is the vacuum energy cutoff from fundamental laws of physics? This is the
which is about qovac ð103 eVÞ 4 ¼ 108 ergs=cm3 major issue we will consider in this letter. Here,
matched from observational data. However, this model combining with quantum and black hole physics, we
is confronted with very difficult problem–cosmological find an upper bound for the wave number of a quantum
constant problem [6–10] (may suffer from age problem particle, which gives a natural cutoff for the vacuum
as well [11]). To briefly illustrate this issue, we consider, energy of a scalar field.
for example, the vacuum energy density of a scalar field.
It is well known that the total vacuum energy density of Upper bound for wave number and a natural
a scalar field with mass m is quartically divergent in the cutoff for vacuum energy
ultraviolet (UV)
For a quantum particle with mass m, the de Broglie
relation reads 𝐸 = ℏ𝜔, p =ℏk. According to the mass-
energy relation in special relativity, the total energy of a
particle is 𝐸 2 = 𝑝2 𝑐 2 + 𝑚2 𝑐 4. Combining the de
A usually used regularization for this divergence is to Broglie relation and the mass-energy relation, then we
artificially take a UV cutoff. But if we take different UV have 𝐸 2 = ℎ2 𝑘 2 𝑐 2 + 𝑚2 𝑐 4
cutoffs, such as electroweak scale, grand unification
scale, or Planck scale, we can get different values of This equation indicates that E→ ∞ 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑘 → ∞. A
natural question rises: is this result reasonable? In other
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 TECHNOINSIGHT • July-December • Volume 15 • Issue 2

words,w=√𝑘 2 𝑐 2 + √𝑚2 𝑐 4 q , the question can also be proposed here. The quantum hoop conjecture suggested
stated as: can a particle oscillate arbitrarily fast (or, can here provides: k >rc, which gives an upper bound for the
the de Broglie wavelength of a particle be arbitrarily wave number
small)? If we take into account the effect of gravitation,
the answer may be not. Think of black hole physics, a
system with total energy E has an effective mass E=c2,
so it will be characterized with a Schwarzschild radius
which is given by It is easy to get

The hoop conjecture in black hole physics states: if where p is the Planck length. This bound
matter is enclosed in sufficiently small region, then the only holds in the observer’s reference frame. Bound (5)
system should collapse to a black hole [12,13]. Similar also gives an upper limit for the momentum of the
assumptions were also suggested in [14–16]: for
particle: Obviously, the wave number of a
example, it argued that the energy of a system of size L
massive particle is less than that of a massless particle.
must have an upper bound not to collapse into a black
As an application, we apply the bound for the wave
hole [14]. Here we generalize the hoop conjecture to the
number (5) to the vacuum energy of a scalar field. For a
quantum case: the de Broglie wavelength of a quantum
quantum particle of a scalar field, there are three
system cannot be arbitrarily small, it should be larger
freedoms for oscillation.
than the characterized Schwarzschild radius of the
quantum system. This can be called quantum hoop
conjecture. This quantum hoop conjecture can get So we have
supports from earlier works in literature. Possible
connection between gravitation and the fundamental
length was discussed in [17]. From quantum mechanics
which offers a natural cutoff for the vacuum energy of a
and classical general relativity, it was shown in [18,19]
scalar field.
that any primitive probe or target used in an experiment
must be larger than the Planck length, which implies a
device independent limit on possible position
measurements. Researches from string theory, black
hole physics, and quantum gravity also predict that there
For r k>m integration (6) is approximatively equivalent
exists a minimum measurable length scale which is
to 3h=ð16cl4 pÞ which is close to the value obtained by
approximately equivalent to the Planck length lp [20–
taking the Planck scale cutoff. Also based on black hole
24]. Based on these researches, we can conclude that the
physics, a cutoff for vacuum energy of a scalar field was
de Broglie wavelength of any quantum system must not
found in [26].
be less than the minimum length scale. This conclusion
is consistent with the quantum hoop conjecture Conclusions and discussions
proposed here: the de Broglie wavelength of a quantum
system should be larger than its characterized In this letter, we suggested a quantum hoop conjecture:
Schwarzschild radius. In [25], a quantum hoop the de Broglie wavelength of a quantum system cannot
conjecture was also suggested by constructing the be arbitrarily small, it must be larger than the
horizon wave-function for quantum mechanical states characterized Schwarzschild radius of the quantum
representing two highly boosted non-interacting system. This conjecture gives an upper bound for the
particles, which is different from the conjecture we wave number or the momentum of the quantum system.

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 TECHNOINSIGHT • July-December • Volume 15 • Issue 2

For application, we found a natural cutoff for the [9] A. Padilla, Lectures on the cosmological constant
vacuum energy of a scalar field. Appendix A. problem, arXiv:1502.05296.
Supplementary data Supplementary data associated with
this article can be found, in the online version, [10] Padmanabhan T. Cosmological constant: the
weight of the vacuum. Phys Rept2003;380:235–320.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0370-1573(03)00120-0.
arXiv: hep-th/0212290.
References
[11] Yang R-J, Zhang SN. The age problem in KCDM
[1] Riess AG et al. Observational evidence from model. Mon Not Roy Astron Soc 2010;407:1835–41.
supernovae for an accelerating universe and a http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.17020.x.
cosmological constant. Astron J 1998;116:1009–38. arXiv:0905.2683.
http://dx. doi.org/10.1086/300499. arXiv:astro-
ph/9805201. [12] K. Thorne, Nonspherical gravitational collapse: a
short review, 1972.
[2] Perlmutter S et al. Measurements of omega and
lambda from 42 high redshift supernovae. Astrophys J [13] Flanagan E. Hoop conjecture for black-hole
1999;517:565–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/307221. horizon formation. Phys Rev D 1991;44:2409–20.
arXiv:astro-ph/9812133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.44.2409.

[3] Spergel DN et al. First year Wilkinson microwave [14] Hong DK, Hsu SDH. Brane world confronts
anisotropy probe (WMAP) observations: determination holography. J Korean Phys Soc 2004;45:S273–7.
of cosmological parameters. Astrophys J Suppl arXiv:hep-th/0401060.
2003;148:175–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/377226.
[15] Aste A. Holographic entropy bound from
arXiv:astro-ph/ 0302209.
gravitational Fock space truncation. Europhys Lett
[4] Ade PAR et al. Planck 2013 results. XVI. 2005;69:36–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1209/epl/i2004-
Cosmological parameters. Astron Astrophys 10317-0. arXiv:hep-th/0409046.
2014;571:A16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-
[16] G. Japaridze, Maximal boost and energy of
6361/201321591. arXiv:1303.5076.
elementary particles as a manifestation of the limit of
[5] Tegmark M et al. Cosmological parameters from localizability of elementary quantum systems,
SDSS and WMAP. Phys Rev D 2004;69:103501. arXiv:1504.02176.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.69.103501.
[17] Mead CA. Possible connection between
arXiv:astroph/0310723.
gravitation and fundamental length. Phys Rev
[6] Weinberg S. The cosmological constant problem. 1964;135:B849–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.
Rev Mod Phys 1989;61:1–23. 135.B849.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys. 61.1.
[18] Calmet X, Graesser M, Hsu SDH. Minimum length
[7] Carroll SM. The cosmological constant. Living Rev from quantum mechanics and general relativity. Phys
Rel 2001;4:1. arXiv:astroph/0004075. Rev Lett 2004;93:211101. http://dx.doi.org/
10.1103/PhysRevLett. 93.211101. arXiv:hep-
[8] Martin J. Everything you always wanted to know th/0405033.
about the cosmological constant problem (but were
afraid to ask). ComptesRendus Phys 2012;13:566–665. [19] Calmet X, Graesser M, Hsu SDH. Minimum length
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.crhy.2012.04.008. from first principles. Int J Mod Phys 2005;D14:2195–
arXiv:1205. 3365. 200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/ S0218271805008005.
arXiv:hep-th/0505144.
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 TECHNOINSIGHT • July-December • Volume 15 • Issue 2

Green House Guard: Micaz Mote IoT Monitoring System

¹Subhasmita Behera, ¹S.K. Sahoo, ¹P. Das, ¹L Pattnaik, ¹N. Simran, ¹A.K. Palit
1
Asst. Prof. Department of CSE, GITAM, Bhubaneswar

Abstract

The wireless sensor network (WSN) is one of the most significant technologies in the 21st century and they are
very suitable for distributed data collecting and monitoring in tough environments such as greenhouses. The
other most significant technologies in the 21st century is the Internet of Things (IoT) which has rapidly developed
covering hundreds of applications in the civil, health, military and agriculture areas. In modern greenhouses,
several measurement points are required to trace down the local climate parameters in different parts of a large-
scale greenhouse in order to ensure proper operation of the greenhouse automation system. Cabling would make
the measurement system expensive, vulnerable and also difficult to relocate once installed. This paper presents
a WSN prototype consisting of MicaZ nodes which are used to measure greenhouses’ temperature, light, pressure
and humidity. Measurement data have been shared with the help of IoT. With this system farmers can control
their greenhouse from their mobile phones or computers which have internet connection.

Keywords: wireless sensor networks; internet of things, mica Z sensor nodes, green house

1.Introduction

The most important factors for the quality and commercial areas3. IoT is a general term, covering a
productivity of plant growth are temperature, number of technologies that allows devices to
humidity and light. Continuous monitoring of these communicate with each other, with or without human
environmental variables provides valuable intervention. An example application, presented in
information to the grower to better understand, how this paper, is the Mica Z node-based greenhouse
each factor affects growth and how to maximize crop application, which in a timely manner provides a
productiveness1. The optimal greenhouse micro possibility for screen monitoring of detailed data
climate adjustment can enable us to improve about the conditions of the greenhouse. Furthermore,
productivity and to achieve remarkable the suggested setup can be incorporated with other
energysavings especially during the winter in northern internet and messaging services (i.e. Web, WAP,
countries2. WSN, composed of hundreds of nodes SMS) to provide communication for farmers.
which have ability of sensing, actuation and
2. Related Work
communicating, has great advantages in terms of high
accuracy, fault tolerance, flexibility, cost, autonomy In the literature there are numerous examples of
and robustness compared to wired ones. Moreover, versatile IoT application oriented studies. An example
with the onset of IoT and M2M communications, it is of control networks and information networks
poised to become a very significant enabling integration with IoT technology has been studied
technology in many sectors, like military, based on an actual situation of agricultural production.
environment, health, home and other A remote monitoring system with combining internet
and wireless communications is proposed.
Furthermore, taking into account the system, an

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 TECHNOINSIGHT • July-December • Volume 15 • Issue 2
additional information management sub-system is The data of the greenhouse readings are transmitted
designed. The collected data is provided in a form wirelessly from routing nodes to a central monitoring
suitable for agricultural research facilities. system (the base station). Depending on the node’s
distance from the base station, messages can pass
In their work Liu Dan et al[5] take a CC2530 chip as through multiple nodes to reach the base station. The
the core and present the design and implementation of base station is connected to a host computer running
an Agriculture Greenhouse Environment monitoring Mote View to interpret, store and display the collected
system based on Zig Bee connectivity. Additionally, data. There are three main subsystems involved:
the wireless sensor and control nodes take wireless network structure, data measurement
CC2530F256 as a core to control the environment subsystem and the base station with its graphical
data. This system comprises front- end data interface. This wireless communication platform uses
acquisition, data processing, data transmission and Mica Z wireless motes programmed in nes C and data
data reception. The ambient temperature is real-time transferred to a central database over 802.15.4 based
processed by the temperature sensor of the terminal wireless network. The performance of the
node and is send to the intermediate node through a implemented network was tested based on different
wireless Zig Bee based network. Intermediate node network topologies. X Serve serves as the primary
aggregates all data, and then sends the data to the PC gateway between the wireless networks and other
through a serial port. At the same time, staff may applications. At its core, X Serve provides services to
view, and analyze the data, storage of the data on a PC route data to and from the mesh network with higher
is also provide. The real-time data is used to control level services to parse, transform and process data as
the operation of fans and other temperature control it flows between the mesh and the outside
equipment, and achieve automatic temperature applications.
control in the greenhouse.
Wireless Module
Kun Han et al[6] proposed the design of an embedded
system development platform based on GSM The Mica Z off-the-shelf wireless modules are used in
communications. Through its application in this study. Mica Z wireless modules are produced by
hydrology monitoring management, the authors Crossbow Inc. The Mica Z is a 2.4 GHz, IEEE
discuss issues related to communication reliability 802.15.4 compliant, mote module used for enabling
and lightning protection, suggest detailed solutions, low-power wireless sensor networks. The features
and also cover the design and realization of include: IEEE 802.15.4/ZigBee compliant, 2.4 GHz,
middleware software. This hydrology monitoring a globally compatible ISM band, direct sequence
system based on a wireless communication network is spread spectrum, security (AES-128), 250 kbps data
a sophisticated practical application of an embedded rate, runs Tiny OS 1.1.7 and higher versions.
system, which includes intelligence, high-efficiency
and incorporates hydrology monitoring management Software
services as well.
Tiny OS is an open-source operating system designed
The studies mentioned above are based on real life for wireless embedded sensor networks. It features a
solutions but their major strength is the software. In component-based architecture, which enables rapid
the work presented below, both hardware and innovation and implementation while minimizing
software are integrated to produce a wholesome code size as required by the severe memory
implemented solution for monitoring greenhouse constraints inherent in sensor networks. Tiny OS’s
operation. component library includes network protocols,
distributed services, sensor drivers, and data
3.System Description acquisition tools—all of which can be used as-is or be
further refined for a custom application. Tiny OS’s
System architecture event-driven execution model enables fine-grained
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 TECHNOINSIGHT • July-December • Volume 15 • Issue 2
power management and allows the scheduling greenhouse where the project was tested. Mica Z
flexibility made necessary by the unpredictable nature motes should be placed in the exact locations where
of wireless communication and physical world measurements should be made. As it can be seen from
interfaces. Components have three computational the pictures some of the nodes are placed on wooden
concepts: commands, events, tasks. Commands and cases higher above the ground, while others are placed
events are mechanisms for inter-component directly over the soil. That is where the great
communication, while tasks are used to express intra- advantage of this system being wireless comes into
component concurrency. The wireless modules are play – it allows great flexibility and can easily be
programmed with application-specific Tiny OS code customized according to the specific requirements of
using nes C programming language. each individual farmer. As can be seen from, even if
the specific placement of the motes is changed, the
The modules comprising the IoT Software subsystem designed networking protocol ensures that they will
are presented in. Data is collected through sensors on be connected into an operating network, data
the Mica Z modes. Collected data is processed and successfully reach the sink MIB 250 and furthermore
transmitted to the MIB 250 Service Support Platform. transmissions will be made using minimum possible
which is responsible for analysis and operation energy. In the measurements taken all nodes were kept
management. From there the operation is handed constant for each experiment and an example of their
down to the Greenhouse Monitoring System module connections is given in.
which is responsible for connections to the customer
through the Mote View interface or another IoT based 5. Conclusion
Web/Mobile Customer interface. The web application
software its self includes three parts of user In this paper we have presented the results of an IoT
authentication, data access, data query and download, based experimental study from the area of agriculture.
which access the database through ADO.NET. Thus The designed system allows precise position real time
the remote data acquisition can communicate with the measurements and data transmission from the
database through ADO.NET. Users have real-time greenhouse to the interested farmer. Using off-the
access to data. shelf components (Mica Z nodes) an original routing
protocol was designed and incorporated in an IoT
4. Test bed setup and experimental results based internet accessed agriculture application. All
collected data can also be stored on a computer and
Test Setup Description day/time based reports and graphics are accessible for
analysis at any time. The very specific data collection,
The prototype system described above has been
easily adjustable sensor positions and storage of data
implemented and tested in a real environment.The
allows thorough analysis that can reveal even the most
green parts show the greenhouse area. In Central
intricate trends in the farming process, thus directing
Monitoring Station, there is a PC connected to
the farmer how to improve the process for the next
MIB520 base station through the USB. The Mica Z
farming cycle. Furthermore, the long term collected
motes from Crossbow have read the continuous data
data can be used by agriculture specialists to create
stream, extracted the required data and forwarded it
more specific timetables and directions for growing
through the network to the base station. The
specific crops. From the communication point of
measurements are then forwarded to the host PC, and
view, the suggested system provides a one-way flow
Mote View is used to display the data.
of information – from the greenhouse to the end user.
In our future work we plan to extend the system to
Experimental Results
include actuators as well, thus providing not only
The modes’ placement map and details about the monitoring and data analysis but also precise control
distances between them are given in on the other hand for greenhouse farming.
gives the pictures taken from the deployment site
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 TECHNOINSIGHT • July-December • Volume 15 • Issue 2

References IEEE International Conference on. Vol. 2. IEEE,

2010.
1. Timmerman, G. J., and P. G. H. Kamp.
"Computerised environmental control in 5.Dan, Liu, et al. "Intelligent Agriculture Greenhouse
greenhouses." PTC, The Netherlands, Page (s) 15124 Environment Monitoring System Based on IOT
(2003). Technology." Intelligent Transportation, Big Data and
Smart City (ICITBS), 2015 International Conference
2.Greenhouse guide. (Referred 20.04.2008). [Online]. on. IEEE, 2015.
Available:
http://www.littlegreenhouse.com/guide.shtml. 6.Han, Kun, et al. "Hydrological monitoring system
design and implementation based on IOT." Physics
3.Akyildiz, Ian F., et al. "A survey on sensor Procedia 33 (2012): 449-454.
networks." IEEE Communications magazine 40.8
(2002): 102-114. 7.Zhao, Ji-chun, et al. "The study and application of
the IOT technology in agriculture." Computer Science
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the IOT technology in agriculture." Computer Science IEEE International Conference on. Vol. 2. IEEE,
and Information Technology (ICCSIT), 2010 3rd 2010.

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 TECHNOINSIGHT • July-December • Volume 15 • Issue 2

DEEP LEARNING MODELS FOR NSE STOCK MARKET PREDICTION

¹Subhasmita Behera, ¹S.K. Sahoo, ¹A.K. Palit,¹P. Das, ¹ L Pattnaik, ¹N. Simran

¹Asst. Prof. Dept. of CSE, GITAM, Bhubaneswar

ABSTRACT

One intelligent data mining technology that has been used by researchers for the past ten years in a variety of fields is the
neural network. In today's economy, stock market data analysis and prediction play a crucial role. The diverse algorithms
employed for predicting can be divided into non-linear models (ARCH, GARCH, Neural Network) and linear models
(AR, MA, ARIMA, ARMA).In order to anticipate a company's stock price based on existing historical data, we employ
four different types of deep learning architectures in this paper: Multilayer Perceptrons (MLP), Recurrent Neural
Networks (RNN), Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), and Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN). Here, the National
Stock Exchange (NSE) of India and the New York Stock Exchange's day-by-day closing prices are being used.The
network was trained using the NSE stock price of a single firm and was able to forecast the stock prices of five different
NSE and NYSE companies. It has been noted that CNN performs better than the other models. Despite having been
trained on NSE data, the network was nevertheless able to forecast for NYSE. This was made feasible by the internal
characteristics that both stock markets have in common. When the findings were compared to the ARIMA model, it was
found that neural networks were performing better than the linear model that was previously in use (ARIMA).

Keywords: Artificial Neural Network; Deeplearning; Mean Absolute Percentage Error; National Stock Exchange ;New
York Stock Exchange.

deep learning models gave rise to the moniker "deep

1. Introduction neural network." Another name for it is ANN. ANNs are
capable of learning from experience and making
Initial Public Offerings (IPOs) bring new issues to the generalizations, making them good approximators. The
market in the primary market. Investors exchange following qualities make ANN practical implementation
securities they already hold on the secondary market. in forecasting situations quite successful: ANN has been
The time series data for the stock market is very erratic utilized for stock market prediction for the last few
and non-linear. A set of data collected over time to decades. As we can see in [1], comparison studies of
determine the state of an activity is called a time series various DL models for stock market prediction have
[6]. For stock market forecasting, linear models like AR, already been conducted. Coskun Hamzacebi has
ARMA, and ARIMA have been employed [9][10]. The experimented with directive and iterative approaches to
sole issue with these models is that they are only forecasting [6]. Rout et al., Ajith Kumar, used a low
effective with specific time series data; for example, a complexity. Recurrent neural network for forecasting
model designed for one corporation may not work the stock market [7]. Using a given stock market input
effectively for another.Compared to other industries, parameter, Yunus Yetis et al. used artificial neural
stock market forecasting carries a greater degree of risk networks (ANN) to predict the value of NASDAQ's
because of the stock market's ambiguous and (National Association of Securities Dealers Automated
unpredictable character. It is among the main causes of Quotations) stock [12]. Back propagation and RNN
the difficulties in predicting the stock market. This is were used by Roman et al. to analyze multiple stock
where deep learning models are applied to financial [4] market returns [13]. In order to predict a company's
predictions. The usage of neural network design in stock value, Neini et al. conducted a comparison study
between Elman Recurrent Network and Feed Forward
MLP [18].Neural networks were used by Mizuno et al.
in technical analysis as a predictionform [15]. A study
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 TECHNOINSIGHT • July-December • Volume 15 • Issue 2

on the efficacy of ANN in stock market forecasting was

carried out by Guresen in 2011 [19]. They investigated
the relationship between stock volume and price on a An artificial neuron, which is a basic processing unit
modeled after a biological neuron, is depicted in the
particular basis in [20].Quantity of nifty 50 listed
above figure [1] . A weighted link (wi) connects each of
businesses. Batres-Estrada provides an explanation of the neuron's'm' inputs (xi) to the neuron. Here, the
the various uses of DL models for time series analysis neuron uses the equation below to add up the inputs
in [21]. A study on the combination of financial time multiplied by the weights.
series analysis and natural language processing (NLP)
was carried out by X Ding et al. in [22]. For stock market A = Σ xiwi + b
prediction, they employed machine learning (ML)
Where A is the net sum and b is the threshold value.For
techniques like Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and
getting the output this net sum is applied into a function
Least Square Support Vector Machine (LSSVM) in
called activation function F(A).
[23]. Kim et al. presented an alternative method for
stock market forecasting in [24]. To forecast stock Output = F(A)
prices, they introduced a Genetic Algorithm (GA) for
discretizing features in ANNs.discusses wavelet Here the input values and weights are real numbers. In
transform and multi-stage fuzzy inference in [25]. some situations, the threshold value b is considered as
an imaginary input x0 = +1 and a connection weight w0
2. A COMPUTERIZED NEURAL for the simplicity of computation.
NETWORK
2.2. FEED FORWARD NETWORK
A computational structure called an artificial neural
network (ANN) [16] functions similarly to biological A basic neural network is the feed forward network [11],
neurons [8]. Its purpose is to use data to find an commonly referred to as MLP. Via a weighted matrix
underlying trend and draw generalizations from it. As a wki, each input neuron is connected to the neurons in the
non-linear statistical data tool, ANNs are regarded as hidden layer that come after it. Three layers make up a
such [2]. ANNs can be used to model the complex network: input, hidden, and output layers [8]. The
relationship that exists between inputs and outputs. The neurons found in the hidden and output layer [8], also
primary advantage of artificial neural networks (ANNs) referred to as [17], are artificial neurons. These neurons
is their ability to identify underlying patterns in data, an all receive inputs from a layer above. Neurons within the
area where most traditional methods fall short [3]. Three network are linked to neurons in the subsequent layer,
layers typically make up an ANN: the input layer, the but not to neurons within the same layer. Formula for
hidden layer, and the output layer. Except for the input activation function [14] of an ith hidden neuron is given
layer, all nodes in hidden and output layers use non- by
linear activation functions. Every neuron in the
subsequent hidden layer is connected to every node in
the input layer.

2.1. NEURONS
hi : ith hidden neuron , f(ui) : link function which
provides non-linearity between input and hidden layer
,wki : weight in the (k, i)th entry in a (K X N) weight
matrix , xK : Kth input value

Fig. 1. Artificial Neuron

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 TECHNOINSIGHT • July-December • Volume 15 • Issue 2

y j : jth all stock data into a single range, normalization of the

output value data is performed. We require the data to fall within a
common range because we are utilizing stock data from
2.3. RECURRENT NEURAL NETWORK various markets. The equation was utilized in this
procedure. x norm = (x − x min) / (x max − x min) (7)
RNN [18], in contrast to MLP, receives input from two where x norm is the normalized value, x min and x max
sources: the past and the present. To determine how they is the minimum and maximum value in the training
respond to the new set of data, information is gathered dataset. This normalized data was given as the input to
from these two sources. A feedback loop, whose output the network in a window size of 200 to predict 10 days
at each instant serves as an input for the following in future. And the output from the network was
moment, helps achieve this. It can be stated here that the subjected to a De-normalization process for acquiring
recurring. A neural network is memory-based. Every original predicted values. The training of network was
input sequence contains a wealth of information, which done for 1000 epochs. The window size was fixed by
recurrent networks store in their hidden state. performing error calculation on each window size which
varies from 50 to 250. Among this, the window size of
2.4. LONG SHORT-TERM MEMORY 200 resulted minimum error than other window sizes.
One kind of RNN is called LSTM [19]. These networks 3.2. DATASET 2
can pick up on long-term dependencies with ease. In
1997, Hochreiter and Schmidhuber presented it. We attempted to predict the model using NYSE stock
Although these networks are obviously made to avoid data in order to confirm whether the models identify the
the issue of long-term dependency, they typically retain common dynamics between different stock exchanges.
information for extended periods of time. The information comes from Yahoo Finance. The two
most actively traded stocks on the New York Stock
3. Methodology Exchange that we have chosen are Chesapeak Energy
(CHK) and Bank of America (BAC). The dataset's time
3.1. DATASET 1
span was from January 3, 2011, to December 30, 2016,
The dataset is derived from actively traded stocks in and it was expressed in US dollars. We only extracted
three distinct industries: the automotive, banking, and the day-by-day closing price from the dataset.
information technology sectors on the NSE. The stocks
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
that correspond to these sectors are HCLtech, Axis
Bank, and Maruti. Information such as the stock symbol, Here, we've conducted an analysis using data from the
stock series, date of the previous closing, opening, high, NSE and NYSE stock markets. We had employed four
low, last, closing, and average prices, total traded different kinds of deep neural networks—MLP, RNN,
quantity, turnover, and number of trades are all LSTM, and CNN—for this. Tata Motors' NSE data,
contained in each. We only extract the day-by-day which is part of the automotive industry, was used to
closing price of each stock from these datasets because train each of these networks. Additionally, these
it is the most preferred method for investors to make networks were tested using information from the NYSE
decisions about which stocks to purchase or forgo based and NSE. We select data from the IT, finance, and
on the market's closing price.ASSISTANCE. automobile sectors for the NSE, and the financial and
TATAMOTORS, a training dataset from the automotive petroleum sectors for the NYSE.We have utilized the
industry, is used. The training dataset includes the ARIMA model, a linear model, to compare linear and
closing price for 4861 days and spans the dates 1 JAN nonlinear models.
1996 TO 30 JUNE 2015. The range of the training set is
58.79 - 1365.15. After being extracted, the data range 5. CONCLUSION
between 0 and 1 was unified by normalization. To put

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 TECHNOINSIGHT • July-December • Volume 15 • Issue 2

Four DL architectures were employed in this study to [6] Hamzaebi C., Akay D. and Kutay F. (2009).
predict the stock prices of the NSE and NYSE, two ”Comparison of direct and iterative artificial neural
distinct top stock markets globally. Here, we used the network forecast approaches in multi-periodic time
series forecasting.” Expert Systems with Applications
TATA MOTORS stock price from the NSE to train four
36 (2): 3839-3844.
networks: CNN, RNN, LSTM, and MLP. The resulting
models were utilized to forecast the stock prices of [7] Rout A. K., Dash P. K., Dash R., and Bisoi R. (2015).
CHESAPEAK ENERGY (CHK) and BANK OF ”Forecasting financial time series using a low
AMERICA (BAC) from the NYSE as well as the stock complexity recurrent neural network and evolutionary
prices of MARUTI, HCL, and AXIS BANK from the learning approach.”Journal of King Saud University-
Computer and Information Sciences 29 (4):536-552.
NSE stock market. It is evident from the outcome that
the models are able to recognize the patterns that are [8] Moghaddam A. H., Moghaddam M. H., and
present in both stock markets. This demonstrates that the Esfandyari M. (2016). ”Stock market index prediction
two stock markets share underlying dynamics.Since using artificial neural network.” Journal of Economics,
linear models like ARIMA predict time series in a Finance and Administrative Science 21 (41): 89-93.
univariate manner, they are unable to reveal underlying [9] Zhang G. P. (2003). ”Time series forecasting using
dynamics in a variety of time series. We can infer from a hybrid ARIMA and neural network
the outcome that DL models outperform ARIMA model.”Neurocomputing 50:159-175.
models. Because a specific window is used to predict the
next instant, CNN has outperformed the other three [10] Menon V. K., Vasireddy N. C., Jami S. A.,
Pedamallu V. T. N., Sureshkumar V., and Soman K. P.
networks in the proposed work, capturing abrupt
(2016, June). ”Bulk Price Forecasting Using Spark over
changes in the system. The benefits of using a hybrid NSE Data Set.”In International Conference on Data
network, which combines two networks to create a Mining and Big Data : 137-146.
prediction model, have not been examined in this work.
[11] Budhani N., Jha C. K., and Budhani S. K. (2014).
References ”Prediction of stock market using artificial neural
network.”In Soft Computing Techniques for
[1] S. Selvin , R. Vinayakumar , E. A. Gopalakrishnan , Engineering and Technology (ICSCTET) : 1-8.
V. K. Menon and K. P. Soman.( 2017) ”Stock price
[12] Yetis Y., Kaplan H., and Jamshidi M. (2014).
prediction using LSTM, RNN and CNN-sliding window
”Stock market prediction by using artificial neural
model.” International Conference on Advances in
network.” In World Automation Congress (WAC) :718-
Computing, Communications and Informatics: 1643-
722.
1647.
[13] Roman J., and Jameel A. (1996). ”Back
[2] Rather A. M., Agarwal A., and Sastry V. N. (2015).
propagation and recurrent neural networks in financial
”Recurrent neural network and a hybrid model for
analysis of multiple stock market returns.” In Twenty-
prediction of stock returns.”Expert Systems with
Ninth Hawaii International Conference on system
Applications 42 (6): 3234-3241
sciences 2: 454-460.
. [3] Zhang G., Patuwo B. E., and Hu M. Y. (1998).
[14] Sibi P., Jones S. A. and Siddarth P. (2013).
”Forecasting with artificial neural networks: The state
”Analysis of different activation functions using back
of the art.” International journal of forecasting 14 (1):
propagation neural networks.” Journal of Theoretical
35-62.
and Applied Information Technology 47 (3): 1264-
[4] Heaton J. B., Polson N. G., and Witte J. H. (2017). 1268.
”Deep learning for finance: deep portfolios.”Applied
[15] Mizuno H., Kosaka M., Yajima H. and Komoda N.
Stochastic Models in Business and Industry 33 (1): 3-
(1998). ”Application of neural network to technical
12.
analysis of stock market prediction.”Studies in
[5] Jabin S. (2014). ”Stock market prediction using feed- Informatic and control 7 (3): 111-120.
forward artificial neural network”. growth 99 (9).

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[16] Wang J. Z., Wang J. J., Zhang Z. G. and Guo S. P. [21] Batres-Estrada B. (2015).” Deep learning for
(2011). ”Forecasting stock indices with back multivariate financial time series.”
propagation neural network.” Expert Systems with
Applications 38 (11): 14346-14355. [22] Ding X., Zhang Y., Liu T. and Duan J. (2015).
”Deep learning for event-driven stock prediction.” In
[17] Karpathy A., Johnson J. and Fei-Fei L. (2015). Ijcai : 2327-2333
”Visualizing and understanding recurrent
networks.”arXiv preprint arXiv :1506.02078 [23] Hegazy O., Soliman O.S. and Salam M.A. (2014).”
A Machine Learning Model for Stock Market
[18] Jia H. (2016). ”Investigation into the effectiveness Prediction.” arXiv preprint arXiv :1402.7351
of long short term memory networks for stock price
prediction.”arXiv preprint arXiv :1603.07893 [24] Kim K.J. and Han I. (2000). ”Genetic algorithms
approach to feature discretization in artificial neural
[19] Guresen E., Kayakutlu G., and Daim T. U. (2011). networks for the prediction of stock price index.” Expert
”Using artificial neural network models in stock market systems with Applications 19 (2) :125-132
index prediction.” Expert Systems with Applications 38
(8): 10389-10397. [25] Kishikawa Y. and Tokinaga S. (2000).” Prediction
of stock trends by using the wavelet transform and the
[20] Abinaya P., Kumar V.S., Balasubramanian P. and multi-stage fuzzy inference system optimized by the
Menon V.K. (2016). ”Measuring stock price and trading GA.” IEICE transactions on fundamentals of
volume causality among Nifty50 stocks: The Toda electronics, communications and computer sciences 83
Yamamoto method.” In Advances in Computing, (2) :357-366
Communications and Informatics (ICACCI) :1886-
1890

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 TECHNOINSIGHT • July-December • Volume 15 • Issue 2

Progress of Red Mud Utilization: An Overview

¹Suprava Samal, ¹Suman Kumar Behera, ¹Sanghamitra Mohapatra, ¹B.S Sahani

¹Asst. Prof. Department of Civil Engineering, GITAM, Bhubaneswar

ABSTRACT

Red mud is a solid waste residue of the digestion of bauxite ores with caustic soda for alumina production. Its
disposal remains a worldwide issue in terms of environmental concerns. During the past decades, extensive work
has been done by a lot of researchers to develop various economic ways for the utilization of red mud. This paper
provides a review on the comprehensive utilization of red mud globally. The research progress of safe stockpiling
of red mud is summarized. Enormous quantity of red mud is generated worldwide every year posing a very
serious and alarming environmental problem. This paper describes the production and characterization of bauxite
and red mud in view of World and Indian context. It reviews comprehensively the disposal and neutralization
methods of red mud and gives the detailed assessment of the work carried until now for the utilization of red
mud in different fields. The chemical and mineralogical characteristics of red mud are summarized with their
environmental concerns.

Keywords: Red mud; characterization; disposal; neutralization; comprehensive utilization.

INTRODUCTION

Red mud is the solid waste residue of the digestion of health problem for the people living near the red mud
bauxite ores with caustic soda for alumina (Al2O3) storage ponds. The cost of red mud disposal is
production. Approximately 35–40% of the processed expensive, accounting for about 2% of the alumina
bauxite ore goes into the waste as alkaline red mud price [5]. For example, the alumina price is about
slurry which consists of 15–40% solids and 0.8–1.5 US$439 per ton in China, so the disposal cost of red
tons of red mud is generated per ton of alumina mud would be nearly US$9 per ton of alumina
produced [1]. It is estimated that annually 70 million production. Over the years, extensive work has been
tons of red mud is produced all over the world, with done by researchers worldwide to develop various
0.7 million tons in Greece [2], 2 million tons in India economic ways for the utilization of red mud. The
[3], 30 million tons in Australia [4] and nearly 30 various applications that have been investigated
million tons in China. As a solid waste, red mud is include: (i) as a stabilization material for the
usually disposed in mud lakes in the form of slurry preparation of liners [6]; (ii) as adsorbents for the
impoundment or stack in ponds as dry mud near removal of heavy metals, dyes, phosphate, nitrate and
alumina plants or directly discharged through a fluoride [7]; (iii) preparation of catalysts; (iv)
pipeline into a nearby sea. Due to the characteristics recovery of iron, aluminum, titanium and other trace
of fine particles, high alkalinity (pH 10–12.5) and metals [8]; (v) production of radiopaque materials [9];
trace metal content, the disposal of large quantities of (vi) preparation of ceramics [10]; (vii) production of
red mud has caused serious environmental problems construction bricks [11]; (viii) development of
including soil contamination, groundwater pollution pigments and paints [12] and (ix) preparation of
and fine particles’ suspension in the sea. Moreover, cements [13].
the storage of red mud in lakes or ponds occupies huge
Considerable research and development work for the
areas of land, and the storage of dry red mud can also
storage, disposal and utilization of red mud is being
lead to dust pollution which is a serious
carried out all over the world [14]. The paper reviews

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 TECHNOINSIGHT • July-December • Volume 15 • Issue 2

the World and Indian aspects of production of bauxite however, not plastic. The usual color of bauxite is
and generation of red mud. It describes the pink but if of lower iron content it may tend to become
characterization, disposal, various neutralization whitish in color and with increase in iron it is reddish
methods and utilization of red mud. It gives the brown in color [15].
detailed appraisal of the work being carried out for
making use of red mud in building, pollution control 2.PRODUCTION AND
and metal recovery. This paper reviews matters in the CLASSIFICATION OF BAUXITE
context of environmental concerns of disposal of red
mud and its utilization. Bauxite resources are estimated to be 55 to 75 billion
tons, located in Africa (33%), Oceania (24%), South
1.ORIGIN OF BAUXITE America and the Caribbean (22%), Asia (15%), and
elsewhere (6%) [16]. The worldwide metallurgical
The name bauxite was derived from the French bauxite production for the year 2008 and 2009 is given
province Les Baux and is widely used to describe in Table 1. Based on the production, data collected
aluminium ore containing high amounts of aluminum from the International Aluminum Institute, world
hydroxides. Bauxite is a member of the family of alumina production during the first two quarters of
lateritic rocks. It is characterized by a particular 2008 increased by 4% as compared to the same period
enrichment of aluminum-hydroxide minerals, such as in 2007. Expansions of bauxite mines in Australia,
gibbsite, boehmite and/or diaspore. Bauxite forms by Brazil, China and India accounted for most of the
weathering of aluminous silicate rock (lateritic increase in worldwide production of bauxite in 2008
bauxite) and less commonly of carbonate rock (karst [16]. Reduced output from bauxite mines in Guinea,
bauxite) mainly in tropical and sub-tropical climate. Guyana, Jamaica, Russia and Suriname was partially
Bauxite forms by weathering under conditions offset by increases in production from new and
favorable for the retention of alumina and the leaching expanded mines in Australia, China, Brazil and India
of other constituents of the parent rock. Bauxite rock and accounted for most of the slight decrease in
has a specific gravity between 2.6 to 3.5 kg/m3. It is worldwide production of bauxite in 2009 as compared
usually, an amorphous or clay like substance which is to 2008.

Guinea 18500 16800

Jamaica 14000 8000

Table 1. Worldwide Russia 6300 3300

metallurgical bauxite production,
source [16] Venezuela 5500 4800

Country Suriname 5200 4000

Mine
Kazakhstan 4900 4900
production×1000 tone
Greece 2200 2200
2008 2009
Guyana 2100 1200
Australia 61400 63000
Vietnam 30 30
China 35000 37000
Other Countries 6550 5410
Brazil 22000 28000
World Total 205000 201000
India 21200 22300

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 TECHNOINSIGHT • July-December • Volume 15 • Issue 2

Bauxites can be classified in function of the ore Indian bauxite deposits are grouped into five major
type. Alumina occurs in 3 phases defining ore type: geological-geographical areas; they are as follows:
gibbsitic (γ-Al(OH)3), boehmitic (γ-AlO(OH)) and Eastern Ghats, Central India, West Coast, Gujarat,
diasporic (α-AlO(OH)). These are Jammu & Kashmir. Based on the mineralogy and
crystallographically different and their occurrence order of preference, Indian bauxite can be divided
in various countries is given in Table 2. The into 4 types:
mineralogical characteristics of the bauxite ore
determine the type of process needed for alumina 1.Gibbsitic bauxite (Eastern ghats, Gujarat and
production. coastal deposits of western India)

India has confirmed 3 billion tones of bauxite 2.Mixed gibbsitic- boehmitic bauxite (boehmite <
reserves out of the global reserve of 65 billion tones 10%, diaspore < 2%; parts of Western Ghats and
[17]. India is self-sufficient in bauxite. Bauxite Gujarat deposits.)
deposits are mostly associated with
3.Boehmitic bauxites (boehmite > 10 and diaspore
laterite and occur as blankets or as capping on the < 2%; Central Indian bauxite).
high plateaus in peninsular India. India has the fifth
4.Diasporic bauxites (diaspore > 5%; J & K and
largest bauxite reserves which are 7% of world
some part of Central Indian and Gujarat deposits).
deposits.
Typical compositions of industrially used bauxite are
India's share in world aluminum capacity rests at
Al2O3 (40-60%), combined H2O (12- 30%), Fe2O3
about 3%. India has large resources of high-grade
(7-30%), SiO2 free and combined (1-15%), TiO2 (3-
bauxite deposits of the order of 3037 million tons
4%), F, P2O5, V2O5 and others (0.0.5-0.2%) [19].
(proved + probable + possible). The recoverable
reserves are placed at 2525 million tones. The
proved and probable reserves are 1218 million
tones, placing the country 5th in rank in the world, 3.PRODUCTION OF ALUMINA IN
next only to Australia, Guinea, Brazil and Jamaica INDIA
[18]. About 89% of the recoverable reserves of
bauxite are of metallurgical grade. Orissa is the The worldwide alumina production is around 58
largest bauxite producer (43.6 per cent of total million tones in which India counts for 2.7 million
production in 1998-99) followed by Jharkhand tones [17]. The Indian aluminum sector is
(19.2 %), Maharashtra (13.3 %) and Madhya characterized by large integrated players like
Pradesh/Chhattisgarh (11.4%). Production from Hindalco and National Aluminum Company
Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu is also (Nalco, Alumina plant at Damanjodi, Orissa), and
worth mentioning [15]. the newly started Vedanta Alumina Ltd (Alumina
plant at Lanjigarh, Orissa). The other producers of
Bauxite is found in Gujarat, the Kutch-Jamnagar alumina include Indian Aluminum Company (Indal
belt, in the east coast bauxite belt covering Andhra having two plants at Belgaum, Karnataka and Muri,
Pradesh and Orissa, Ratnagiri in Maharashtra, the Jharkhand), now merged with Hindustan
Madhya Pradesh bauxite belt covering Aluminum Company (Hindalco, Renukoot, Uttar
Amarkantak-Phutkapahar, Jamirapat-Mainpat etc. Pradesh), Bharat Aluminum (Balco) and Madras
besides this, bauxite mines are also found in the Aluminum (Malco) the erstwhile PSUs, which have
Satna-Rewa belt (Madhya Pradesh), the Netarhat been acquired by Sterlite Industries. Consequently,
plateau and adjoining areas in Gumla and the there are only three main primary metal producers
Lohardaga district of Bihar. in the sector namely Balco (Vedanta), National

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 TECHNOINSIGHT • July-December • Volume 15 • Issue 2

Aluminum Company (Nalco) and Hindalco (Aditya caustic soda and is called red mud presenting a
Birla Group) [17]. disposal problem. Next, the hydroxide solution is
cooled and the dissolved aluminum hydroxide
4.BAYER’S AND SINTERING precipitates as a white, fluffy solid. When heated to
PROCESS 1050°C (calcined), the aluminum hydroxide
decomposes to alumina, giving off water vapor in the
The production of caustic red mud makes the Bayer process. A large amount of the alumina so produced
process an environmentally challenging process. is then subsequently smelted in the Hall Heroult
Red mud, which derives its name from the color of process in order to produce aluminum. In the sintering
iron oxides in the substance, comprises up to 60% process, the crushed bauxite ores are usually mixed
of the bauxite material, depending on the ore. For with limestone and caustic soda and the mixture is
each tone of alumina produced, up to two tones of sintered at a high temperature of about 1200°C to form
red mud are generated. The exponential growth rate soluble sodium aluminate upon addition of water or
of the quantity of red mud in the word, driven by diluted alkaline solution. The sintering process is
global consumption of aluminum, is a major suitable for refining bauxite ore with
environmental concern for the aluminum industry Al2O3/SiO2,(A/S) values of 3–6. In addition, the
and a hazard for the communities and ecosystems combination of Bayer process and sintering process is
near production facilities. also used in some of the Chinese alumina plants with
large productions such as Zhengzhou Aluminum
Though alumina can be produced from bauxite
Plant, Guizhou Aluminum Plant and Shanxi
under alkaline conditions using lime (Lime Sinter
Aluminum Plant. The combination process is used for
process) [20], sodium carbonate (Deville Pechiney
refining bauxite ores with A/S >4.5.
process) [21], at high temperature in reducing
environment with presence of coke and nitrogen 5.CHEMICAL AND MINERALOGICAL
(Serpeck process) [22], the alkalinisation by the use
CHARACTERISTICS OF RED MUD
of sodium hydroxide (Bayer process) [23] is the
most economical process which is employed for No matter what the production process is, the
purification of bauxite if it contains considerable chemical composition of red mud contains six
amount of Fe2O3. major constituents, Chemical analysis shows that
red mud contains silicium, aluminium, iron,
The production process of alumina is shown is Fig. 1.
calcium, titanium, sodium as well as an array of
In the Bayer process, bauxite is digested by leaching
minor elements namely K, Cr, V, Ba, Cu, Mn, Pb,
it with a hot solution of sodium hydroxide, NaOH, at
Zn, P, F, S, As and etc. The variation in chemical
106-240°C and at 1-6 atm pressure. This converts the
composition between red mud worldwide is high.
aluminum minerals into
Typical composition of red mud is given in Table 3
tetrahydroxidoaluminateAl(OH)4, while dissolving in
[25]. Typical chemical composition of red mud
the hydroxide solution. The other components of
generated by Indian alumina plants is as given in
bauxite except silica (present in kaolinite) do not
Table 4 [26], whereas calcium oxide and silica are
dissolve [14]. The insoluble compounds are separated
the most major constituents for red mud from the
by settling and the decant solution is further clarified
sintering process. The major chemical composition
by filtering off remaining solid impurities [24]. The
of red mud for selected countries over the world is
waste solid is washed and filter pressed to regenerate
presented in Table 5.

Table 3. Typical composition of red mud

Composition Weight %

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 TECHNOINSIGHT • July-December • Volume 15 • Issue 2

Fe2O3 30-60 BALCO Korba 18-21 35-37 6-7 17-19

5-6 2-3 11-14
Al2O3 10-20
HINDALCO Renukoot 17-19 35-36 7-9
SiO2 3-50 14-16 5-6 3-5 10-12
Na2O 2-10 HINDALCO Muri 19-21 44-46 5-7
17-19 3-4 1-2 12-14
CaO 2-8
HINDALCO Belgaum 17-20 44-47 7-9
TiO2 Trace-25 %
8-11 3-5 1-3 10-14

MALCO Metturdam 18-22 40-26 12-16

Table 4. Chemical composition of Indian red 3-4 4-5 1-3 11-15
muds
NALCO Damonjodi 17-20 48-54 4-6
3-4 3-5 1-2 10-14

Company Al2O3% Fe2O3%

SiO2% TiO2% Na2O% CaO%
LOI%

Generally, the major mineralogical phases of red and the principal mineralogical constituents of red
mud from the Bayer process are gibbsite mud from the sintering process are β-2CaO.SiO2,
(Al(OH)3), boehmite (γ-AlOOH), hematite calcite (CaCO3), aragonite (CaCO3), hematite
(Fe2O3), goethite (FeO(OH)), quartz (SiO2), (Fe2O3), gibbsite (Al(OH)3) and perovskite
anatase (TiO2), rutile (TiO2) and calcite (CaCO3), (CaTiO3).

UK ALCAN [29] 46.0 20.0

6.0 5.0 8.0 1.0

France Aluminum [12] 26.62 15.0

Table 5. Major chemical composition of red 15.76 4.98 1.02 22.21
mud generated in alumina plants in various
countries Pechiney

Canada ALCAN [30] 31.60 20.61

6.23 8.89 10.26 1.66
Country Plant Ref. Major
Composition (Wt %) Australia AWAAK [31] 28.5
24.0 3.11 18.8 3.4 5.26
No. Fe2O3 Al2O3 TiO2 SiO2 Na2O
CaO Brazil Alunorte [31] 45.6 15.1
4.29 15.6 7.5 1.16
Italy Eurallumina [27] 35.2 20
9.2 11.6 7.5 6.7 Germany AOSG [31] 44.8 16.2
12.33 5.4 4.0 5.22
Turkey Seydisehir [28] 36.94 20.39
4.98 15.74 10.10 2.23 Spain Alcoa [31] 37.5 21.2 11.45
4.4 3.6 5.51

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USA RMC [31] 35.5 18.4 6.31

8.5 6.1 7.73

Red mud is a very fine grained material. Typical As to the design of the stockpiling yard, it is necessary
values for particle size distribution are 90 weight % to recover and discharge the liquor, and improve the
below 75 microns. The specific surface area (BET) of impermeability of the dam for the purpose of
red mud is between 10 and 30 m2/g, depending on the improving the safety factor of
degree of grinding of bauxite.
the yard and reducing the risk of pollution or dam
6.STOCKPILING OF RED MUD failure. Zhou [35] suggested that

The stocking method of red mud can be divided into increasing the quantity and quality overflow wells can
two types: wet stocking and dry stocking. As to wet improve the recovery rate of the liquor. He also
stocking, red mud is transported into the yard as slurry indicated that well impermeability and ability to drain
and then is stocked after precipitation. Contrariwise, is conducive to keeping the dam stable. Furthermore,
dry stocking involves the transport of desiccative red Wang [36] compared several drainage reinforcement
mud into the yard, where the red mud obtains methods commonly used in retention dams in
accumulation capacity by the effect of solar and air particular horizontal well drainage, radiation well
drying. Wet stockpiling capacity can be increased in drainage, light well point drainage and vertical and
this way and it is suitable for the sintering process of horizontal jointed drainage and verified vertical and
red mud. But it has high requirements on the yard, horizontal jointed drainage with a specific case study.
especially on the initial dam, the construction and
Li et al. [37] successfully applied the finite element
maintenance of which is costly. Because the red mud
analysis in the risk evaluation of red mud. He also
is slurry, the dam should be more firm and
discussed how finite element analysis should be used
impermeable. Compared with the wet stockpiling, dry
in the calculation of the saturation line and dam slope
stockpiling does not require such initial damming,
in the red mud disposal field and proved the validity
causes little pollution and is suitable for stockpiling
of the finite element numerical method with the safety
Bayer process of red mud.
assessment for a real yard capacity improvement case
study. Rao [38] discussed the causes of cracks
appearing in dry red mud, pointing out that factors
Qiao [32] and Sun [33] proposed and developed a such as settlement differences, dehydration shrinkage,
stockpiling technique known as “mixed stocking”, dissolution of soluble salts and pressure differences
which is an intermediate method between the “dry” led to the formation of cracks. Cracks bring potential
and “wet” methods. It is a novel method using danger to the integrity, impermeability and safe
sintering red mud and Bayer red mud in the initial dam operation of yard. Research about crack formation
and Bayer red mud in the sub-dams. The “mixed mechanism, the crack growth mechanism and the
stocking” method combines the advantages of both, regulation to prevent crack formation have very
with small investment of the initial dam and sub-dam important significance and thus require more
and uncomplicated operation management. So, the attention.
design of the yard depends upon specific conditions.
The schematic diagram of the “mixed stocking” 7.RED MUD NEUTRALIZATION
method is shown as Fig. 2.
Neutralization of red mud will help to reduce the
Fig. 2. The schematic diagram of the “mixed environmental impact caused due to its storage and
stocking” method. Source [34] also lessen significantly the ongoing management of
the deposits after closure. It will also open
opportunities for re-use of the residue which to date

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have been prevented because of the high pH.The cost CO2 Treatment
of neutralization will, to some degree at least, be offset
by a reduction in the need for long-term management Gas phase CO2 or CO2-containing flue gas has been
of the residue deposits. Instead of accruing funds to bubbled through aqueous slurries to form carbonic
deal with a future liability, the funds can be invested acid in the aqueous phase [42]. Mechanisms of
in process improvements, which reduce or remove the neutralization of red mud by carbon dioxide gas have
liability. As per the Guidelines of Australian and New been studied [43]. The carbonic acid reacts with basic
Zealand Environment and Conservation Council components of the red mud, lowering its pH. At the
(ANZEX) and Agriculture and Resource short contact times which industrial process rates
Management Council of Australia and New Zealand demand, only a fraction of the alkaline material in red
(ARMCANZ), the liquor being strongly alkaline with mud is neutralized using gaseous CO2. Hence
a high pH, requires neutralization to a pH below 9 although the pH of the aqueous phase drops rapidly
with an optimum value of 8.5-8.9 before becoming upon exposure to CO2 gas, it soon rises again to
environmentally benign [39]. Neutralization of red unacceptable levels as additional alkaline material
mud to pH around 8.0 is optimal because the leaches from the mud. The pH of water exposed to
chemically adsorbed Na is released, alkaline buffer gaseous CO2 is not likely to drop below 5.5
minerals are neutralized and toxic metals are insoluble (approximately), and hence the rate of neutralization
at this pH [40]. Efforts are being carried out to study of the solids in the aqueous slurry is typically not fast
the amelioration of red mud by possibly incorporating enough to satisfy industrial needs. Hence researchers
a pH-reduction processing step during disposal of red [44] have investigated the use of high- pressure liquid
mud and include studies on processes based on acid carbon dioxide rather than vapor phase carbon dioxide
neutralization, CO2 treatment, seawater for the pH reduction of red mud. A laboratory study
neutralization, bioleaching and sintering. on neutralization of red mud using CO2 in multiple
cycles has been investigated [45].
Acid Neutralization
Seawater Neutralization
Various aqueous acidic solutions have been
considered for neutralization of alkalinity, including When seawater is added to caustic red mud, the pH of
acidic industrial wastewater. The use of carbonic acid the mixture is reduced causing hydroxide, carbonate
has also been considered. A number of studies have or hydroxycarbonate minerals to be precipitated [46].
been done to assess the feasibility of treating bauxite Average seawater contains 965 gm of water and 35
residue with acid as for instance on Kwinana red mud gm of salts (i.e. 3.5% salinity). The concentration of
slurry. Large volumes of reagent are required to fully various salt ions in seawater is 55% Chlorine (Cl-),
neutralize the residue at a relatively high cost, even if 30.6% sodium (Na+), 7.7% sulphate (SO4-2), 3.65%
spent (waste) acid could be used. The use of acid also magnesium (Mg2+), 1.17% calcium (Ca2+), 1.13%
introduces large volumes of impurities to the process potassium (K+) and 0.7% others [47]. Seawater
water stream (sulphate in the case of sulfuric acid, neutralization does not eliminate hydroxide from the
chloride in the case of hydrochloric acid. It is therefore system but converts the readily soluble, strongly
likely that the return of any water from the residue caustic wastes into less soluble, weakly alkaline
deposits to the production process will be solids. The carbonate and bicarbonate alkalinity of the
unacceptable without further treatment to remove waste is removed primarily by reaction with calcium
these added impurities. Treating red mud with acidic to form aragonite and calcite [48].
spent pickling solutions (SPSs), derived from the
steelmaking process, provides a coagulant a mixture Bioleaching
of aluminum and iron salts- for waste water treatment
Bioremediation of bauxite residue in Western
[41].
Australia by Alcoa of Australia [50] has been carried

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out by adding some organic substrate to the red mud Due to the characteristics of a high iron content,
for growth of microorganisms which generate extensive research into the recovery of iron from
different organic acids and CO2 (in some cases) Bayer process red mud have been carried out by
which in turn neutralize the red mud. Similar work has scientists all over the world. The recycling process of
also been carried out by [51] using microbes. There iron from red mud can be divided into roasting
are different types of organic substrates used for magnetic recovery, the reducing smelting method, the
producing each type of organic acid. Commercial direct magnetic separation method and the leaching-
substrates used for acetic acid production are grape extraction method, according to the different ways of
wine, fermented apples, barley or cereal malt and rice iron separation. Researchers in Russia, Hungary,
starch. The substrates used for production of citric America and Japan have carried out iron production
acid are glucose, fructose, sucrose and lactose. 12- experiments from red mud. Researchers from the
18% sucrose, whey, 3% 1, 2-propanediol are used as University of Central South have made steel directly
substrate for production of lactic acid. Lactose and with iron recovered from red mud [53]. The Chinese
glucose is used for production of propionic acid. Metallurgical Research Institute has enhanced the iron
recovery rate to 86% through making a sponge by red
Sintering mud-magnetic separation technology. Sun et al. [54]
researched magnetic separation of iron from Bayer red
Sintering of residue can be carried out to fix all
mud anddetermined the process parameters of the
leachable soda, but the cost would be very high due to
magnetic roasting-magnetic selecting method to
the elevated energy consumption required for high
recover concentrated iron ore.
temperature sintering of red mud. But the mechanism
can be used for making bricks and blocks from red In consideration of high content of aluminum and
mud. A comparison of all the neutralization processes sodium in the red mud, only by recovering them can
has been made by [52]. we make full use of these resources. Zhong et al. [55]
recovered Al2O3 and Na2O in red mud by the Sub-
8.UTILIZATION OF RED MUD Molten Salt Method, with a one-way Al2O3 recovery
rate of 88%. After dealuminization, the red mud
The key to solving red mud stockpiling is to develop
undergoes a deep sodium removal treatment by NaOH
a comprehensive utilization technology that consumes
solution, recycling Na2O from red mud. Zheng et al.
red mud or converts it into a secondary resource.
[56] discussed an aluminum and sodium recovery
Since the 1950s, scientists have carried out research
process of a soda lime method after adding silicon slag
projects that explore disposal and utilization of red
into red mud. Under the optimum conditions, the
mud, according to the unique physical and chemical
dissolution rates of aluminum and sodium is up to
properties of red mud.
95%, with red mud after the dissolution a Na2O
Recovery of Components in Red Mud content of less than 1%, meeting the requirements for
cement materials.
Red mud primarily contains elemental components
such as, Fe2O3, Al2O3, SiO2, CaO, Na2O and K2O. Production of Construction Materials from
Besides, it also contains other components, such as Red Mud
Li2O, V2O5, TiO2 and ZrO2. For instance, the
content of TiO in red mud produced in India can be as Among the uses standing out are those reported on the
much as 24%. Because of the huge amount of red utilization of red mud for building materials
mud, value elements like Ga, Sc, Nb, Li, V, Rb, Ti and production such as cement, bricks, roofing tiles and
Zr are valuable and abundant secondary resources. glass-ceramics. The bulk production of building
Therefore, it is of great significance to recover metals, materials could eliminate the disposal problem.
especially rare earth elements from red mud.

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A successful pilot project of a road embankment compressive strength up to 21 MPa and presented
construction using Greek bauxite residue has been water absorption lower than 3%. They stated that red
carried out by laboratory of Road Engineering of the mud may be viewed as alternatives in the industrial
Aristotle University of Thessalniki, Greece [57]. The sectors of construction and building materials.
performance of the embankment with regards to its
deformability was studied by means of the elastic Clay based products:
behavior theory. This is an attractive option with a
Investigations of the use of red mud and fly ash for the
high potential for large volume reuse of red mud use.
production of heavy clay products have been
Bauxite residues have other options for its reuse in
extensively undertaken at the Central Building
preparation of construction materials as stated below:
Research Institute, Roorkee, India [61]. Ekrem [62]
Geopolymers studied the potential use of red mud for the
preparation of stabilization material. The test results
Geopolymer is a term covering a class of synthetic show that compacted clay samples containing red mud
aluminosilicate materials with potential use in a and cement–red mud additives have a high
number of areas, essentially as a replacement for compressive strength, decreased hydraulic
Portland cement and for advanced high-tech conductivity and swelling percentage as compared to
composites and ceramic applications. Advanced high natural clay samples. Consequently, it was concluded
tech composite materials are products for space, that red mud and cement–red mud materials can be
aerospace, defence, marine, petro chemicals and successfully used for the stabilization of clay liners in
effluent treatment etc. Carbon epoxy/phenolic and geotechnical applications. Study on the exploitation of
silica phenolic components for space applications. All red mud as a clay additive for the ceramic industry or
composite like fibre glass boats. Composite Aircraft as a compound for self-binding mortars in the
components. Railway FRP Sleeper. The fabrication of stoneware [63] was carried out at
geopolymerization process involves a chemical National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Orissa,
reaction between red mud and alkali metal silicate India. A study carried out by Pontikes et al. [64,65]
solution under highly alkaline conditions. The product was aimed at using bauxite residue in heavy clay
of this reaction is an amorphous to semi-crystalline industry in which the plasticity of clay mixtures with
polymeric structure, which binds the individual bauxite residue and polymer addition was evaluated.
particles of red mud transforming the initial granular They found that addition of 30 wt% bauxite residue
material to a compact and strong one. The potential substituting the clay mixture increases the max.
use of red mud for synthesis of inorganic polymeric cohesion of the mixture. To make its use as a
materials through a geopolymerization process was traditional ceramic, behavior of bauxite residue was
studied to use it in the construction sector as artificial studied in different firing atmospheres (Air, N2,
structural elements such as massive bricks [58]. Red Ar/4% H2) for different maximum temperature (950-
mud was reacted with fly ash, sodium silicate via 1050°C) and different soaking time (30-300 min).
geopolymerization reaction to get red mud
geopolymers which are a viable cementitious material Cement
that can be used in roadway constructions [59].
Dicalcium silicate in red mud is also one of the main
Giannopoulou et al. [60] studied the phases in cement clinker and red mud can play the role
geopolymerization of the red mud and the slag of crystallization in the production of cement clinker.
generated in the ferronickel production, in order to Fly ash is mainly composed of SiO2 and Al2O3, thus
develop inorganic polymeric materials with advanced can be used to absorb the water contained in the red
mechanical and physical properties. The inorganic mud and improve the reactive silica content of the
polymeric materials produced by the cement. Scientists conducted a series of studies into
geopolymerization of the red mud developed the production of cement using red mud, fly ash, lime

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and gypsum as raw materials. Use of red mud cement ceramic glazed tile. For instance, non-steam-cured
not only reduces the energy consumption of cement and non-fired brick is developed by using industrial
production but also improves the early strength of residues as raw materials, by adding cement and lime
cement and resistance to sulfate attack [66]. as binder and by pressing and natural curing
technology. The Institute of Shandong Aluminum
Ekrem Kalkan [67] studied using red mud as a cement Company and the Institute of Chinese Great Wall
stabilizer. In 1980, Barsherike [68] studied the Aluminum Company separately achieved the
possibility and rationality of producing cement with production process of non-steam-cured and non-fired
red mud as the raw material component of Portland brick using red mud and fly ash as raw materials.
cement, and successfully prepared cement complying
with the relevant standards. Vangelatos [69] studied Glass
the preparation of ordinary Portland cement from red
mud, lime and freestone, and the 28-day compressive Yang et al. [78] conducted an experiment for red mud-
strength of the cement strength can reach 63MPa. In fly ash glass, in which the maximum content of red
China, research has been completed on the production mud and fly ash is collectively more than 90%. They
of sulfo-aluminate cement from red mud in 1955 [70]. acquired the optimum heat treatment process through
This kind of production process is simple and investigation of crystallization and the factors
inexpensive. However, the performance of the influencing the crystal nucleation and growth. With
cement, with the exceptions, which may be red mud and chromium slag as the main materials, and
considerable, of some individual indicators such as quartz sand, fluorite, toner, manganese slag and other
soundness, is close to or greater than ordinary substances as the auxiliary materials, Liang et al. [79]
Portland cement. Pan et al. [71] studied slag and red successfully produced black glass decorative
mud activated by a composite solid alkaline activator materials, which have good mechanical strength,
and developed alkali slag red mud cement which has chemical stability and optical properties.
the properties of greater early strength (the initial and
final setting is separately 62 min and 95 min), high Aerated concrete block
compressive strength (the 28-day compressive
Aerated concrete is a new light porous building
strength can be up to 125 MPa) and excellent
material that has great performances such as thermal
resistance to corrosion, utilizing 30% of the red mud.
insulation, fire resistance and seismic resistance and
Liang [72] and Zhong [73] prepared cement—red
is made from calcareous and siliceous materials. Red
mud concrete using red mud. The compressive and
mud aerated concrete, developed by using cement
flexural strength of this kind of concrete is close to or
(15%), lime (12%–15%), red mud (35%–40%) and
even higher than that of ordinary concrete, meeting
silica sand (33%–35%) has the compressive strength
the requirement of cement concrete used for pavement
and bulk density, complying with the lowest intensity
materials (the 28-day compressive strength is about
level (MU7.5) of Chinese standards about the strength
30–40 MPa; the 28-day flexural strength is about 4.5–
of concrete block [80]. But its production process is
5.5 MPa).
basically the same as that used to produce other
Brick aerated concrete. So, this process can reduce the costs
of the production of aerated concrete by taking
As an alternative to traditional raw materials used in advantage of red mud. It is said that this process will
brick production, red mud utilization can not only become one of the new methods of red mud
reduce the cost of raw materials, but also have great utilization.
environmental significance. Xing [74], Yang [75],
Zhang [76], Nevin et al.[77] separately reported the 9.UTILIZATION OF RED MUD AS
production of non- steam-cured and non-fired brick, FILLING MATERIAL
fly ash brick, black pellet decorative brick and

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Road Base Material with good processing properties. And the red
mud+PVC composite plastics have fire retardant
High-grade road base material using red mud from the property and can be made into red mud plastic; solar
sintering process is promising, that may lead to large- water heaters and plastic construction profiles [85].
scale consumption of red mud. Qi [81] suggest using
red mud as road material. Based on the work of Qi, a
15 m wide and 4 km long highway using red mud as a
base material was constructed in Zibo, Shandong 10.APPLICATION IN POLLUTION
Province. A relevant department had tested the sub CONTROL
grade stability and the strength of road and concluded
The interesting applications of red mud are however
that the red mud base road meets the strength
in the environmental field, after adequate
requirements of the highway [82].
neutralization for the remediation of contaminated
Mining sites and treatment of contaminated liquid waste.

Yang et al. [83], from the Institute of Changsha Wastewater Treatment

Mining Research, have studied the properties,
Red mud presents a promising application in water
preparation and pump pressure transmission process
treatment for removal of toxic heavy metal and
of red mud paste binder backfill material. Based on
metalloid ions, inorganic anions such as nitrate,
this study, a new technology named “pumped red mud
fluoride and phosphate, as well as organics including
paste
dyes, phenolic compounds and bacteria [86]. The
cemented filling mining” has been developed by the researchers have used acid and acid-thermal treated
Institute of Changsha Mining Research, in raw red mud to develop effective adsorbents to
cooperation with the Shandong Aluminum Company. remove phosphate from aqueous solution. Study on
They mixed red mud, fly ash, lime and water in a ratio the use of red mud for removal of dyes from textile
of 2:1:0.5:2.43, and then pumped the mixture into the effluents has also been conducted. Efforts have been
mine to prevent ground subsidence during bauxite made to use red mud for the removal of chlorophenols
mining. The tested 28-day strength can reach to 3.24 from wastewater [87]. Neutralized red mud in batch
MPa. This technology is a new way not only for the adsorption technique was used for the removal of
use of red mud, but also for non-cement cemented phenol from aqueous phase [88]. Tor et al. [89] have
filling, successfully resolving the problem of mining also used granular red mud for removal of fluoride
methods in the Hutian bauxite stop. Underground from water. Removal of boron from aqueous solution
exploitation practice on the bauxite has proved that has also been studied by using neutralized red mud
cemented filling technology is reliable and can [90]. Red mud has been converted into an inexpensive
effectively reduce the filling costs, increase the safety and efficient adsorbent to remove cadmium, zinc, lead
factor of the stop and increase the comprehensive and chromium from aqueous solutions [91,92].
benefits of mining [84]. Brunori et al. [93] studied the possibility of reusing
treated red mud (through the technology patented by
Plastic Virotec International, consisting of a seawater
treatment for pH neutralization) in the
For PVC (polyvinyl chloride), red mud is not only a EuralluminaSpA bauxite refinery, located in Sardinia
filler that has a reinforcing effect, but is also an (Italy) for treating contaminated waters and soils.
efficient and cheap thermal stabilizer, providing the Researchers have investigated the effectiveness of
filled PVC products with an excellent anti-aging using thermally activated seawater neutralised red
property. Its lifetime is 2 to 3 times that of ordinary mud for the removal of arsenate, vanadate and
PVC products. At the same time, the fluidity of red molybdate in individual and mixed solutions [94, 46].
mud is better than other fillers, which makes it plastic

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They found that thermally activated seawater times as low as one minute. Cadmium and selenium
neutralised red mud removes at least twice the were present at a concentration of 0.5 mg/l while other
concentration of anionic species than thermally metals at 2.0 mg/l in the wastewater. Selenium
activated red mud alone, due to the formation of 40– removal is very pH dependant with an optimum pH
60% hydrotalcite during the neutralisation process in around 6.0.
seawater neutralised red mud. Hydrotalcite structure
in the seawater neutralized red mud has been A laboratory investigation to evaluate the capacity of
determined to consist of magnesium and aluminum red mud to inhibit acid mine drainage has been carried
with a ratio between 3.5:1 and 4:1 [46]. Removal out [100]. The investigators have studied the
ofarsenate from aqueous solutions has also been effectiveness of covers and liners made of red mud
studied by other researchers [95]. Fuhrman et al. [96] and/or cement kiln dust for limiting acid mine
studied arsenic removal from water using 4 sorbents drainage. It has been proposed to use red mud that is
namely seawater-neutralised red mud (Bauxsol), acid very alkaline to neutralise acidic tailings [101,102].
treated Bauxsol (ATB), activated Bauxsol (AB), Previous experiments showed that red mud has a good
Bauxsol coated sand (BCS) and activated Bauxsol neutralizing capacity for a short time, but the long-
coated sand (ABCS). The affinity of the developed term neutralization potential is uncertain. So brine
sorbents towards arsenic in a decreasing order is AB was added to red mud to verify if it can improve long-
> ATB >ABCS > BCS >Bauxsol, and sorptive term alkalinity retention of red mud. McConchie
capacity of all tested sorbents compares well with [103] investigated that the sea water-neutralised red
conventional sorbents such as activated alumina and mud can strip all trace metals in cyanide spills and
ferric oxides. The removal of arsenate using seawater neutralise the pH. Red mud can be used to neutralize
neutralized red mud is sensitive to several parameters acid forming gases produced during coal combustion.
such as pH, ionic strength, adsorbent dosage, initial Studies have been carried out on absorption of SO2 on
arsenate concentration and the source water red mud (Sumitomo scrubbing process) [104]. Also
composition. Arsenate adsorption is favored by studies on CO2 sequestration by red mud are being
slightly alkaline pH values with maximum adsorption carried out to neutralize red mud as explained earlier
recorded at pH 8.5. which would help in absorption of CO2 and
purification of flue gases from thermal power plant.
Hofstede et al. [97] have made use of bauxite refining
residue to reduce the mobility of heavy metals in Soil Improvement by Red Mud
municipal waste compost. A US Patent Application
Red mud has a favorable environmental repair effect
20090234174 [98] shows that a neutralized and
on the soil that has been contaminated by heavy metal
activated red mud is suitable for heavy metals
elements [105]. One of the explanations for the
remediation in soil and water. Entrapped metals are
mechanism is that red mud can absorb heavy metal
not easily exchangeable and removable. However,
ions such as Cu2+, Ni2+, Zn2+, Pb2+, Cd2+, Cr6+,
more investigation would be needed to further
Mn4+, Co3+ and Hg2+ in the soil; the form of heavy
understand the metal trapping mechanisms of red
metal ions changes from exchangeable ions into
mud. Seymer and Kirkpatrick [99] of Kaiser
bonding oxides. Another mechanism is the
Aluminum and Chemical Corporation and Tulane
precipitation reaction of carbonate in red mud with the
University have successfully developed and tested
heavy metal ions, and that causes these ions to deposit.
bauxite residue as liquid waste absorbent. They have
In turn, the activity and reactivity of heavy metal ions
researched soil synthesis as well as the use of red mud
in the soil are reduced, microbial activity and plant
to reduce or eliminate sewage pathogens. They have
growth are promoted. Gao et al. [106] conducted some
shown that 0.5 mg/l red mud was sufficient for near
studies and showed that red mud can significantly
complete removal of metals such as silver, arsenic,
decrease Cd and Zn at the exchangeable state or
barium, cadmium, mercury and lead but not selenium
effective state in the soil.Ciccu R. [105]
at an initial water pH of 8.0 and at contact/reaction

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used red mud to modify soil polluted by heavy metal. red mud for SO2 gas.The desulfurization rate is
The result showed that red mud can reduce the heavy initially 100%, and is still as high as 94% after 10
metal content in seriously polluted soil and reduce the cycles. Chen et al. [109] carried out research on the
absorbed dose of heavy metal. Lombi [107] found that absorption and purification of waste gas containing
adding 2% of red mud to the soil restrained the SO2 by red mud. They pointed out that the adsorption
absorption of crops for Cu2+, Ni2+, Zn2+ and Cd2+. by Bayer red mud is a process of chemical reaction
After the modification, the mass concentrations of Zn and physical adsorption, and that it requires small
in the soil pore water and lettuce body decreased particle sizes (more than 50% of the particles are
respectively by 95% and 97%. smaller than 45 μm) and a large specific surface area
(10~20 m2/g) to improve the speed and depth of the
Treatment of Waste Gas Containing Sulfur chemical reaction, determining that the Bayer process
by Red Mud red mud is a excellent absorbent for SO2. The main
chemical reactions are as following:
Bekir et al. [108] activated red mud by drying and
roasting, and studied the absorption of this activated
SO2 (g) + Na2O→ Na2SO3 4.5SO2 (g) + Al2O3→Al2 (SO4)3+1.5S

4SO2 (g) + 4Na2O→ 3Na2SO4+Na2S 4SO2 (g) + 4CaO→ 3CaSO4+CaS

Reserves of high grade and high-sulfur bauxite are rich particularly with respect to the catalytic cracking,
in China. The roasting pretreatment process for decolorization of hydrocarbon, clarification of waste gas
desulfurization will generate a lot of SO2 gas. Lv et al. and adsorption processes.
[110], when studying high- sulfur bauxite, put forward
a new roasting pretreatment technology that absorbs the The method comprises digesting red mud with acid, before
acidic SO2 exhaust generated by the roasting process adjusting the pH of the acid digested mixture comprising
directly by alkaline red mud generated in the alumina the sludge product to above 4, removing the residue acid
production process. This technology can simultaneously employed from the gelating product with washing and heat
solve the problems of the absorption of SO2 exhaust and treating the product to provide an active red mud. Cakici et
the neutralization reaction of alkali red mud. What is al. [114] studied the utilization of red mud as catalyst in
more, the modified neutral or alkalescent red mud can conversion of waste oil and waste plastics to fuel in
also be used as construction material. comparison with a commercial hydrocracking.

catalyst (silica–alumina) and a commercial hydrotreating

11.RED MUD AS A COAGULANT,
catalyst (Ni–Mo/alumina). Garg et al. [115] have made a
ADSORBENT AND CATALYSTRed mud can
comparison of the catalytic activity of pyrite, red mud &
also be employed as catalysts for hydrogenation,
flue dust and based on selective analysis showed that red
hydrodechlorination and hydrocarbon oxidation. It has
mud was the most desirable disposable catalyst in the
also been studied as a support in catalytic wet oxidation
conversion of coal and oil production. Novel applications
of organic substances present in industrial wastewaters
of red mud as a coagulant and adsorbent for water and gas
[111]. Use of red mud as a catalyst can be a good
treatment as well as catalyst for some industrial processes
alternative to the existing commercial catalysts [112]. Its
have been reviewed by Shaobin et al. [116].
properties such as iron content in form of ferric oxide
(Fe2O3), high surface area, sintering resistance, 12.OTHER USES
resistance to poisoning and low cost makes it an
attractive potential catalyst for many reactions. US Along with successfully developing and testing bauxite
patent 4017425 [113] describes a method developed for residue as liquid waste absorbent, Seymer and
the red mud to be used as adsorbent, catalyst, ion- Kirkpatrick, 1999 [99] of Kaiser Aluminium and
exchanging substance and clarifying substance Chemical Corporation at their Gramercy Louisiana

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Plant along with red mud as liquid waste absorbent have to dry disposal methods. As the high pH is highly lethal
also studied red mud as landfill cover material and as to natural ecosystems, disposal of red mud can
levee construction material. A novel process for making unquestionably be made safer by neutralizing it and the
radiation- shielding materials utilizing red mud has been most significant hazard associated with the residue can
developed by adopting ceramic- chemical processing thus be removed. Neutralization with seawater operates
route using phosphate bonding [117]. Efforts were made differently than acid neutralization as Ca+ and Mg+
to utilize red mud for developing plasma spray coatings remove alkaline anions from solution as precipitates and
(ceramic and cermets) on metal substrates, stainless are less soluble in place of simple reactions of hydroxide
steel, mild steel, Cu and Al [118,119]. Sutar et al. [120] and other alkaline anions that occur with acid [14].
studied that red mud the waste generated from alumina Therefore Ca+ and Mg+ rich solutions may be used for
plants is eminently coat able on metal substrates the neutralization of red mud which would render pH of
employing thermal plasma spraying technique. Sliding red mud to the optimal value. The use of carbon dioxide
wear behavior under different operating condition was from the atmosphere or from industrial emissions can be
investigated by Prasad et al. [121] to identify suitable a potentially significant source of acid for neutralizing
application areas. As red mud consists of metal oxides red mud. The initial cost of processing CO2 in the red
of iron, titanium, silicon, aluminum it was felt that red mud would be quite significant; the long term benefits
mud can possibly be spray coated. Building Material of carbonation cannot be ignored including entrapment
and Technology Promotion Council of India (BMPTC) of CO2 from the environment to neutralize an alkaline
has produced composite from red mud, polymer and waste. In addition to the soil and water pollution caused
natural fibres, called Red Mud Jute Fibre Polymer due to disposal of red mud, its neutralization with CO2
composite (RFPC), to replace wood in the wood based would also be able to lock up large amount of
panel products in the building industry [122]. greenhouse gas that otherwise would be released into the
atmosphere. Suitable amenders such as gypsum and
13.DISCUSSION other organic wastes can also be added to red mud to
ameliorate its caustic properties.
As it is apparent red mud is a highly complex material
that differs due to the different bauxites used and the Until now several applications of red mud have been
different process parameters [14]. Therefore red mud studied. In general all these applications concern the use
should be regarded as a group of materials, having of red mud in relatively small amounts while the current
particular characteristics, such as need is safe disposal of red mud and its bulk utilization.
The sustainable use of bauxite residue for road
●produced during bauxite refining
construction as an embankment landfill is an attractive
●highly alkaline option with a high potential for large volume reuse.
Metal extraction processes are found to be uneconomic
●mainly composed of iron oxides having a variety of as iron (hematite) in the red mud has first to be converted
elements and mineralogical phases into magnetite using reductants at relatively high
temperature of 400-1000°C before magnetic separation.
●relatively high specific surface The recovery of iron metal from the magnetic fraction
needs a still higher temperature. Nearly for all of the
●fine particle size distribution
above-mentioned applications of red mud in building
One of the most important ways of reducing the negative materials, pollution control and metal recovery, a fairly
environmental impacts of the alumina industry is high temperature is required and bulk utilization of red
environmentally sustainable discharge and storage of mud remains a distant dream. However, application of
digestion residue [14]. In the recent years it has been red mud in geopolymers requires minimum heat
seen that there has been a consistent trend away from treatment. Nevertheless, bulk utilization of red mud can
seawater disposal to land – based disposal and from wet be realized by refilling the abandoned bauxite mining
open pits and by rehabilitating bauxite residue disposal

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 TECHNOINSIGHT • July-December • Volume 15 • Issue 2

area with red mud through development of a suitable 2.Vangelatos I, Angelopoulos GN, Boufounos D.
vegetation cover on it. Utilization of ferroalumina as raw material in the
production of Ordinary Portland Cement. Journal of
14. CONCLUSION Hazardous Materials. 2009;(168):473–478.

Overall, the comprehensive utilization of red mud 3.Agrawal A, Sahu KK, Pandy BD. Solid waste
generated in the process of industrial production of management in non-ferrous industries in India.
alumina is still a worldwide problem. At current levels Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 2004;(42):99–
technology and practice, the capacity of consumption 120.
and secondary utilization is seriously insufficient. The
secure stockpiling of red mud has to see a reduction of 4.Wang S, Ang HM, Tade MO. Novel application of red
stockpiling costs and improvement of efficiency. So mud as coagulant, adsorbent and catalyst for
stockpiling is not a fundamental way to resolve the environmentally benign processes.Chemosphere.
problems of red mud. Only through economical and 2008;(72):1621– 1635.
viable comprehensive utilization can people resolve
5.Tsakiridis PE, Agatzini-Leonardou S, Oustadakis P.
them effectively in the long term. As to the recovery of
Red mud addition in the raw meal for the production of
components from red mud, there are a lot of problems
Portland cement clinker. Journal of Hazardous
making for significant increases in recycling process
Materials. 2004;B116:103–110.
costs and energy consumption, becoming serious
impediments to industrial development. Therefore, we 6.Kalkan E. Utilization of red mud as a stabilization
need to promote the industrialization of precious metal material for the preparation of clay liners. Engineering
recovery processes, optimize complex processes and Geology. 2006;(87):220–229.
develop new ones. Although the added value is
relatively low, the resources utilization of red mud is the 7.Pradhan J, Das SN, Thakur RS. Adsorption of
most widely used way and the most effective way to hexavalent chromium from aqueous solution by using
resolve the red mud stockpiling problem. Red mud can active red mud. Journal of Colloid and Interface
also be used to produce other construction materials. A Science. 1999;(217):137–141.
mature, relevant technology would greatly promote the
consumption of red mud. Applying red mud as an 8.Kumar S, Kumar R, Bandopadhyay A. Innovative
environmental remediation material is a new hot point methodologies for the utilization of wastes from
in terms of utilization. Due to the simple process, low metallurgical and allied industries. Resources,
cost, it is worth promoting its application in the field of Conservation and Recycling. 2006;(48):301–314.
environmental protection. However, there is a risk of
9.Amritphale SS, Anshul A, Chandra N, Ramakrishnan
introducing new contamination, and a difficulty of
N. A novel process for making radiopaque materials
recycling it after the application. Therefore, more in-
using bauxite-Red mud. Journal of the European
depth studies are needed and a comprehensive
Ceramic Society. 2007;(27):1945–1951.
assessment of chemical and biological effects.
10.Pontikes Y, Nikolopoulos P, Angelopoulos GN.
COMPETING INTERESTS Thermal behavior of clay mixtures with bauxite residue
to produce heavy-clay ceramics. Journal of the
Authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
European Ceramic Society. 2007;(27):1645–164
REFERENCES

1.Liu X, Zhang N. Waste Management & Research.

2011;(29):1053-1063.

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TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT AT NALCO: A STUDY

1
Bhakta Charan Jena, 1Rajaswini Mishra, 1BKN Satapaty, 1Swati Swetalin Martha, 1Sushil Kumar Pradhan
1
Asst. Prof. Department of MBA, GITAM, BhubaneswarAbstract -

Abstract

Training and development play an important role in the effectiveness of organizations and to the
experiences of people in work. Training has implications for productivity, health, and safety at work and
personal development. All organizations employing people need to train and develop their staff.
Investment in training and development entails obtaining and maintaining space and equipment. It also
means that operational personnel, employed in the organization’s main business functions, such as
production, sales, marketing, and management support, must also direct their attention and effort from
time to time towards supporting training development and delivery. Most organizations are cognizant of
this requirement and invest effort and other resources in training and development. However, investment
in training and development is generally regarded as good management practice to maintain appropriate
expertise now and in the future.

INTRODUCTION ● Get the knowledge & skill about the new

technology which is recently introduced
Potential capabilities. Development of human
in the organization.
resources is, therefore, most critical if the Now a
Conducting and training program: -
day every organization, industry or company
want to achieve the best position than other Now a days, training program are
companies. they take many programs for gaining importance because they help to
achieving this, such as team building, solve various problem, which are out of the
performance appraisal, job satisfaction, inter introducing of new lines of production,
personal skill development, quality circle etc. But severe competition, change in design and
when the needs of the program are fulfilled than technique of production, change in volume
the goal of the organization can be fulfilled. But of business etc. training has become a very
these programs are not fulfilled without taking significant management toll for bringing
any training and development program. So, about desired change to solve
training play a very important role for develop of organizational problems and to achieve
the company. Training can know about the need organizational goals.
of the employee of an organization. They are
Therefore, to be very effective, the training
● Strength and weakness of an employee function is required to be organized
● Modify the behavior of the employee at properly and systematically.
the workplace.
● After training an employee can know HUMAN RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT
about their role to achieve its POLICY:
organization goal.
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NALCO believes that human resources are the training. Hence, we have taken an insight at
most important assets for the company. While the performance of the employees and also
all other assets will depreciate with time,
through evaluation of performance of the
human resources alone can appreciate with
time in terms of competence, skill and employees and through questionnaires and
expertise. Human resource has unlimited data received by the management.
organization has to remain dynamic and
growth oriented. Goals of HRD system in METHODOLOGY:
NALCO to create an enabling climate that can
continuously identify nurture and utilize the Research methodology is systematic way of
capabilities of its employees to develop the investigation directed to the discovery of some
capabilities of each employee as an individual.
facts careful study of a subject, a course of critical
To develop the capabilities of each employee
in relation to his/her present job/role. To and scientific inquiry.
develop the capabilities of each employee in
relation to his/her expected future job/role to The objective of this Internship report is to
develop a mutually supporting relationship evaluate the overall Training & Development
between each employee and his/her practices of Nalco for its employees. The main
supervisor. To develop team spirit and purpose of working on this report is to analyze
effective functioning of every sub-system of the strategic human resource management
the organization. To develop collaboration practices of a particular company, also to
among different sub-system of the distinguish between SHRM and traditional HRM.
organization. To developoverall health and self This report also focuses on various other
–renewing capabilities in the organization. companies HRM practices and relates them with
our learned theory and how the theories are
OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY: implied in real life.

1. To study the effectiveness of the training To know the different training methods of
imparted by NALCO and its resultant in Nalco. To know the design of the training
program and also conduct the training program.
the performance of the employees.
2. To know the perception of the 1. To find out the challenges that could be
resolved with training.
employees regarding training method To know the improvements Nalco can
in NALCO. take delivering their training program.
3. To enhance whether training helps to
2. To know the evaluation process of
motivate employees and helps in training for its employees.
avoiding mistakes. 3. To find out the training session and
practices Nalco follows avoiding sexual
4. To identify how training assists the harassment.
employees to acquire skills, knowledge 4. To find out the improvements Nalco
can address in terms of time
and attitude and enhance the same.
management, technical skills & business
For our project we required information like communication skills.
knowledge about the employees,
Research methodology is purely and simply the
understanding skills generated and the framework or a plan for study that guides the
mastery gained and the mastery during the collection and analysis of data. Research is the
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specific way to solve the problems and is large. Proper training and well development is
necessarily used to improve the market the next meaning of customer
potential. This involves exploring the possible
satisfaction.Training and development is a very
methods one by one and arrive the best
solutions considering the availability of much essential and vital part for an organization
resources. and to maintain itself in present scenario. A

Research design: Descriptive. proper training and development system and not
only help organization to make right path, but
Data: Primary and Secondary data.
also prepare organization to face the future
Research: Survey method
change. So a proper and valuable planning is
Research Instrument: Questionnaire essential for its success and development.

I have been followed two main ways while To bridge up the gap between the present and
working on this report.
future, training and development is a systematic
FINDINGS: tool, but very often we find that, sometimes

1. The following are the findings for this people in the organization are hesitate to involve
project: himself in the process of change or we can say
2. Training and Development Process is
they are not interested to charge the work
very important for every organization,
for creating effective teamwork. The culture because of various fear i.e loss of job,
management of Deccan soft software fear of replacement etc. in this situation is
services recognizes this, and they are
essential to success the total system. Here we
satisfied with the existing Training and
Development process because they are conclude that training and development is an
able to get the suitable candidate. important weapon to modify the work culture
3. The new course of the job in the
and has great to develop the society.
organization will be informed to the
students through word of mouth to the
REFERENCE:
maximum extent with the help of the
Head of the Department. Books referred:
4. The courses Designed in the organization is
informed to the external candidates through Rao. V.S.P HRM EB publication, first edition 2001,
want-ads to maximum extent, followed by email Delhi
campaign informal contacts, The courses in the
organization is advertised mostly through Parichaya-a monthly magazine of NALCO
newspapers and then by seminars.
Websites referred:
CONCLUSION:
www.wikipedia.com
To describe the term impact of training
&development on work culture is very much www.gogle.co.in//csr

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A SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW OF THE IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE ON

FIRM PERFORMANCE

¹Rajaswini Mishra, ¹Swati Swetalin Martha, ¹Sushil Kumar Pradhan, ¹BKN Satapaty,¹Bhakta Charan Jena

¹Asst. Prof. Department of MBA, GITAM, Bhubaneswar

Abstract

An organization can be likened to a building whose strength is determined by the structure and frames
which holds it. The structure is the way interrelated elements (resources) are arranged so that the building
can be stable, resist stress and it provides the right form. The objective of this paper is to determine the
impact of a firm’s organizational structure on its performance, measured through both financial and non-
financial dimensions. A systematic literature review was carried out using a total of 35 articles from select
management, finance and other relevant journals. Finalized articles included data and findings from a
multitude of different geographic locations, industries and firm sizes. For analysis, a range of organizational
structures were considered, including organizational structures comprised of hybrid internal systems.

Keywords

Organizational Structure, Firm Performance, Centralization, Decentralization, Ambidexterity.

1.0 Introduction: goals and tasks. Thus, it can be inferred that a firm’s
organizational structure is the official configuration
1.1Conceptualization about organization amongst people in an organization in regards to
structure allocation of various jobs, responsibilities and
authority. (Jones & James, 1976) noted that a few
Within any organization, there exist different structural variables can be taken into consideration
departments responsible for the execution of in order to understand organizational structures,
different tasks and jobs are classified as marketing, such as: (1) firm size, (2) product differentiation
operations, accounting, human resources, and so within an organization, (3) level of autonomy, (4)
on. Even within a specific department, there may level of control reflecting centralization within an
be multiple numbers of hierarchy. Organization organization in the context of communication and
structure were first mentioned in Mintzberg's 1979 flexibility, and (5) role structures, displaying the
study ‘The Structuring of Organizations’ and level of formalization within an organization as
identified five different organizational evidenced by hierarchical relations.
configurations: machine bureaucracy, simple
structure, professional bureaucracy, adhocracy, (Indik,1968), the organizational structure of an
and divisional organization, as well as the variables organization is influenced by a number of factors,
that affect the determination of organizational including: (1) firm size; (2) hierarchical levels; (3)
configuration, such as organizational environment, authority structure; (4) control span; (5) task
organization size, age, power, technical specification level; (6) status structure; and (7)
system/technology, and business strategy. psychological distance between the various
decision-makers and operational levels within an
organization. (Pugh et al., 1968) came to the
conclusion that the structure of an organization has
six dimensions: (1) Standardization, which
According to Nelson & Quick,2007 it is the structure demonstrates the extent to which organizational
of an organization that acts as catalyst to fulfill practices are standardized,(2) formalization, an
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indicator of how thoroughly a company's tasks, Ismael, Nor’Aini, and Davoud, (2010) performance
such as those pertaining to communications and is all about achieving the objectives that
processes, are specified, (3) Configuration, which organizations/firms set for themselves. The
evaluates subordinates' contributions (4) objectives of an organization / firm could be
Specialization, which demonstrates the division of financial, that is to say, profit-making or
labor within an organization (5) Centralization, nonfinancial such as spreading awareness among a
which measures the agency or locus of control certain community etc. Organizational
practiced inside an organization such as labor performance therefore could be categorized under
relations, decision-making, finances, etc., and two: financial and nonfinancial. The profitability of
traditionalism which measures the numerous an organization is an important financial indicator
bureaucratic procedures of the company. to reflect the efficiency of the organization and the
owners/managers ability to increase sales while
(Akande and Ojokuku, 2008) an organizational keeping the variable costs down.
structure is composed of an assortment of
individuals who hold official responsibilities within Henry(1993) supplemented a comprehensive
a structure in order to accomplish a particular analysis of what constitutes a firm’s organizational
objective. A structure composed of relationships structure. According to the author, a firm’s
that facilitates the fulfillment of tasks is the typical organizational structure can be distinguished on
definition of an organization. It is a system of social the basis of three essential characteristics: (1) the
interactions between people. According to mechanism of coordination amongst the different
Nwugballa (2011), the establishment of an divisions and departments within a firm, (2) the key
organizational structure implies reduction in single aspects of a firm that determine failure or success
decision maker power. It also implies a degree of and (3) the kind of decentralization that exists
functionality that is necessitates the cooperative within the firm, i.e., the extent to which
effort of many people to complete properly. This subordinates are part of the decision making
highlights the need of defining all of the process. Based on these different dimensions,
responsibilities that should be performed by different types of organizational structures exists:
various specific jobs (job descriptions), the manner
in which jobs will be performed (operation 2.0 Literature Review on Firm Performance:
procedures), anticipate standards of performance,
For emerging nations, having prosperous
chain of authority, etc., in order to prevent
enterprises is crucial. Many economists compared
misunderstanding and conflict.
them to a locomotive in terms of the growth they
Ismael, Nor’Aini, and Davoud, (2010) contribute to on an economic, social, and political
organizational performance is widely measured level. In order to survive in a market that is
through the financial success of the organization. extremely competitive, every organization must
Financial stress for most profit-oriented operate in accordance with performance-based
organization can be assessed both in terms of sales norms. Firm performance is now a prominent topic
as well as profitability measures. and is commonly utilized as a dependent variable
as a result of recent developments in strategic
Richard et al, (2009) stated that “organizational management research. Although this idea is
performance encompasses three specific areas of frequently used in academic contexts, its definition
firm outcomes: (a) financial performance (profits, and method of assessment are not generally
return on assets, return on investment, etc.); (b) acknowledged. Due to the fact that the majority of
product market performance (sales, market share, academics do not agree on an operational
etc.); and (c) shareholder return (total shareholder definition of business performance, several
return, economic value added, etc.)”.As seen in interpretations have been offered by various
other literature on organizational performance, people based on their own perspectives.
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(Georgopoulos and Tannenbaum, 1957) In the judging an organization’s performance and

early 1950s, firm performance was regarded as the included the following aspects: (1) Judging financial
equivalence of organisational effectiveness, which as well as non-financial indicators, (2) viewing
represents the extent to which a company with performance as dynamic in need of subjective
constrained means and resources achieves its interpretations (3) use of causal models, (4)
goals. Performance was assessed using subjectivity in interpretation, (5) understanding
productivity, adaptability, and interorganizational fundamental concepts, and (6) quantifying results
conflicts. At the core of strategic management is the
improvement of performance, financial and non-
(Seashore &Yuchtman, 1967) Later in1960s and financial, albeit they occupy different importance in
1970s firms began to experiment with novel ways strategic management literature.
of assessing their performance . The competence of
an organisation to take full advantage of its (Ramanujam & Venkatraman, 1986) describe
environment so as to acquire and use scarce financial performance as the central domain of
resources was characterized as performance. performance in strategic literature, one that is
subject of construct in most academic literature
(Adam, 1994) Considered organizational relevant to strategy and management. However, it
performance as significantly dependent on the is also stated that overall organizational
employees' performance quality. He argued that in effectiveness is a combination of both financial and
order to ensure a high-quality organizational operational performance which encompasses a
performance, firm employees on a regular basis broader understanding of business performance
need to renew and update their knowledge and literature. Research by (Ittner & Larcker, 1988) also
skills, which in return would help to face market emphasizes the importance of non-financial
dynamics and ultimately enhance the quality of measures of performance, such as customer
organizational performance. satisfaction, firm innovative capabilities, product
quality and employee satisfaction.
(Pan et al., 2018) In their paper investigated how
exploitative technological diversification (ETD) (Liu et al., 2018) In their paper evaluated the
enhances company performance and what factors relationship between firm performance and
may modify this connection. From 2003 to 2014, product market competition (PMC), and then
the sample comprises 1,569 Chinese listed firms examined the influence of corporate governance
and 7,555 observations. Patent data were obtained and/or state-ownership (SOEs) on the relationship
from the State Intellectual Property Office, between PMC and firm performance using Chinese
whereas financial information were obtained from listed firms. The authors investigate three product
the China Stock Market and Accounting Research market competition (PMC) drivers that influence
database. The hypotheses were tested using the the nature of competition and employed market
system generalised method of moments model. concentration, product substitutability, and market
According to the empirical findings, the linkage size as proxies for PMC. The authors had developed
between exploitative technological diversification a corporate governance index that assesses board
(ETD) and firm performance is inversely U-shaped. independence, supervisory board monitoring
Furthermore, this relationship is moderated strength over board of directors, and board of
negatively by environmental munificence, which directors monitoring strength over CEO. The
refers to the availability of resources in the authors examine a sample of 20,706 observations
environment in which the firm operates, and listed on the Chinese stock exchange between 2001
positively by environmental dynamism, which and 2016. The authors discovered an unexpected
refers to the extent of volatility and linkage that, higher PMC is related with lower firm
unpredictability in firms' external environments. performance. The authors also discovered that
(Lebas&Euske, 2011) provided a framework for
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excellent corporate governance policies mitigate the association between technological

the negative impact of increased PMC on business diversification and firm performance.
performance. The relationship between higher
PMC and lower performance is lesser for 3.0 METHODOLOGY
enterprises owned by SOEs than for non-SOEs.
An organized literature study was conducted to
(Elsayed &Elbardan, 2018)In their paper ascertain the relationship between an organizati
investigated whether executives salary has a on structure and its effect on firm performance.
greater influence influence on firm performance Systematic literature review employs a methodical
or firm performance has a greater influence on process to discover relevant works that should be
compensation. of executive salary The authors chosen and examined (Fiegen, 2010, 385–397).
employed data from a five-year period (2010-2014) Systematic literature review provides a framework
for Financial Times and Stock Exchange 350 for evaluating literary works in order to give
companies to jointly investigate, after accounting comments and promote enhanced research. It is
for endogeneity, the mutual connection of more focused towards defining research questions,
executive compensation and firm performance by finding pertinent articles and evaluating their
employing four control variables (board size, non- quality using a clear approach (Khan et al., 2003,
executive directors, leverage and boardroom 118–121). This strategy is usually considered
ownership). The findings revealed substantial suitable since it aids in identifying gaps in the
evidence that CEO remuneration has a stronger existing literature and provide guidance for further
effect on business firm performance than the pay- study. A thorough literature review supports
performance framework. quantitative, qualitative and mixed technique
research methodologies while ensuring impartiality
(Lee et al., 2017) In their paper intended to examine and openness in the study process (Senivongse et
the association between technological diversity al., 2017, 250-264).
and firm performance by considering the
contextual impacts of company size and financial 3.1 Selection of Articles
slack. The research sample comprises
manufacturing firms listed in S&P 500 index in Academic journals and databases were searched f
2008. Compustat and the US Patent and Trademark or literature relevant to the topic of this study.
Office provided data on the sample businesses' To begin, extensive research was undertaken, with
characteristics and patent information. The final a focus on scholarly journals known for offering in
sample size includes 168 firms from five major formation on "strategy" and "management."
industries: chemicals (11.24%), The use of these publications in research was cons
computers/telecommunications (24.85%), idered appropriate because the focus of this work
biotechnology/pharmaceuticals (16.57%), is to explore the impact of organizational structure
electronics (22.49%), machinery (7.10%), and other on performance, which is afrequently measured b
industries (17.75 per cent). The hypotheses were y some financial indicator. These journals were
investigated using hierarchical regression models, selected based on their Journal Citation Reports to
which revealed that firm size can positively assure the caliber of the study. With Q1 being the
influence the link between technological diversity highest-rated journals and Q4 indicating the
and firm performance, and so the positive lowest-rated journals in a given category, the
performance benefit of technological Journal Impact Factor provides a quartile rating
diversification is higher in larger firms. The study (Shehatta et al., 2022). There was no time
discovers that technology variety improves firm’s constraints on the search for comparable
performance. Firm size, financial slack, and publications and journals, and items from as far
business design are also found to positively modify back as the 1970s were included. A
comprehensive list of all 57 journals consulted
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 TECHNOINSIGHT • July-December • Volume 15 • Issue 2

throughout the research on this topic is provided from as far back as the 1970s were included. Table
in Table 1. 1 contains a complete list of all 57 journals that
were consulted while conducting this study.
The search for comparable books and periodicals
did not have a chronological limit, and materials

Academy of Management Journal Journal of Knowledge Management

Academy of Management Perspectives Journal of Management

Academy of Management Review Journal of Management Inquiry

California Management Review Journal of Management Studies

Asia Pacific Journal of Management Journal of Operations Management

British Journal of Management Journal of Organization Design

Business Strategy and the Environment Journal of Product Innovation Management

Corporate Governance: An International Review Journal of Service Management

Decision Sciences Journal of Small Business Management

European Management Journal Leadership

European Research on Management and Business Long Range Planning

Economics

Global Journal of Flexible Systems Management is Management and Organization Review

Global Strategy Journal Management Communication Quarterly

Harvard Business Review Management International Review

Human Relations Management Learning

Human Resource Management Management Science

ILR Review Manufacturing and Service Operations Management

Industrial Management and Data Systems Omega

Innovation Policy and the Economy Organization

International Journal of Human Resource Organization Science

Management

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International Journal of Management Reviews Organization Studies

International Journal of Operations and Production Organizational Research Methods

Management

International Journal of Production Research R and D Management

Journal of Destination Marketing and Management Research Policy

Journal of Economics and Management Strategy School Leadership and Management

Journal of Financial Economics Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal

Journal of International Business Studies Strategic Management Journal

Journal of International Management Strategic Organization

Tourism Management Strategy Science

(Table 1) List of Academic Journals Researched

(Table 2) Finalized Journals with number of articles selected from each (N=35)

Journal Articles Found

Management Decision 3

The International Journal of Logistics Management 4

Management Research Review 1

Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management 1

Business Process Management Journal 3

Organization Studies 1

Review of Managerial Science 1

Journal of Business Research 1

European Journal of Marketing 1

Career Development International 1

Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies 1

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Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing 3

Journal of product & Brand management 1

International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality 2

Management

Journal of Economic Studies 1

Management Accounting Research 1

Small Business Economics 1

Academy of Management Perspectives 1

The Journal of Risk and Insurance 1

MIR: Management International Review 1

The Bell Journal of Economics 1

Strategic Management Journal 1

International Journal of Production Economics 1

International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research 1

Organization Science 1

4.0 RESEARCH FINDINGS downloaded article. The articles necessary for

this research assignment were all downloaded.
The articles required for this research project Each item was carefully examined in order to
were all downloaded. Each item was carefully obtain vital information before being included to
scrutinized in order to gather crucial information, the list shown in Table 2. This list is intended to
and then it was added to the list displayed in eliminate mistakes while explaining the
Table 2.This list aims to reduce errors while processes towards repeatability and
outlining the steps for reproducibility and transparency. The coded data was loaded into an
openness. The coded data was entered into an Excel spreadsheet and organized into groups
Excel spreadsheet and divided into categories depending on critical components such as
based on crucial components like conceptual, conceptual, empirical, or review. The study
empirical, or review. The research nation, country, number of observations, business sector
number of observations, corporate sector or or industry, and performance dimension were
industry, and performance dimension were only only a few of the parameters utilized to
a few of the criteria used to categorize each characterize each downloaded article.

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4.1 Positive Effect:

Firm
Performanc
e more
strongly
influenced
227 small & financial & Ambidexterity - by
medium sized non- Exploitation exploitation
(Severgnini firms Performance financial and exploration orientation Positiv
et al., 2018) Measure systems through e
increasing
market
share

organizational empire, Federated

creativity - novelty kingdom, and Arrangeme
(Godart & & usefulness of Non- federated n t
Barkey, designs financial arrangement generates
2013) 293 firms Positiv
the most
e
creativity

Innovation - process Positive

innovation, product influence of
innovation, Specialization, four
organizational decentralizatio organizatio
. n,
innovation, and n al
marketing Formalization, structures
(Iranmanesh 212 medium &
et al., 2020) large sized firms innovation informal social on firm's
Non- & link innovative positiv
financial mechanism capabilities e

Process-
oriented
organizatio
(Kohlbacher 132 firms with 50+ profitability, financial & Process- n al
&Reijers, employees customer non- orientation structures
2013) satisfaction, financial significantly positiv
product quality improve e
firm

performanc
e

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 TECHNOINSIGHT • July-December • Volume 15 • Issue 2

4.2 Positive Effect: Performance is explanation for this higher performance.

positively influenced by the firm structure Additionally, there is strong shareholder scrutiny
of management, which encourages less
This research study included ten articles that information asymmetry. As a result, these
indicated that firms structure had a favorable businesses perform better overall thanks to
impact on firm performance. The first study in increased efficiency and free cash flow levels.
this domain was conducted by (Stank et al.,
1994), and the findings reveal that centralization Severgnini et al. (2018), asserted that
is closely related to reducing logistical costs, ambidexterity exhibited a direct impact on
hence enhancing firm performance when firm performance in software development
assessed by this variable. Centralization is also firms. More precisely, this study demonstrates
helpful for the integration of logistical systems. that exploitation has a higher impact on
The research findings validated three of the four firm performance. (Raisch et al., 2009),
hypotheses tested in this study. First, the findings ambidexterity is the capacity of an organization
show that a centralized organizational structure to be effective and in line with contemporary
facilitates the adoption of integrated logistics business expectations. Additionally, the present
systems. It is being proposed that centralization research took advantage of the "Performance
fosters greater efficiency within a firm. This is Measure Systems," according to which
due to the result of integration, enabling for performance is assessed using both financial and
more interaction and adaptability across the nonfinancial metrics.
many functional areas.
(Iranmanesh et al., 2020) demonstrated four
In the next study in this category,by (Chatzoglou types of organizational structures—
et al., 2018) 130 Greek firmss with more than 20 specialization, formalization, informal social
workers were examined and found that connections, and link mechanisms which have a
organizational structure has an indirect and direct and positive impact on firm's capacity for
accumulated impact on the firm's performance. innovation, while decentralization and
This is accomplished via enabling the company to centralization were found to have no bearing on
carry out its plan and develop its potential in performance indicators. Firm's ability to innovate
order to achieve various long-term goals. The in the fields of product, process, marketing, as
CEOs were asked to compare firm's performance well as organizational changes has
to competitors in terms of financial measures, significantly improved by specialization. By
including return on assets-ROA, sales growth, setting up norms and processes that enhance
profitability, liquidity, market share, number of firm capacities, formalization also enhances a
new products/services introduced in the market. company's capacity for innovation by directing
The result indicate that organizational structures employee behavior in the proper directions.
had a positive influence on firm performance as By enhancing collaboration between various de
measured through the aforementioned partments and facilitating idea and knowledge s
dimension. haring, this research also demonstrates that bot
h link mechanisms and informal social relations
(Limpaphyayom& Lai, 2003) examined the also improve firm innovation.
effects of different organizational structures on
firm performance in the context of Japanese (Nitzl et al., 2022) investigated how
Keiretsu organizations operating in the non-life organizational structures like formalization,
insurance market. It was discovered that centralization, and horizontal integration impact
Keiretsu and firm's profitability have a favorable the performance of big European companies.
and substantial link. The reduced agency conflicts Performance was evaluated using a value-based
found in such groups is one proposed management sophistication (VBM) metric that
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was non-financial in nature. The research strong shareholder supervision of management,

showed three types of organizational structures which encourages less information asymmetry.
including centralization, which was unexpected As a result, these businesses perform better
and had a beneficial effect on VBM ability. This overall thanks to increased efficiency and free
was due to management's improved ability to cash flow levels.
govern the strategic direction of the company
through centralization and steer personnel 4.2.2. Partial Effect: Performance is
toward accomplishing these objectives. partially influenced by the firm structure

(Pant et al., 2021) studied Indian manufacturing This category contained eighteen studies where
companies and evaluated their performance in the organizational structure had a small but
terms of supply chain complexity. The locational significant impact on the performance of the
properties of the supply chain, in this example organization. The variation in levels of
the separation between the headquarters and internationalization, the impact of organizational
key cities, were used to gauge its complexity. It structures only at certain stages, the mixed
was considered to incorporate this component impact of the various types of organizational
into account since geographic distances structures studied, or a combination of
contribute to the intangible supply chain organizational structures within the same firm
complexity that is indicated by communication that produced favorable results could all be
difficulties. The findings indicated that responsible for this partial influence.
manufacturing firms' organizational structures,
(Dedahanov et al., 2017) argued
as determined by their internal resources,
that centralization is linked to employees' less
considerably and favorably impact performance.
innovative behavior, which resulted in poor
(Junni et al., 2013) shown that in general, the performance. Here, the significance of creative
exploration and exploitation aspects of employee behavior is underlined since it is
organizational ambidexterity are positively described as essential to retaining a competitive
correlated with business success. However, the edge in the market. The decrease of employee
research also recognized the significance of independence and excessive dependence on
moderators with regard to organizational management for decision-making has been cited
structures and its performance. It was as one explanation for the decline in creativity
surprisingly found that high degrees of under a centrally organized system. It has been
exploitation and exploration, as opposed to proposed that organizational structure indirectly
balanced measures, were proved to produce the affects managerial behavior.
maximum level of performance. Additionally, it
(Dekoulou&Trivellas, 2017), firms with a
was shown that organizational ambidexterity
performs better in the service and technology centralized organizational structure appear to
industries than in manufacturing. have higher levels of managerial engagement,
resulting in lower levels of innovation and poor
(Limpaphayom& Lai, 2003) examined the effects performance compared to rivals in the sector
of different organizational forms on business with decentralized organizational structures.
performance in the context of Japanese Kiertsu Similar to the previous study, the subsequent
companies in the non-life insurance industry. The study by (Sabri, 2019) demonstrates that
profitability and performance were positively organizational structure also indirectly effects
and significantly correlated. The reduction of company performance by aiding in the
agency conflicts in these organizations has been enhancement of firm performance as
suggested as a potential explanation for this determined by supply chain fit. (Wang & Fang,
higher performance. Furthermore, there is 2012) entrepreneurial firms were studied in
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Taiwan to understand if network structures customer service. A loosely coupled company, on

positively impact the performance of a firm the other hand, has a shorter power distance and
measures through number of new patents greater levels of creativity and innovation. In this
registered. Network structures were shown to case, it is suggested to leverage supplier
have positive influence on the performance of a integration to enhance business performance.
firm but not in all cases. Environmental
uncertainty also plays a critical role in (CSASZAR, 2012) examined how organizational
determining firm success. (Meijaard et al., structure and firm performance
2005)suggested that some organizational are interrelated in the setting of financial
structures might be better suited to specific markets, particularly in the context of mutual
organization. Even tiny businesses were shown fund trading companies. Surprisingly non-
to have structural variety across sizes and financial performance metrics were utilized,
industries. M- shaped structures, for example, including the rate of new project acceptance,
have been proven to function effectively in the omission mistakes, and commission errors. The
financial services and industrial industries. latter two were chosen since greater rates for
Surprisingly, the study discovered that in order either can lower the degree of profit
for bigger sized organizations to be successful, maximization. Through a decrease in the total
decentralization, at least to some extent, is rate of both omission and commission mistakes
critical, while centralized structures limit as well as an increase in project acceptance rates,
company growth in this environment. it was discovered that decentralized enterprises
outperformed centralized ones in the
(Beamish et al. 1999)intended to ascertain if dimensions metrics.
internal organizational structures of Australian
export enterprises had any effect on the export (Ching-YickTse, 1991) examined American
performance. It was discovered that firms who restaurant industry organizational structure.
target the export market by developing Centralization, formalization, and specialization
specialized export units do significantly better were three types of organizational systems that
than those that do not. The degree of were examined. The study's findings revealed
globalization that export businesses were at also that, on average, formalization or specialization
affected their ability to succeed internationally. It worked better for businesses than centralization.
was discovered that having a specific The financial success of these businesses was
management structure that catered to export assessed using metrics such as the average
expansion assured development and improved a return on sales, average increase in unit sales,
firm's capacity for international competitiveness. and average return on assets. Additionally,
comparable findings were made when firm
(Chiang & Huang, 2021) described organizational performance was assessed using the average %
structure by using the phrases "tightly coupled" return on sales, indicating that in most instances,
and "loosely coupled." Findings of lower degrees of centralization combined with
suggested that, given a tightly coupled either a higher level of formalization or
organizational structure, improving business specialization produced the higher percentage
performance requires integrating customers. An return on sales.
organization that is tightly coupled has a
hierarchical structure, lower degrees of (Kim, 2007) examined 623 Korean and Japanese
individuality, and thus, lower levels of supply chain and logistics firms that were
innovation. Thus, it is suggested to leverage dispersed over a wide range of sectors to
customer integration in order to enhance determine the link between organizational
business performance through improved structures and company performance. Here,
mean sales and mean assets were used as
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financial performance measurements. The also enables businesses to recognize and seize
research came with a conclusion that enterprises possibilities, particularly for companies in the
were organized differently depending on their manufacturing and services sectors, which have
supply chain integration degree was intriguing. been similarly noted by other research.
Additionally, it was shown that overly high (Nandakumar et al., 2010) examined 569 UK-
degrees of formalization and centralization based companies in the electrical and
impeded supply chain integration between mechanical engineering sectors to see
suppliers and consumers. Higher levels of whether mechanistic or organistic
centralization additionally result in more organizational structures affected
effective management of internal supply chain performance, which was assessed by financial
integration, which can frequently have a positive dimension. Mechanistic organizational
effect on the performance of the company by
structures were found to be more beneficial
enhancing both interdepartmental coordination
for strong financial performance, particularly if
and harmony among the various supply chain
the business used either cost leadership or
functions carried out by the company.
differentiation tactics. Mechanistic structures
(Chaston, 1997) focused on investigating in this study were more centralized in
organizational structures that affect company character, where conformity to rules was
performance in the context of small businesses. valued, whereas organic structures were
Organizational structure and a marketing plan characterized as having higher degrees of
with an entrepreneurial flair are essential for decentralized decision making.
small businesses. The study discovered that small
businesses with conservative or mechanistic (Oltra et al., 2018) investigated 244 Spanish
organizational structures performed the worst technology-related businesses with at least
among the examined organizations, and that fifty workers and found that the relationship
performance for these businesses might be between OI(Open Innovation) practices and
improved by using an organic organizational firm performance is positively influenced by a
structure. Last but not least, it was shown that an high degree of decentralization in the
entrepreneurial approach, when combined with organizational structure and negatively
the appropriate organizational structure, has the influenced by a high degree of formalization in
biggest influence on a small business's the organizational structure.
performance. If this occurs, the firm can enter a
steady development phase. (Green Jr et al., 2005) evaluated 173 American
manufacturing companies and assessed
(Scheepers et al., 2014) comprehend financial performance in both financial and
entrepreneurial configurations of small firms non-financial categories. In general, they
operating in New Zealand . The impact of
discovered that centralization acts as an
organizational structures was examined in this
obstacle to a market orientation while
context. Data revealed that formalization
connection encourages it. It was discovered
structures had a greater favorable effect on
that formalization and departmentalization
early-stage businesses when they were
had no discernible effect on market
combined with higher degrees of entrepreneurial
orientation and generative strategy-making. orientation. Additionally, they discovered that
Furthermore, formalization promotes the while a market orientation encourages better
growth of management's competencies and corporate performance, it is unable to forecast
skills, which in turn promotes improved market share.
performance. Last but not least, formalization

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4.3 Partial Effect:

Article Researc h Performance Measure Organization Main Finding Structure-

Sample al Structure Performance
measure relationship

(Dedahanov 140 Innovation - New centralizatio centralization was associated Partial

et al., 2017) product development n with less innovative behavior
firms among employees
,

formalization
, integration

(Dekoulou& 163 Innovation performance Formalisatio Direct involvement and Partial

Trivellas, (Product innovation + n supervision of management
2017) Firms Process Innovation) & leads to lower levels of
Financial Performance , innovation
(profitability, sales decentralizat
volume, profit margin i on,
and return on specializatio
investment) n

(Sabri, 2 firms Supply chain Fit Centralizatio Organizational structure can Partial
2019) n & play a facilitative role in
with 10 formalization improving firm performance
subsidiarie
s

(Wang & 1510 Innovation (measured Network Network structures were Partial
Fang, 2012) by new patents) Structure shown to have positive
firms influence on the performance
of a firm but not in all cases

(Meijaard 1411 Sales growth, profit-to- centralization Different types of Partial

et al., 2005) sales, innovation organizational structures may
firms , be useful in different contexts
formalization,
matrix, M-
form, U-
form,
entrepreneuri
al, and
decentralizati

on

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(Beamish et 185 export revenue Specializatio organizational structures that support Partial
al., 1999) n specific departments dedicated to
medium export activities outperform those
+ large that treat exports as a domestic
sized firms activity

(Chiang & 818 customer service Tight Customer integration impacts tightly Partial
Huang, capabilities coupling & coupled organization while supplier
2021) mixed size Loose integration impacts loosely coupled
firms Coupling organization

(Walheiser 137 Product Centralizatio Low centralization promotes higher Partial

et al., 2021) Innovation n & innovation
Firms Formalizatio
n

(Pan et al., 330 Return on assets centralizatio Firm structure influences Partial
2019) n performance by impacting supply
firms chain complexity
,

formalization
, and
complexity

(Mahrous 120 planning horizon and Centralization Centralization influences Partial

&Genedy, planning flexibility firm performance in some
2018) large sized instances negatively
firms

(CSASZAR, 609 project acceptance Centralization Decentralized mutual funds Partial

2012) rates, omission errors & &decentraliza yeild better performance
firms commission errors ti on whilst centralized firms show
no impact on firm
performance

(Ching- 149 Return on assets, centralization Higher performing firms Partial

YickTse, average growth in unit were more formalized and
1991) firms sales & average return , specialized as compared to
on sales formalization centralized firms
&
specialization

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(Kim, 623 Mean Sales & Mean Formalization Organizational structure was Partial
2007) Assets found to be different at
firms , different levels of supply
(Korea: 244, chain integration
Centralization
Japan: 379) &heirarchial

(Chaston, 92 small Sales Performance Non- Different types of Partial

1997) sized firms entrepreneuri organizational structures
al/mechanisti influence small firm
c, Non- performance differently
entrepreneuri
al/organic,
Entrepreneuri
al/mechanisti
c
&Entreprene
uri

al/organic

(Scheeper 320 sales level and growth, Formalizatio Formalization enables higher Partial
s et al., gross and net profit, n performance levels due to
2014) Smallsized return of equity and increased efficiencies
firms investment & growth
prospects

(Nandaku 569 sales, profit, market Mechanistic Organizational structure acts Partial
mar et al., share, return on assets, & organistic as a moderator; mechanistic
2010) firms return on equity, return structure can positively
on sales, current ratio influence
financial performance

(Oltra et 244 profitability, growth, Formalisatio Decentralization has a positive Partial

al., 2018) market share, OI n influence on firm performance
firms with performance & whereas formalization
50+ innovation , influences performance
employe es negatively
decentraliza
ti on

(Green Jr 173 profitability, growth, Integration, Decentralization can predict partial

et al., market share & market formalizatio better market performance
2005) firms orientation n, whereas centralization is a
centralizatio
n barrier to better performance.

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decentraliza
ti on

4.3.3 No Effect: Performance is not

influenced by the firm structure.
(Qu et al., 2012) was carried out the study
on US hotel's and found that organizational
structure had no effect on brand image or
This category comprises 8 articles. There was no performance in other areas such as HR or IT
conclusive connection between a firm's strategy. Similarly, (Ingham, 1992) investigated
organizational structure and performance based the influence of unitary form and
to the publications that were examined. multidivisional form organizational structures on
company performance in the United Kingdom
(Pertusa-Ortega et al., 2010) examined how a and concluded that organizational structures
firm's organizational structure is affected directly exhibit very little impact on firm performance.
and indirectly on its performance. Since the firms
chosen for this article operate in a variety of The next article included in this category is by
industries, performance was judged subjectively. (Armour & Teece, 1978). This study reviewed the
Using six items, subjective measurements are performance of petroleum firms in a 19 year time
contrasted with financial measurements. On a period, starting 1955 until 1973. 5 organizational
given seven-point scale, the respondent was structures were studied, including M-Form, F-
asked to assess how well the company Form (including FS-form), C-Form, H-Form, CH
performed in comparison to its rivals. According combination form and T-form structures. The
to the study's findings, a firm's competitive results show that any difference in performance
tactics, which are made clear through its product of petroleum firms organized according to
and service offerings, are more important in different structures does not persist over time.
determining how well it performs than its However,
organizational structure.
most large firms studied in this analysis show
that they were organized with an M-form
structure and most small firms had an f-form
(Hankinson, 1999) sought to determine whether structure.
a firm's organizational structure assisted in
establishing a healthycompetition. There is no
statistically significant correlation between an
organization's structure and its performance, Lastly, the article by (Siggelkow & Levinthal,
that is assessed by brand success, according to a 2003) show that while in the short run,
research of the top 100 global brands. It was decentralization yielded greater benefits, in the
discovered that organizations with horizontal or long-run there were no significant performance
flatter structures are more prevalent in the differences between firms that used
consumer products industry, whereas those with centralization or decentralization as there was
hierarchically organized organizations are more performance convergence. Decentralization may
prevalent in the consumer service industry. be more beneficial in the short run as it allows for

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 TECHNOINSIGHT • July-December • Volume 15 • Issue 2

more flexibility but in the long-run, performances simulation software to determine firm
were similar to firms that were not decentralized. performance rather than using actual data from
This study is unique from the others as it used a real firms

4.4 No Effect

Article Research Performance Organizational Main Finding Structure- Performance

Sample Measure Structure relationship
measure

(Pertusa- 164 - Large Total Costs, centralization, Organizational No Effect

Ortega et firms with market formalization, structure has no
al., 2010) 250+ workers differentiation and direct impact on a
decentralizatio firm's performance
, innovation, n
sales growth,
market share
growth, cash
flow, profits
before taxes &
return on

investments

(Hankinson, 100 Firms Brand Success hierarchically Overall, No Effect

1999) organised, organizational
horizontal, structure has no
matrix significant impact
on the success of a

Brand

(Qu et al., 317 Firms Brand Image, Mechanistic & International No Effect
2012) Human resource organic Journal of
and Information Contemporary
Technology Hospitality
Management

(Ingham, Firm Profitability U-Form & M- Organizational No Effect

1992) Form structures were
not shown to have
an impact on firm

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(Weir, 1995) 68 large & Return on Capital U-Form, M- Organizational No Effect

Medium Employed Form, H- Form, structures don’t
Sized firms X-Form directly result in
the improvement
of firm

(Armour & 28 firms After tax profits M-form, H- Impact of No Effect

Teece, form, CH- form, organizational
1978) T-form, F-form structure is not
& C-form permanent

(Siggelkow profitability Centralization Decentralizatio n No Effect

& yields temporary
& Levinthal, decentralizatio benefits,
2003) n centralization
works in the long-
run

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5.0 THEORETICAL IMPLICATIONS

(Dedahanov et al., 2017) found that high degrees of
centralization had a detrimental impact on
The primary goal of the article aimed to conduct a firm performance as assessed by innovation and new
systematic literature review in order to examine the product development because of a loss in decision-
influence of a firm's organizational structure on its making autonomy offered to employees at various
performance. A study on 37 research papers was levels of the hierarchy. It was also stated that, as
conducted for this aim in order to gain an overview of opposed to any direct influence, an organizational
the present level of knowledge on this issue. structure influences managerial conduct, which in turn
Organizational structures were established in many influences business performance.
ways, and performance was measured in a variety of
ways. However, present research in this topic is (Wang & Fang, 2012) proposed that enterprises that
restricted since there are few studies that aim to arrange themselves in a network structure operate
discover a relationship between how a corporation better, as indicated by the number of new patents
organizes, communicates, and manages itself internally registered; however, it may be impacted by
and the influence of this internal process on environmental unpredictability. It additionally
performance, as evaluated by financial or non-financial claimed that there is no "one size fits all" strategy, and
measures. that alternative organizational structures may be
better suited to certain sectors (Meijaard et al., 2005).
This research contained a review of research studies M-form structures may have a good impact on the
that investigated firms in a wide range of sectors and performance of a financial services organization, and
industries ranging across many nations and continents. larger firms may allow for some decentralization in
Ten of the 35 articles reviewed indicated that order to demonstrate strong economic performance.
organizational structures influence firm performance Decentralized enterprises may also encourage
directly and significantly, eighteen indicated that improved financial sector performance (Csaszar, 2012)
organizational structures influence firm performance by improving cost efficiency and reducing mistakes
partially, and seven indicated that there is no direct link produced throughout the business process.
between an organization's structure and its
performance. (Chaston, 1997) argued that organizational structures
must change depending on the size of the firm and that
(Stank et al., 1994) observed that centralization, as a complementary marketing strategy is essential to
characterized by rigorous management control over affect firm performance; organizational structures may
the decision-making process, might assist a firm in increase firm performance but not in isolation.
reducing its costs and thereby contributing to improved
performance. Centralization is an another way to (Pertusa-Ortega et al., 2010) proposed that, rather than
improve organizational efficiency. Furthermore, organizational structure, a business's competitive
businesses that are in sync with the needs of the tactics have a role in determining corporate
contemporary business environment, such as performance. The author showed that organizational
ambidextrous enterprises, are more likely to structures ehibit no influence on firm performance,
demonstrate outstanding performance. It has been when measured through either financial or non-
discovered in some industries, such as the fashion financial terms.
industry, that a combination of organizational
In contrast to the previous study, (Weir, 1995) found
structures delivers superior performance since it
that organizational structures varied according on
enables both control and flexibility to coexist.
business size. (Armour & Teece, 1978) discovered that
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organizational structure fails to clarify variations in was decentralized. Furthermore, this study
long-term financial performance of organizations, and incorporates articles that are not biased towards
that any short-term differences are just transient and geographic borders. Firms constitute a product of their
do not persist over time. economies because the regulatory environment may
have a significant impact on how a business arranges
There is clearly a lack of agreement on the real itself inside (Adomako & Danso, 2014). As a result,
influence of an organization's structure on studies examining enterprises in drastically different
performance. The findings are inconsistent, with some economies may be incomparable. A few ideas for
research establishing a positive association while future study directions can be made. For instance, a
others finding no evidence of organizational structure greater number of articles analyzed may improve the
having any impact, positive or negative, on company overall quality of study. This may extend the scope of
performance. As a result, the character of this review is the investigation and aid in reaching a definite decision.
inconclusive, making it impossible to determine a Furthermore, including a greater number of articles in
theoretical consequence. According to the conclusions future study may aid in determining whether or not a
of this study, given the present level of research, it is statistically significant link exists between the firm's
impossible to say whether organizational structure structure and performance. To preserve consistency,
impacts company performance or not. Due to the another approach is to examine articles using either
mixed character of research, which includes numerous financial or non-financial performance indicators.
contradictory findings, arriving at generalizations
becomes a difficult endeavor. 6.0 CONCLUSION

5.0 LIMITATIONS AND FUTURE RESEARCH This paper conducted a literature review to examine
DIRECTIONS the effect of a firm's organizational structure on its
performance. Multiple measurements were used to
The findings of this study indicate further investigation determine organizational structure, and business
in this area is needed to figure out the real degree to success was assessed utilizing both objective items
which an organization's structure influences its such as financial performance and subjective things
performance. There are certain limitations to this paper such as perceptions and inventive capacities. A
that should be noted. To begin, the relatively modest thorough literature analysis of 35 studies was
review size (n=35) of this work may offer an issue, since conducted, including articles that investigated
a greater number of review papers may aid in businesses from diverse nations and industries. This
establishing a relationship or reaching a conclusive study found no convincing link between a firm's
conclusion. Another disadvantage of this study is the structure and its success. Theoretical implications
lack of homogeneity in the performance parameters were drawn, and a plan of action was put forward for
examined. the future.

Another drawback of this review is that in addition to 7.0 REFERENCES

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Performance appraisal of executive at Orissa mining corporation Ltd. Bhubaneswar. Odisha

1
Swati Swetalin Martha, 1Rajaswini Mishra, 1Sushil Kumar Pradhan, 1BKN Satapaty, 1Bhakta Charan Jena,
2
Sonali Lenka
1
Asst. Prof. Department of MBA, GITAM
2
Student Department of MBA, GITAM

Abstract - Progress is a continuous process. It is relative and absolute. We cannot stop at a certain destination and
declare that target has been achieved. The summer training program is to give the future manager a feel of the
corporate happening and work culture. These real life situations are entirely different from the stimulated exercise
enacted in an artificial environment inside the classroom and it is precisely because of this reason that the summer
training program is designed. The summer training is a bridge between the institution and the organization. The
summer training program helps to understand how theoretical knowledge will be applied in practical field. I was
privileged enough to join on 20th May 2014 as a summer trainee in Orissa Mining Corporation Ltd Bhubaneswar.
Orissa Mining Corporation. Ltd is one of the largest industrial entities in India. OMC.Ltd is also known not only
for its profession management but also for its enlightened and progressive approach towards employee welfare and
betterment of society. Thanks to my Faculty guide and my company mentor for giving me an opportunity to
implement my theoretical knowledge in practical aspect.
INTRODUCTION

The role of Human resource management has been making correct and objective decisions on
evolving dramatically in recent times. The days of employees.”Performance appraisal is a process that
personal department performing clerical duties such involves determining and communication to an
as record keeping, paper publishing and file employee how he or she is performing the job and
maintenance are over.HR is increasingly receiving ideally establishing a plan of improvement .It is
attention as a partner, assuming stunningly different otherwise known as performance rating, employee
for reaching transformational roles and assessment, employee performance review
responsibilities. Taking the strategic approach to personal appraisal, merit rating etc It is linked to job
human research management involves making the analysis. Job analysis states out requirements which
function of managing human assets the most are translated in to performance standards, which in
important priority in the organizations and turn form the basis for performance appraisal.
integrating all human resources policies and Orissa Mining Corporation ltd. has been functioning
programmers the frame work of a company from 1956.every year OMC Ltd. prepares its financial
strategy. statement. The financial statement generally refers
to the balance sheet. And profit and loss account.
Performance Appraisal is one of the best The information provided in the financial statement
instrument through which HRM satisfies its is used in decision making through the analyses and
objective. According to Wendell French, interpretation of financial statement so analyses of
performance appraisal is, “the formal and financial statement is very essential. This project
systematic assessment of how well employees are report is done to the financial statement analysis of
performing their jobs in relation to established OMC Ltd. Human resource management (HRM)
standards, and the communication of that practices are generally expected to stimulate a firm's
assessment to employees. “According to Dale Yoder, innovation performance.
performance appraisal includes all formal
procedures used to evaluate personalities and The scope of HRM is indeed vast. All major activities
contributions and potentials of group members in a in the working life of a worker from the time of his
working organisation.It is a continuous process to or her entry into an organization until he or she
secure information necessary for leaves the organization comes under the preview of
HRM.

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The major HRM activities include HR planning, job 1. You think that performance appraisal system is
analysis, job design, employee hiring, employee and necessary in organization.
executive remuneration, employee motivation,
employee maintenance, industrial relations and Question Respondents Percentages%
prospects of HRM. No- 1
The scope of Human Resources Management
Strongly 32 53%
extends to:
Agree
• All the decisions, strategies, factors,
Agree 24 40%
principles, operations, practices, functions,
activities and methods related to the Neither Nor 0 0%
management of people as employees in any
type of organization. Disagree 0 0%
• All the dimensions related to people in their
employment relationships and all the Strongly 4 7%
dynamics that flow from it. Disagree

Human Resource Management is not just limited to

manage and optimally exploit human intellect. It
also focuses on managing physical and emotional 7% Strongly Agree Agree
capital of employees. Considering the intricacies
0% Neither Nor Disagree
involved, the scope of HRM is widening with every
0% Strongly Disagree
passing day. It covers but is not limited to HR 40% 53%
planning, hiring (recruitment and selection), training
and development, payroll management, rewards
and recognitions, Industrial relations, grievance
handling, legal procedures etc. In other words, we
can say that it’s about developing and managing
2. You are satisfied with the existing
harmonious relationships at workplace and striking
performance appraisal system.
a balance between organizational goals and
individual goals.

OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY:

1. To know the present appraisal practice Question No- 2 Respondents Percentages%

adopted in the organization.
2. To examine the necessities for changes in Strongly Satisfied 28 54%
the existing pattern of performance
appraisal. Satisfied 20 38%
3. To recommended necessary changes or
modification for making the appraisal Neither Nor 0 0%
system more objective.
METHODOLOGY: Dissatisfied 8 0%

I have developed a questionnaire in consultation Strongly dissatisfied 4 8%

with my guide consisting of about 12 questions. The
questionnaire has been given to about 60 executives
of OMC Ltd at Bhubaneswar and the opinion has Figure – 2
been collected. The data analyses are as under

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 TECHNOINSIGHT • July-December • Volume 15 • Issue 2
appraisal is helpful in reducing relevance among
Strongly Agree Agree
the employee, 20% employee are stay neutral and
Neither Nor Disagree 7% employees are disagree with that.
Strongly Disagree

27% 13%
4. You think that the performance appraisal is
27%
20% helpful in improving the personal skill.

13%

Question No- 4 Respondents Percentages%

Strongly Agree 32 53%

In the above diagram 54% of the employees
strongly satisfied and 38% employees are satisfied Agree 12 20%
with their existing performance appraisal system,
where 8% employees are strongly dissatisfied with Neither Nor 12 20%
the system.
Disagree 4 7%

Strongly Disagree 0 0%
3. You think that the performance appraisal is
helpful in reducing relevance among the employee.
Figure- 4

Question No- 3 Respondents Percentages%

Strongly Agree 24 40%

Agree 20 33%

Neither Nor 12 20%

Disagree 4 7%

Strongly Disagree 0 0%

Figure- 3
In the above diagram 53% of the employee are
strongly agree and 20% agree that performance
appraisal is helpful in reducing relevance among
the employee and 20% are in neutral where 7%
employees are disagree with it.

5. You think that the performance appraisal system

helps to identify the strength and weakness of the
employee.
Above diagram 40% of employee strongly agree
and 33% employee are agree with performance

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 TECHNOINSIGHT • July-December • Volume 15 • Issue 2
Question No- 5 Respondents Percentages%

Strongly Agree 16 47% Figure-6

Agree 12 20%

Neither Nor 8 13%

Strongly Agree Agree
Disagree 20 33% Neither Nor Disagree
Strongly Disagree
Strongly Disagree 4 7%
7% 0% 33%
20%

Figure-5 40%

Above diagram 33% employees are strongly agree

and 40% employees are agree that the
performance rating is helpful for management to
provide counseling, 20% employees are neutral and
7% employees are disagree.

7. You think that promotion should be purely

based on performance appraisal.
In the above diagram 27% employee are strongly
agree and 20% agree with it that the performance
appraisal system helps to identify the strength and Question No- 7 Respondents Percentages%
weakness of the employee, where as 13% neither
agree nor disagree and 33% employees and 7% Strongly Agree 16 27%
employees are disagree and strongly disagree .
Agree 24 40%
6. You think that the performance rating is
Neither Nor 12 20%
helpful for management to provide counseling.
Disagree 8 13%

Strongly Disagree 0 0%
Question No- 6 Respondents Percentages%

Strongly Agree 20 33%

Agree 24 40%
Figure- 7
Neither Nor 12 20%

Disagree 4 7%

Strongly Disagree 0 0%
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 TECHNOINSIGHT • July-December • Volume 15 • Issue 2

In the above diagram 60% employees are strongly

agree and 27% employees are agree that pay
fixation should be as per performance rating but
In the above diagram 27% employees are strongly 13% employees are neither agree nor disagree.
agree and 40% employee are agree with that
promotion should be purely based on performance
appraisal,20% employees are neither agree nor
disagree and 13% employees are disagree with it. 9. You think that performance appraisal
increases employee’s motivation and morale.

Question No- 9 Respondents Percentages%

8. You think that pay fixation should be as per
performance rating. Strongly Agree 24 40%

Question No- 8 Respondents Percentages% Agree 16 27%

Strongly Agree 36 60% Neither Nor 8 13%

Agree 16 27% Disagree 8 13%

Neither Nor 8 13% Strongly Disagree 4 7%

Disagree 0 0%

Strongly Disagree 0 0%
Figure-9

Figure-8

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Above diagram 40% employees are strongly agree
and 27% employees are agree that performance
appraisal increases employee’s motivation and 11. You think that the performance should
morale ,but 13% employees are in neutral and 13% assessed by superior.
employees are disagree and 7% employees are
strongly disagree.
Question No- 11 Respondents Percentages%

Strongly Agree 24 40%

Agree 16 26%
10. You think that the performance should
assessed by self. Neither Nor 12 20%

Disagree 4 7%

Question No- 10 Respondents Percentages% Strongly Disagree 4 7%

Strongly Agree 16 27%

Agree 8 13% Figure-11

Neither Nor 16 27%

Disagree 12 20%

Strongly Disagree 8 13%

Figure- 10

Above diagram 40% employees are strongly agree

and 26% employees are agree that the
performance should assessed by superior but 20%
employees are neither agree nor disagree and 7%
employees are disagree another 7% employees are
strongly disagree in it.

Above diagram 27% employees are strongly agree 12. You think that the performance should
and 13% employees are agree that the assessed by Independent bodies/Consultants.
performance should assessed by self, and 27%
employees are neutral .20% employees are
disagree and 13% employees are strongly disagree Question No- 12 Respondents Percentages%
with it.
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 TECHNOINSIGHT • July-December • Volume 15 • Issue 2
Strongly Agree 8 13% identification of hidden potential of the
employees.
Agree 16 27% 5. Performance Appraisal helps to achieve the
goals of the organization.
Neither Nor 8 13% 6. Performance Appraisal helps to identify the
training need.
Disagree 12 20% 7. It is also found that performance appraisal
is linked with promotion.
Strongly Disagree 16 27% 8. It is also found that the performance
appraisal does not help in increasing the
salary or any other incentives.
9. It is also found that the feedback is given
Figure-12
only when it is required.
10. Generally people agree that performance
appraisal helps to motivate employees.
11. Performance Appraisal helps in polishing
the skills of employee.
12. A jealousy is one of the obstacles.
13. Performance Appraisal also helps to create
good communication between appraisers
and appraise.
14. Generally people are satisfied with the
evaluation system made in organization.
15. Performance Appraisal process helps to
improve the performance of the
employees.
16. Most of the employees said that if they
want to review the current performance
In the above diagram 13% employees are strongly appraisal system.
agree and 27% employees are agree that that the
performance should assessed by Independent REFERENCE:
bodies/Consultants, 13% employees are neutral but
20% disagree and 27% are strongly disagree in it. [1] Kothari C.R., “Research Methodology” New Age
International (P) Ltd, Publishers 7th edition 2009.

FINDINGS: [2] Suba Rao P., “Human Resource Management and

Industrial Relations” Himalaya Publishing House,
1. From the survey at OMC Ltd.Bhubaneswer I Mumbai, 3rd edition 2008.
have collected some data regarding
performance appraisal that it is done on [3] Dessler Gray, “Human Resource Management”
annually basis. PHI, New Delhi, 11th edition 2008.
2. It is also found that employees are generally
appraised by their immediate supervisors. [4] Rao V.S.P, “Human Resources Management text
3. Performance Appraisal is necessary for the and cases “Excel Books”, New Delhi, 2nd edition
employees. 2005.
4. From above data it is found that the
Performance Appraisal leads to [5] Company’s Manuals of OMC Ltd Web Portals
Visited:www.orissamining.com.

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 TECHNOINSIGHT • July-December • Volume 15 • Issue 2
Understanding the Impact of the Dark Web on Society: A Systematic Literature
Review

1Sushil Kumar Pradhan; 1B.K.N Satapathy, 2Dayal Krushna Sahoo

1
Assistant Professor, MBA, Gandhi Institute of Technology & Management, Bhubaneswar

2
StudentGandhi Institute of Technology & Management, Bhubaneswar

Abstract
The dark web is considered an expansion of the deep web, intentionally hidden from the surface web. It can
only be accessed with a particular group of browsers that allow the user to stay anonymous while navigating the
dark web. With the untraceable hidden layer of the Internet and theanonymity of the users associated with the
dark web, several impressive cybercrimes have been reported. This paper aims to examine the impact of the
dark web on society. The article systematically reviews relevant academic literature and books to understand
how the dark web works and its societal effects. The study has found that the dark web is an enabler of several
cybercrimes. Moreover, while governments and regulatory authorities have introduced strategic detection
techniques on the dark web, cybercriminals are adaptive towards the strategies and, giventime, will usually find
ways to bypass such detection techniques. It is recommended that the regulatory authorities and cyber threat
intelligence periodically review the detection techniques foreffective monitoring. Furthermore, security agencies
or forensic analysts should ensure that they are updated with the latest scientific knowledge on the safe
management of the dark web by undertakingmore training in cyber security. There is also a need for further
research to focus on awareness campaigns about the dangers of the dark web.

Keywords: Cybercrime, Dark Web, Internet, Tor, Society.

identity (Broséus, Rhumorbarbe, Mireault, Ouellette,
Crispino & Décary-Hétu, 2016; Jardine, 2018).
Introduction
According to Hayes et al2018, p. 1), “Tor is free
The Internet has three levels: the surface web, the
software and an open network that helps you defend
deep web, and the dark web (Figure 1). The surface
against traffic analysis, a form of network surveillance
web is the most well-known portion of the
that threatens personal freedom and privacy,
Internet, indexed in standard web browsers and confidential business activities and relationships, and
readily available to the general public (Gupta, state security.”Because of the effect of these crimes
Maynard & Ahmad, 2019; Odendaal, Hattingh & on individuals, governments, and business owners,
Eybers, 2019). The deep and dark web is the unindexed efforts are taken by cyber threat intelligence to make
Internet portions inaccessible to a standard search cybersecurity a top priority to guide against malicious
engine (ibid). The deep and dark web holds activities emanating from the dark web. However,
approximately 96% of the Internet (Upulie & while measures have been taken by cyber threat
Prasanga, 2021). According to Hayes, Cappa and intelligence to monitor the hidden services on the dark
Cardon (2018),the dark web is a subset of the deep web, the criminalactivities performed on this site are
web that can only be accessed using a unique tool such still on the increase. Scholz (2016) attributed the
as garlic, tunnel, or onion routing (Tor). Tor browser success of the dark web to its protection of users’
is the most widely used network, which is user- privacy, which is essential to both privacy-conscious
friendly and protects users' anonymity, especially for citizens and criminals. According to Nazah et al.
individuals seeking to overcome censorship (Aceto & (2020), security agencies are yet to find a wayto track
Pescapé, 2015; Gupta et al., 2019). In addition, Tor cybercrimes on the dark web without infringing on
ensures individual privacy, including for criminals people’s rights to privacy. This makes the dark web
who seek to obfuscate their powerful enough to harbor illegitimate malicious
activities performed on this site, consequently
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 TECHNOINSIGHT • July-December • Volume 15 • Issue 2
increasing cybercrimes. Hence, it is essential to (SLR), which include planning, conducting, and
investigate the effect ofthe dark web and its role in reporting the review. These guidelines were
promoting cybercrime. With this investigation, the followed in answering the study questions and
study will be able to provide recommendations on how developing the review procedure (Figure 2). In the
to curb the security concerns associated with the dark first phase (i.e., planning), the research questions
web. Thus, the research study systematically reviewed were identified, and the need for the study was
relevant academic literature and books to understand established. In the second phase (i.e., conducting
the dark web.associated with the dark web be the review), as indicated in Figure 2, the search
addressed? strategy was done by accessing several search
indices such as EBSCO, Google Scholar, and
Scopus to identify relevant articles covering topics
Internet
such as dark web, Tor and cybercrime, to name a
few. The papers extracted were recent ones that
D
e
were published before September 2022.
Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
Dark web The selection process, which is also part of
the second phase (conducting the review) as
(Invisible IP, indicated in Figure 2, was based on the subject
area of our search, and it was limited to disciplines
such as computer science, information systems,
ICT, and multidisciplinary.
Source: Authors’ own
Figure 1: The Surface, Deep, and Dark Those that did not meet the criteria were excluded.
Web (Odendaal et al., 2019) Likewise, articles such as editorials, abstracts, and
comments that were not original research were
The paper is structured as follows. Section 2
discusses the research methodology employedfor excluded (refer to Figure 3), andthose not written in
the study. Section 3 presents the findings of this English. Proceedings, which yielded 314 papers. At
study as it relates to the research questions.Section stage 2, paperswere excluded based on title and
4 provides an in-depth discussion of the results keywords, which produced 144 papers. Also, at stage 3,
based on the evidence presented in Section 3, thus paperswere excluded based on abstracts, prefaces,
expanding the frontiers of knowledge on the non-English comments, and editorials, which yielded
impact of the dark web on society. 103 papers. In stage 4, each of the 103 papers was
Materials and Methods
read entirely through, and 67 paperswere obtained
The researchers conducted a systematic
desktop review of the effect of the dark web and and used.
its role in promoting cybercrime. A systematic The
review uses systematic methods to collect, RQ1. What n
analyze, and interpret secondary data accordingly is the
Id
(Eichler & Schwarz, 2019). Systematic reviews impac
e
are characterized by a methodical and replicable
analytical approach synthesizing data directly Searc
related to the systematic review question (Mallett, Searchin
Hagen-Zanker, Slater & Duvendack, 2012). This EBS
g for CO, Taylor
process was preferred because it allowed the
researchers to collect and summarize current
evidence concerning the dark web. It was then Selecti
analyzed and used to inform how securityagencies Selection
Inclu Disci
could further govern the dark web to secure of articles
sion/ plin
society. According to Stapic, López, Cabot, de basedon
Marcos Ortega and Strahonja (2012), there are Remov
D Us Filt
guidelines for a systematic literature review al of
at ea er
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Docu Con
ment
 TECHNOINSIGHT • July-December • Volume 15 • Issue 2

Selec
Stag
tion
of Total =

Paper
Stag
s
Total =
Paper
Stag
s
exclu Total =

Stag Obtain
ed
Total =
Figure 3: Stages of Selection

Figure 4 presents the distribution of the reviewed

research papers by year. It shows the number of Results
papers on the phenomenon of the dark web over the This section presents a detailed explanation of the
past few years. A significant number of articles (44 data extracted from the reviewed research papers (the
out of 67), representing 65.64%, were published presentation of the findings represents the third phase of
between 2017 and 2022. A further 34.39% were SLR methodology, as indicated in Figure 2). It
published between 2016 and 2012. As shown in synthesizes the literature by putting forward different
Figure 4, 2017 has thehighest report of the dark web, situational contexts and discussing the impact of the dark
mainly devoted to cybercrime, ranging from human web on society and how the security concerns associated
traffickingto terrorism. From the year 2018 to 2019, with it can be addressed. Table 2 presents the mapping
there was a slight decrease in reports. However, in of each reviewed paper as it relates to significant
2020, there was a rise in reports, but it slightly applications of the dark web. Table 3 presents the
declined in 2021. In 2022, there is a gradual increase mapping of cybercrimeactivities conducted on the dark
in reports of the dark web. With this gradual increase, web, and Table 4 shows the mapping of techniques to
it is essential to investigate the dark web's effect on address the security concerns associated with the dark
society and its role in promoting cybercrime. web. Recommendations are provided on how security
Data Extraction and Synthesis agencies could further govern the dark web to secure
Two independent researchers were consulted to society.
extract data from the selected research papers based
Major Applications of the Dark Web
on the criteria given, as follows:
The anonymity features of the dark web open it up to
- Does the paper address the dark web legitimate and illegitimate uses. Communicating
phenomenon and its impact on society?
anonymously or using pseudonyms allows people to
- Does the paper discuss how the security express themselves withlittle to no boundaries (Upulie &
concerns associated with the dark web can be Prasanga, 2021). Gupta et al. (2019) have identified the
addressed? significant applications of the dark web, including
The data extracted by the two researchers were recruitment, anonymous marketplace (illegal content),
compared, and their mismatches were discussed and cybercrime, illegal financial services, and cyber threat
resolved through mutual consensus. Mallett et al. intelligence, as indicated below:
(2012) state that “disparities instudies such as this can (i) Anonymous Marketplace: Anonymous
be minimized by mutual agreement among the online markets, which can also be described as “dark
researchers involved in the study who review their web marketplaces”, have emerged, making it quite
codes to ensure their consistency and relevance.” The difficult for law enforcement to identify buyers and
data were then synthesized using the core themes
sellers (Christin, 2013; Vyas, Vyas, Chauhan, Rawat,
identified. Thematic synopsis was crucial in
Telang & Gottumukkala, 2022). These anonymous
examining the dark web phenomenon and its impact
online markets, such as Silk Road, the Armory, Black
on society.
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Market Reloaded, or the General Store, often specialize This surveillance could include performing sting
in “black market” goods, which include illicit drugs, operations where a person is caught undercover or
pornography, stolen identities, stolen credit card maintaining anonymous tip lines. Anti-virus and other
details, or narcotics (Ablon, Libicki & Golay, 2014; security organizations protect their users from malware
Christin, 2013; Gupta et al., 2019; Rhumorbarbe, based on signatures derived from past attacks (Gupta et
Werner, Gilliéron, Staehli, Broséus & Rossy, 2018). al., 2019; Samtani Chinn, R., Chen, H. & Nunamaker,
According to Christin (2013), as cited by Gupta et al. 2017). Likewise, some individuals protect their systems
(2019, using an intrusion defense system/intrusion protection
p. 5), “Silk Road was one of the first major system (IDS/IPS). In addition, Information Security Risk
anonymous online markets reaching sales of over Management (ISRM) has integrated a more proactive
USD 1.2 million per month. approach to security, and it includes Situation Awareness
(ii) Recruitment: The dark web allows for (SA) (Gupta et al., 2019; Webb, Ahmad, Maynard &
anonymous communication, including recruitment Shanks, 2014). This SA enables data collection and
(Gupta et al., 2019; Weimann, 2016). Terrorists or processing, which can help manage security (Webbet al.,
Cybercriminals and Organized Crime Groups (OCG) 2014).
can conduct recruitment and training, spread their In summary, this section presented an insight into the
ideology, fundraise, advertise, and form five major applications of the dark web from the selected
communities without concern for a local leader or articles. More importantly, identifying these major
geographical separation applications enables
(Brynielsson, Horndahl, Johansson, Kaati, this study to quickly investigate the impact of the dark
Mårtenson & Svenson, 2013; Gupta et al., 2019; web on society and the possible solutionsto address security
Scanlon & Gerber, 2014). People are recruited on the concerns. The five significant applications have been
dark web to complete tasks that facilitate online summarized in Table2 as follows:
crimes. According to Gupta et al. (2019, p. 5), “Due
to the extensive use of dark web forums for such The Impact of the Dark Web on Society (RQ1)
purposes, they have been the target for various forms There are different arguments about the societal
of monitoring ranging from manual observation to impacts of the dark web (Jardine, 2018; Kaur & Randhawa,
crawling combined with natural language processing 2020). Some have argued that the dark web ensures
techniques for automated threat intelligence and individual privacy, which is essential to privacy-conscious
various other insights.” citizens and could be considered a positive benefit
(iii) Cybercrime: Cybercriminals benefit from (Odendaal et al., 2019; Samtani et al., 2017). Others
believe the privacy and anonymity provided by the dark
the dark web's anonymous features to commit a
web is an avenue for illegal activities, which can be
malicious crime. For example, ransomware that
considered a negativeconsequence (Odendaal et al., 2019;
requires the hacker's skill to implement can now be
Weimann, 2016). According to Mador (2021, p. 6), “much
bought and deployed through the dark web (Ablon of the dark web is devoted to cybercrime, from sharing
et al., 2014; Gupta et al., 2019; Topor, 2019). techniques and tools to selling stolen data and credentials.”
Likewise, DDoS attacks requiring several Kaur and Randhawa (2020) state that the dark web is a
collaborators' input have been made simple by hiring marketplace for criminals as the dark web generates
a botnet to implement a DDoS as a Service (DDoSaaS) $500,000 per day. In addition, people hire hackers from the
on a given network (Chawki, 2022). The dark web dark web to break into university systems and change
motivates young hackers to get involved and earn grades (Kaur & Randhawa, 2020). This has impacted
money (Kaur & Randhawa, 2020; Topor, 2019). Other society negatively as most criminals rely on the dark web
forms of cybercrimes carried out on the dark web to perpetrate crimes, ranging from illegal drugs to stolen
include money laundering (Bryans, 2014), contract passwords and data (Odendaal et al., 2019). Dealing with
murder/kidnapping (Taleby Ahvanooey, Zhu, malware is another prominent fraudulent activity on the
Mazurczyk, Kilger & Choo, 2022), drug trafficking dark web. It is used in large-scale databreaches to obtain
(Bertola, 2020), and human trafficking (Kaur & unencrypted financial details (Weimann, 2016). This
implies that the effectof the dark web on society is a rise
Randhawa, 2020).
in cybercrime activities. This study identified eight
(iv) Cyberthreat Intelligence: Law enforcement
majocybercrime activities on the dark web, which helps to
agencies regularly monitor dark web activities, including answer RQ1. These cybercrimes includedrug trafficking,
cybercrime (Basheer & Alkhatib, 2021; Elmellas, 2016). kidnapping/murder, human trafficking, firearms/weapons

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procurements, money laundering, contract hacking State Department reported 118,932 victims of human
services, terrorism, and ransomware attacks trafficking (Taleby Ahvanooey et al., 2022). However, only
9,568 were successfully convictedout of 11,841 traffickers
that were prosecuted (Taleby Ahvanooey et al., 2022).
(i) Drug Trafficking: The dark web has offered (iv) Illegal Firearms/Weapons Procurement:
opportunities for drug entrepreneurs to introduce a
The dark web has been abused to facilitate the
new paradigm on the link between vendors and
procurement of firearms/weapons (Taleby Ahvanooey et
buyers of drugs (Bertola, 2020; Broséus et al., 2016).
al., 2022). Illegal firearms can easilybe bought on the dark
Furthermore, drug entrepreneurs create new
web using cryptocurrencies as the payment method
business models and tap into a new consumer base
(Copeland et al., 2020; Revell, 2017). These firearms have
while reducing many risks associated with offline
been abused as terrorists use them to perpetrate crimesin
markets (e.g., violence).The trade of illicit drugs is the
society (Hayes et al., 2018). A study conducted on the
stronghold of most dark web markets: most of the
international firearms trade by RAND Europe in 2017
activities on the dark web are drug-related (Bertola,
reveals that dark web services have reportedly increased
2020; Me & Pesticcio, 2018). It is estimated that 57%
the accessibility of weapons for the same prices as on the
of dark web market listings offer drugs (Bertola,
black market on the street (Taleby Ahvanooey et al.,
2020; Soska & Christin, 2015). Drug trade viacrypto
2022).
markets on the dark web represents a new form of In summary, this section answered RQ1 by identifying
trafficking, providing a new channel for drug flow eight significant cybercrime types of activities on the dark
across locales (Aldridge & Decary-Hétu, 2015; web. It has also been established that the dark web provides
Bertola, 2020). Researchers increasingly believe an untraceable functionality that enables these
decentralized networks offer the bulk of various drug cybercriminals. According to Upulie and Prasanga(2021),
markets (Bertola, 2020; Duxbury & Haynie, 2018). these cyber criminals often use the dark web under cover
of anonymity for discussion and illegal business
(ii) Kidnapping/Murder: Many dark websites transactions. He, He & Li (2019, p. 73) affirm that
exist that allow individuals to pay in cryptocurrency, such “providers of illegal services use the dark web to publish
illegal content to evade network law enforcement because
as Bitcoin, as a form of payment in real-world kidnapping
of the difficulty of locating their real IPs, which makes the
(Jin et al., 2022;Melsky, 2019; Taleby Ahvanooey et al.,
abuse of the dark web more and more serious”. It is
2022). Likewise, the dark web allows a person to hirea
important to note that these criminals might target
hitman to murder another person (Besenyő & Gulyas, vulnerable individuals or businesses without national
2021; Zhou et al., 2020) . For example,in May 2016, a borders to gain profit (Gupta et al., 2019).
White-hat hacker named “bRpsd” reportedly helped
the Federal Bureau oInvestigation (FBI) to arrest some Techniques to Address the Security Concerns Associated
hitmen by hacking into the “Besa Mafia” site on the dark with the Dark Web (RQ2)
web and revealing contract information, which included According to Nazah et al. (2020), tracking cybercrime
client messages, user accounts, and other information. on the dark web can be difficult due to the decentralized
According to Taleby Ahvanooey et al. (2022, p. 4), “this nature of the platform. These challenges are further
hidden website provided a link between hitmen and exacerbated because of the anonymity dark web services
provide. This anonymity is one of the significant
clients. The price of a murder service reportedly ranged
difficulties some cyber threat intelligence, law
between $5,000 and $200,000”. In addition, a contractor
enforcement, or forensic analysts may face while
could also be hired to mug instead ofmurder the victim
investigating criminal activities, as they may infringe on
(Lee et al., 2019).
individuals’ privacy rights. However, this study has
(iii) Human Trafficking: Like other criminal identified crime detection studies on the dark web to
activities, the dark web provides an anonymous discover the criminals or the crimes. This section briefly
marketplace for human trafficking services, including sex discusses some detecting techniques and methods applied
trafficking or organ trade(Burbano & Hernandez-Alvarez, for this purpose. These techniques include law
2017; Taleby Ahvanooey et al., 2022). According to Kaur enforcement, cryptographic hash functions, memex tools,
andRandhawa (2020), most traffickers utilize tools such as sock puppet detection, honeypot deployment, and
encryption. They continually switch between sites and classification of networks. This section answers RQ2 as
profiles on the dark web to avoid being monitored or summarized in Table 4.
tracked by law enforcement agencies. In 2019, the US

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identification to detect sock puppets on online social sites

(i) Law Enforcement: Governments or (Bu et al., 2013; Kumar, Cheng, Leskovec and Subrahmanian,
regulatory organizations have some laws that regulate and 2017; Liu et al., 2016; Spitters et al., 2015).
monitor user activities on the dark web (Ghappour, 2017;
Hayes et al., 2018). These laws, such as regulatory, civil, and
Conclusion
criminal law, are related to criminal activities on thedark
As discussed in this study, the dark web is a part of the
web (Dalins et al., 2018; Kavallieros et al., 2021; Nazah et al., Internet used for many atrocious purposes, of which
2020). Criminal law relates to crimes at the government cybercrime is the topmost. People visit the dark web to
level of federal, state, and local (e.g., drug trafficking, perform some activity anonymously without leaving any
murder, or money laundering). The type of penalty could be traces. All transactions and payments are usually made in
a fine, life imprisonment, or the death penalty,depending cryptocurrency (e.g., Bitcoin) because they are virtually
on the state in which the crime is committed (Cole et al., untraceable. With the untraceable hidden layer of the
2021). Civil law relates to organizations or individuals Internet and the anonymity of the users associated with the
instructed to pay a fine or complete a service as part of the darkweb, several impressive cybercrimes, such as money
punishment. In regulatory law, the agency within a laundering, drug trafficking, illegal firearm/gun
jurisdiction can issue penalties as punishment for illegal procurement, and terrorism, have been reported.
activities. Cyberattacks can cause serious harm to thousands of people,
including individuals and public and private entities. Hence,
(ii) Cryptographic Hash Functions: Monitoring
the study has provided some recommendations that will
social sites on the dark web involves tracing cryptographic
assist law enforcement agencies, security agencies, and IT
hash functions (Biswas et al., 2017; Singh et al., 2022). Hash
security personnel in averting security threats from the dark
functions producevalues representing the original message
web, thus protecting society. In addition, this study provides
from which they have been computed (Kheshaifaty & an empirical basis for future studies on the
Gutub, 2020). In investigations, the cryptographic hash
dark web. This study was limited to a systematic review
functions are essential to prove that allevidence is genuine
and therefore recommended future research to focus on
(Kheshaifaty & Gutub, 2020; Nazah et al., 2020). Some
collecting primary data to provide more insights into the
popular hash algorithms are SHA-512, SHA-256, and SHA-
impact of the darkweb. In addition, future research should
1, MD5 (Nazah et al., 2020). These cryptographic hash focus on awareness campaigns about the dangers of the dark
functions could help regulatory organizations gain web.
governance over the darkweb more precisely.
(iii) Memex Tools: The Defense Advanced References
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known as Memex for law enforcement agencies to help for cybercrime tools and stolen data:
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Shorter, 2016; Mattmann, 2015; Nazah et al., 2020). Corporation. Retrieved
According to Nazah et al. (2020), US law enforcement uses from
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primarily written in Python and were developed in detection: A survey. Computer Networks, 83, 381-421.
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Heinl et al., 2019). 4. Albrecht, C., Duffin, K. M., Hawkins, S. & Rocha, V.
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information. Advances in Natural and Applied Sciences, Detection (pp. 272- 289). IGI Global.
11(6 SI), 76-82. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-6444-1.ch015
11. Biswas, R., Fidalgo, E., & Alegre, E. (2017, December). 21. Webb, J., Ahmad, A., Maynard, S. B. &
Recognition of service domains on TOR dark net using Shanks, G. (2014). A situation awareness model for
perceptual hashing and image classification techniques. information security risk management. Computers &
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Detection and Prevention (ICDP 2017)(pp. 7-12). IET. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cose.2014.04.005
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B., Orlando, S., Chapman-Schmidt, the dark web. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism,39(3),
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university cybercrime observatory for the Korean institute 1119546
of criminology. 23. Zhang, J., Xiang, Y., Wang, Y., Zhou, W.,
https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.19282.96964 24. Xiang, Y. & Guan, Y. (2012). Network traffic
13. Broséus, J., Rhumorbarbe, D., Mireault, C., Ouellette, classification using correlation information. IEEE
V., Crispino, F. & Décary-Hétu, D. (2016). Studying Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems,
illicit drug trafficking on Darknet markets: structure and 24(1), 104-117.
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 TECHNOINSIGHT • July-December • Volume 15 • Issue 2
A Review Paper on Natural Fiber ReinforcedLaminated Composite Materials

1
S. K. Satapathy S.S.Singh2, A.K. Parida2

1. Assistance professor, Department of

Mechanical Engg. GITAM, BBSR.
2. Professor, Department of Mechanical Engg.
GITAM, BBSR
bstract-Fiber reinforced composites were in use since ancient times. Due to the drawback of the synthetic and fsiber glass as
reinforcement, the use of fiber reinforced composite increased the interest of the researcher or the scientist. This review article
investigates the use of various fibers as reinforcement in composites. With the innovation in science and technology the new
means of depiction and evaluation of physical, chemical, thermal and mechanical properties of the composite have been used
that have explored the new scope of utilizing them for various purposes. The term „Composite‟ may be defined as a mixture of
two or more distinct constituents or phases. However this definition is not sufficient, there are some conditions which have to
be satisfied before a material is to be said as composite.

introduction and biodegradable nature that highlighted and promoted its

scope. The starting of
First, both constituents have to be present in reasonable
proportions, say greater than 5%. Secondly, it is only when composite materials may have been the bricks formed
the constituent phases have different properties, and hence by the ancient Egyptians from mud and straw. The ancient
brick-making method can still be seen on Egyptian tomb
the composite properties are noticeably different from the
paintings in the Metropolitan Museum of Art.
properties of the constituents, that we have come to Commercialization of the composites could be traced to
recognize these material as composites. We know that
composite have two or more phases on a macroscopic scale, early century when the cellulose fibers were used to
separated by a distinct interface. The constituent that is reinforce phenolics, urea and melamine resins. Composites in
the world of today have wide range of applications, wherever
continuous and is often but not always, present in greater high strength-to-weight ratio remains and important
quantity in the composite is termed as „Matrix‟. A consideration for use. Its principal use is found in automotive,
composite have ceramic, metallic or a polymeric matrix. aerospace, marine and construction industries. In majority of
Reinforcement is the part of the composite that provides cases, requiring high performance in the automotive and
aerospace industries, the discontinuous phase or filler is in the
strength, stiffness, and the ability to carry a load. In many
form of a fiber. In most cases, composite matrix is the
cases the reinforcement is harder, stronger and stiffer than thermosets having carbon and ceramics for high temperature
the matrix. Wood is an interesting example of a natural fiber applications. Thermosets (epoxy,polyester, phenolics etc.)
composite comprising of cellulose fibers in a matrix of lignin and thermoplastics (polyetherether ketone,
with varying spiral angle [34]. In manufacturing, fibers are polypropylene,PLA etc.) due to high strength and
performance are found to be for research and industrial
the most commonly used reinforcement that defers Fiber
applications.The use of natural fiber as reinforcement in
Reinforced Composite (FRC). The reinforcement is composite was achallenging job. Ferreria et al. [4] enhanced
embedded into the matrix. Commonmatrixes include mud the fatigue strength by using hybrid fiber composites with a
(wattle and daub), cement (concrete), polymers (fiber polypropylene hemp layer next to the bond interface which
reinforced plastics), metals and ceramics. The most was expected to produce more uniform stress in temporary
regions. A major drawback of natural (plant) fibers compared
common polymer-based composite materials include to synthetic fibers is their non-uniformity, variety of
fiberglass, carbon fiber and synthetic fibre. Fiberglass is dimensions, and their mechanical properties (even between
probably one of the most familiar reinforcing composite individual natural (plant) fibers in the same cultivation) [5].
materials that were introduced in 1940, consisting of glass Due to their high specific strength andmodulus, natural fibre
reinforced polymer composites are receiving widespread
fiber reinforcement of unsaturated polyester matrix [1-3].
attention. Keeping these things in mind, this paper is focused
This glass fiber had numerous problems that led to search on microwave processing ofpartially and fully bio-degradable
for alternate substitute as reinforcement. Fiber as composites. The advantage of microwave processing is that,
reinforcement to the composite had outstanding physical, it leads to significantly faster curing times compared to
chemical, thermal and mechanical performance, durability thermal processing. Natural fibres like coir, rattan and

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bamboo are experimented as reinforcement [6, 7]. Richardson to be more effective reinforcing agent for wear resistance,
and Zhang [8] applied flow visualization experiments using tensile strength and compressive strength as compared to
resin transfer molding for developing a better understanding the grafted fibers. However, reduction in moisture
of the mold filling process for hemp mat reinforced phenolic absorbance and increase in the chemical resistance on graft
composites. Eucalyptus urograndis pulp used as the copolymerization was observed. Recently, a group of
reinforcement for thermoplastic starch showed an increase of scientists were extensively involved with the pultrusion
100% in tensile strength and more than 50% in modulus with technique for a large scale production of kenaf fiber
respect to non-reinforced thermoplastic starch [9]. Fiber reinforced composite samples, as reported by [25, 26, and
reinforced composite materials offered a combination of 27]. Orientation of fibres is having very important role in
strength and modulus that are either comparable to or better the strength. Presently only layered fibres arranged in
than many traditional metallic materials. Increase in the flax sindirection was used. Thestrength values may improve if
and jute fiber content in polyurethane based composites mesh type structure of fibres were used [24].It has been
increased the shear modulus and impact strength. However, shown that etherification improves the dispersion of fibers
increasing the micro void content in the matrix decreased its in a polymer matrix, as well as the dimensional stability and
strength [10]. Jayaraman and Bhattacharya [11] reported the interface of the final composites [28, 29].
mechanical performance of wood fiber waste based plastic
composites and observed that tensile strength does not Chauhan A [22] utilized the Hibiscus sabdariffa
generally change with fiber content. Zulkifli et al. [12] (Roselle) stem as reinforcing agent in phenol formaldehyde
prepared Natural Rubber (NR) - Polypropylene (PP) matrix based composites. Roselle fiber was graft
composites by increasing the amount of NR in PP by 5-20% copolymerizedwith monomers like methyl acrylate, ethyl
increase in its composition, inter- laminar fracture properties acrylate, butyl acrylate and acrylonitrile and used these
as well as the resistance of material to delaminate crack graft copolymer as reinforcement in the composite. The
propagation. With increase in NR amount of this inter- embeded fiber and composites were characterized by SEM,
laminar fracture the toughness of composite material XRD and TGA, evaluated for physico-chemico-thermal
decreased. Thwe and Liao [13] studied the resistance of properties [23]. It was observed that the tailored grafted
bamboo fiber-PP hybrid composites to hygrothermal aging fiber integrated into the composite improved the physico-
and their fatigue behavior under cyclic tensile load. The use chemico-thermo- mechanical competence. Since, the
of maleic anhydride polypropylene as a coupling agent grafted monomer acted as a coupling agent. The
suppressed the moisture absorption and degradation in such mechanical valuation was done on the basis of wear,
composites. Herrera- Franco and Valadez-Gonzalez [14] tensile, compressive strength test, flexural strength,
reported that fiber matrix adhesion promoted the fiber surface young‟s modulus and hardness. On the other hand, some
modification on alkaline treatment and matrix pre- discrepancy was seen in few cases but in most of the cases
impregnation e.g. use of silane as coupling agent in case of the strength gets better. The better mechanical behavior
henequen fiber-HDPE composite. The increase in mechanical could be accounted due to compatible fiber-matrix
strength was found to be raised between 3–43% for interaction and orientation of the fiber. However, some
longitudinal tensile and flexural properties whereas in deviation in the results could be justified by other
transverse direction, the increase was greater than 50% with governingfactors for overall mechanical performance like
respect to the properties of composites made of untreated nature and amount of matrix and fiber, orientation,
fiber. Increase in stiffness was approximately 80% of the distribution of the fiber with respect to the matrix axis,
calculated values. form of reinforcement used (woven or non-woven, grafted
or ungrafted), strength of the interfacial bond between the
Electrical properties of the wood polymer composites fiber and matrix, length of the fiber (continuous or
from agro-based materials such as banana, hemp and agave discontinuous), aspect ratio that on mere imbalance may
fiber using novolac resins have been reported by Naik and lead to de bonding and cracking [22,30].
Mishra[15]. Mitra et al. [16] treated the unwoven jute fiber
with precondensate like formaldehyde, melamine So, we have seen above that various researchers have
formaldehyde and polymerized cashew nut shell liquid- used the low weight and high strength of fibers like hemp,
formaldehyde, prior to its use as reinforcing material for the flax, jute as reinforcement to form fiber reinforced
preparation of composites. The treatment reduced the composite. These reinforcements have developed the
moisture absorbance of the jute. Kandola et al. [17] reported strength and properties of composites if used after the graft
the fabrication of novel glass reinforced epoxy composites co- polymerization of the fiber like Roselle. We are
containing phosphate. Eichhorn and Young [18] studied the blessed with variable natural resources and fiber but very
deformation in micro mechanics of natural cellulose fiber less has been investigate and utilized as yet. Fiber
networks and composites. Kaith et al. [19, 20], Singha A.S reinforced composites are one of the resources to utilize the
et al. [21] prepared a polymer matrix based composites natural resources. But, with the passage of time, these
using flax-g-copolymers, flax fiber and mercerized flax as renewable resources and fiber will soon diminish. So, there
reinforcing agent. It was observed that the reinforcement is a great need to maintain and procure them for the future
increased the endurance of the composite to higher loads as use. We should look for more abundant means to explore
compared to pure polystyrene. Mercerized fiber was found
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the maximum potential and utilize the natural fiber for the 04
advancement of science and technology. 17. Mitra BC, Basak RK, Sarkar M (1998) Studies on jute-
reinforced composites, its limitations, and some
REFEREN solutions through chemical modifications of fibers. J
CES Appl Polym Sci 67: 1093-1100.
18. Kandola BK, Horrocks AR, Myler P, Blair D (2003)
1. Tsai SW, Hahn HT (1980) Introduction to Composite Mechanical performance of heat/fire damaged novel
Materials. Technomic Pub., West Post. flame retardant glass-reinforced epoxy composites.
2. Nielsen LE (1974) Mechanical properties of Polymers Compos Part A Appl Sci Manuf 34: 863-873.
and Composites. Marcell Dekker Inc, New York. 19. Eichhorn SJ, Young R J (2003) Composite
3. Nicolais L (1975) Mechanics of Composites. Polym Eng micromechanics of hemp fibres and epoxy resin
Sci 15: 137-149. microdroplets. Compos Sci Technol 63: 1225-1233.
4. Ferreira JM, Silva H, Costa JD, Richardson M (2005) 20. http://www.autexrj.com/cms/zalaczone_pliki/6-07-
Stress analysis of lap joints involving natural fibre 2.pdf
reinforced interface layers. Composites Part B: 21. Kaith BS, Singha AS, Susheel K (2006) Mechanical
Engineering 36: 1-7 Properties of raw flax and Flax-g-poly(MMA)
reinforced Phenol-Formaldehyde Composites.
5. Bismarck A, Mishra S, Lampke T. Plant fibers as
International Journal of Plastics Technology 10: 572-
reinforcement for green composites. Mohanty AK,
577.
Mishra M, Drzal LT, editors. Natural fibers,
22. Singha AS, Susheel Kumar, Kaith BS (2005) Preparation
biopolymers and biocomposites. Boca Raton (FL): CRC
of flax-g- copolymer reinforced phenol-formaldehyde
Press; 2005.
composites and evaluation of their physical and
6. I.Singh, P. K Bajpai, D. Malik, A. K. Sharma, P. Kumar;
mechanical properties. International Journal of
“Feasibility study on microwave joining of „green‟
Plastics Technology 9: 427-435.
composites”, Journal of Akademeia, Vol. 1, Issue 1,
23. Chauhan A (2009) Synthesis and Evaluation of Physico-
2011.
Chemico-Mechanical properties of polymer matrix
7. H. S. Ku, E Siores, J. A. R. Ball, and F. Siu; “Processing of
based Composites using Graft copolymers of Hibiscus
Polymer Matrix Composites using
sabdariffa as reinforcing agents. PhD Thesis, Punjab
8. Variable Frequency Microwave”, 13th International
Technical University, India.
Conference on Composite Materials, Beijing, China,
24. Kaith BS, Chauhan Ashish, Mishra BN (2008) Studying
June, 25-29th, 2001.
the morphological transformation in graft copolymers
9. http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/els/135983
of Binary Mixture of Methyl acrylate and Acrylonitrile
5x/2000/0 0000031/00000012/art00008.
onto Hibiscus sabdariffa fiber by XRD and TGA/DTA.
10. Curvelo AAS, de Carvalho AJF, Agnelli JAM (2001)
Journal of Polymer Materials 25: 69-76
Thermoplastic starch-cellulosic fibers composites:
preliminary results. Carbohydrate Polymers 45: 183- 25. Titto John George, Nebu Jacob, Frenosh K Francis,
188. Manu Joseph (2013) Investigation on Mechani
11. Bledzki AK, Zhang W, Chate A (2001) Natural fiber 26. Various Microwave Cured Natural Fibre Reinforced
reinforced polyurethane microfoams. Compos Sci Polymer Composites (IJERT) Vol. 2, Issue 10, ISSN:
Technol 61: 2405-2411. 2278-0181.
12. Jayaraman K, Bhattacharya D (2004) Mechanical 27. Omar MF, Md Akil H, Ahmad ZA, Mazuki AAM,
performance of woodfibre-waste plastic composite Yokoyama
materials. Resources Conservation and Recycling 41: T. Dynamic properties of pultruded natural fiber
307-319. reinforced composites using Split Hopkinson Pressure
13. Zulkifli R, Fatt LK, Azhari CH, Sahari J (2002) Bar technique.Mater Des 2010; 31:4209–18.
Interlaminar fracture properties of fiber reinforced
natural rubber/polypropylene composites. J Mater 28. Mazuki AAM, Akil HM, Safiee S, Ishak ZAM, Bakar AA.
Process Technol 128: 33-37. Degradation of dynamic mechanical properties of
14. Thwe MM, Liao K (2003) Durability of bamboo-glass pultruded kenaf fiber reinforced composites after
fiber reinforced polymer matrix hybrid composites. immersion in various solutions. Compos Part B: Eng
Compos Sci Technol 63: 375-387. 2010.
15. Herrera-Franco PJ, Valadez-Gonzalez A (2004) 29. Nosbi N, Akil HM, Mohd Ishak ZA, Abu Bakar A.
Mechanical properties of continuous natural fibre- Degradation of compressive properties of pultruded
reinforced polymer composites. Compos Part A Appl kenaf fiber reinforced composites after immersion in
Sci Manuf 35: 339-345. varioussolutions. Mater Des 2010; 31:4960–4.
16. http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=161824 30. Li X, Tabil LG, Panigrahi S. Chemical treatments of

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natural fiber for use in natural fiber-reinforced
composites: a review. J Environ Polym Degrad 2007;
15:25–33.
31. Bogoeva Gaceva G, Avella M, Malinconico M,
BuzarovskaA, Grozdanov A, Gentile G, et al. Natural
fiber eco composites. Polym Compos 2007; 28: 98–
107.
32. Chauhan A, Kaith B (2011) Thermal and Chemical
studies of Hibiscus sabdariffa-graft-(Vinyl
monomers). International Journal of Polymeric
Materials 60: 837-851.
33. R. M. Jones; Mechanics of Composite Material; CRC
Press, 1988.
34. K. L. Pickering; Properties and Performance of
Natural-Fiber Composites; CRC Press, 2008.
35. F. L. Matthews and R. D. Rawlings; composite
materials: engineering and science; CRC press.
NPTEL web lecture on processing of Non Metals.

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 TECHNOINSIGHT • July-December • Volume 15 • Issue 2

Wind Energy: A Review Paper

1
S. Dalei, 1S. K. Satapathy, 1T. Barik, 1S. K. Pattnaik , 2A. Khuntia

1 Asst. Prof., GITAM, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India

2
Student Department of Mechanical Engineering, GITAM,
BBSRAbstract- This review paper examined the outline of wind innovation, where the approach depends on
standards and down to earth executions. Wind vitality is the second biggest wellspring of sustainable power
source after hydropower. It is incredibly reasonable, yet it is discontinuous. Even though the abuse of twist goes
back a few centuries, the cutting edge wind vitality industry started amid the oil emergency of the seventies.
Most these days wind turbines are onshore; however others are fabricated seaward, more often than not in wind
ranches. Since wind vitality is discontinuous, it must be upheld by different wellsprings of power. Wind vitality
can be productive as a rule. However, it has not yet accomplished full matrix equality with fossil vitality sources.

Wind Energy- Introduction: latest World Wind Energy Association (WWEA)

Rising oil costs feature the abuse of sustainable power information, even in 2009, the time of the worldwide
source applications. Wind vitality is a standout amongst money related emergency, the world's aggregate
the most appealing sustainable power source introduced limit will achieve 152,000 MW before the
advancements on account of its high proficiency and finish of 2009 [3] This implies in 2009, there will be
low contamination [1]. Be that as it may, since the 30,300 MW of newly introduced limit, which compares
vitality created by wind vitality transformation to a development of 25% contrasted with the earlier year
frameworks (WECS) changes with environmental (Fig.1)
meteorology and wind speed [2-3], surprising varieties
in WECS vitality generation may expand the working
expenses of the electrical structure in light of the fact
that the stores will be developed and the potential
dangers will be put for the unwavering quality of the
power supply [4]. Power lattice administrators need to
anticipate changes in wind control age to program
turning save limit and oversee arrange tasks [4]. To
lessen hold limit and increment wind infiltration, precise
gauging of wind speed is required [5]. What's more, the
forecast of wind vitality assumes a vital part in the
portion of balance control. What's more, the breeze
vitality conjecture is utilized for the day by day
programming of conventional power plants and the
commercialization of power in the spot advertise [6].
Even though the conjecture precision of the breeze 2. Wind Energy:
vitality figure is lower than the expectation exactness of Wind vitality is a changed over type of sunlight based
the heap gauge. Wind vitality gauges still assume a vitality that is created by the atomic combination of
crucial part in tackling the issues of misusing power hydrogen (H) into helium (He) in its core. The H → He
dissolving process makes streams of warmth and
supply. As of late, a few techniques have been utilized
for the forecast of wind vitality. Various written works electromagnetic radiation from the sun to space every
have been dedicated to enhancing wind vitality which way. Albeit the Earth catches just a little division
anticipating approaches by analysts with broad of sun powered radiation, it gives the more significant
involvement in field preliminaries. A few techniques for part of the Earth's vitality needs. Wind vitality is a
estimating wind vitality have been created and propelled noteworthy wellspring of cutting-edge dynamism, and
on wind ranches. We can characterize into six notable players in the worldwide vibrancy advertise. As
a best in class vitality innovation, the specialized
gatherings to anticipate wind vitality: tirelessness
strategy, physical technique, factual strategy, spatial development and quick organization of wind vitality are
relationship strategy, human-made reasoning strategy perceived, just like the absence of a down to earth
and cross breed approach. [7-15] As indicated by the furthest point of confinement for the level of wind that
can be coordinated into the electrical framework [1]. It
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 TECHNOINSIGHT • July-December • Volume 15 • Issue 2

has been assessed that the aggregate sun oriented vitality drop create high voltages and streams in the rotor circuit
got by the Earth is around 1.8 × 10 11 MW. Of this sun and,
based info, just 2% (3.6 × 10 9 MW) is changed over to Therefore, the power converter can break. This can be
wind vitality, and around 35% of wind vitality scatters the principal broadened variable speed turbine
inside 1,000 m of the Earth's surface [2]. Subsequently, innovation and creators as of now furnish this sort of
accessible breeze vitality that can be changed over into twist turbines with blame ride-through abilities. The
different types of energy is roughly 1.26 × 10 9 MW. variable speed turbine
Since this esteem speaks to 20 times the present rate of With Synchronous Generator is associated through a
worldwide vitality utilization, wind vitality could on a succeeding converter to the lattice. This gives most
fundamental level fulfill the everyday vitality needs of adaptability,
the World. Contrasted with familiar vitality sources, Facultative full genuine and receptive power
wind vitality has numerous favorable circumstances and administration and blames ride-through capacity all
advantages. Not at all like petroleum derivatives that through voltage plunges. Once more, control code
radiate explosive gases and atomic dynamism that update and minor equipment change zone unit essential
creates radioactive waste, to add to the framework soundness. Different elements
Wind vitality is a clean and naturally amicable like site particular load coordinating (when the yearly
wellspring of energy. As an endless and free wellspring breeze profile correlates the heap) and a high scope of
of life, it is accessible and plentiful in many parts of the twist turbines inside the power station encourage wash
world. Furthermore, more widespread utilization of the task of the network.
wind vitality would help diminish the interest for non-
renewable energy sources, which could be exhausted
sooner or later in this century, contingent upon their
present usage. Moreover, the cost per kWh of wind
vitality is much lower than that of sun
oriented energy [3]. In this way, as the most encouraging
vitality source, it is trusted that breeze vitality assumes
an essential part in global vitality supply in the 21st
century.
5. Wind Turbine Technology:
Regardless of whether wind ranches can fit the new
matrix codes relies upon the innovation of the breeze
turbines. Their territory unit 3 basic styles of revolving
engine turbine}s utilized these days: the mounted speed
twist turbine with confine Induction Generator, the
variable speed turbine with Doubly Fed Induction
Generator and in this Manner the variable speed turbine
with Synchronous Generator. The mounted speed
Fig.2. NEG Micon 1.5MW Wind Turbine, 68m
confines Induction Generator expends receptive power
diameter Rotor, Tubular Steel Tower. Blades are made
and can't add to voltage administration. Hence, however
up
static capacitance administration may allow twist
of fiberglass. The Rotor blades can be Turned to
ranches with this sort of generators to deliver responsive
power, this sort of generators territory unit bound to optimize power & the entire tower is rotated to face the
vanish from wind turbines. The variable speed turbine wind.Most breeze turbines begin creating power at twist
with Doubly Fed Induction Generator are regularly speeds in the request of 3-4 meters for each second (m/s)
management led to deliver recurrence and voltage (8 miles for every hour); produce an "ostensible"
control with a succeeding converter inside the rotor. greatest power at around 15 m/s (30 mph); and close to
Control code redesign and equipment adjustments stop the harm of the
region unit essential, a considerable measure of
precision, the convertor ratings tempest at twenty-five m/s or more (50 mph).
May be expanded for recurrence reaction [39]. This kind a) Almost all the power on Earth is made with any
of generator shows a few troubles in going through rotating engine,
voltage bounces, since the consequences of the voltage

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b) Turbine: change of the rectilinear stream region unit essential, a considerable measure of
development to the turn of the pole through pivoting precision, the convertor ratings may be expanded for
streamlined surfaces recurrence reaction [39]. This kind of generator shows a
Underneath Table 1 demonstrates the unique kinds of few troubles in going through voltage bounces, since the
age and it is rotating the motor and Figure 4 indicates consequences of the voltage drop create high voltages
diverse and streams in the rotor circuit and, therefore, the power
sorts of turbines.[18] converter can break. This can be the principal broadened
variable speed turbine innovation and creators as of now
furnish this sort of twist turbines with blame ride-
through abilities. The variable speed turbine with
Synchronous Generator is associated through a
succeeding converter to the lattice. This gives most
adaptability, facultative full genuine and receptive
power administration and blames ride-through capacity
all through voltage
Plunges. Once more, control code update and minor
equipment change zone unit essential to add to the
framework soundness. Different elements like site
particular load coordinating (when the yearly breeze
profile correlates the
heap) .

Table 1. Different types of generation and its Turbine

type

5. Wind Turbine Technology:

Regardless of whether wind ranches can fit the new
matrix codes relies upon the innovation of the breeze Fig.3 Wind Turbine Types
turbines. There territory unit 3 basic styles of revolving
engine turbine}s utilized these days: the mounted speed 7.1 Wind speed
twist turbine with confine Induction Generator, the Wind speed is one in everything about chief basic
variable speed turbine with Doubly Fed Induction qualities in elective energy generation. Wind speed
Generator and in this manner the variable speed turbine changes in each time and house, controlled by a few
with Synchronous Generator. The mounted speed components equal geographic and climatic conditions.
confines Induction Generator expends receptive power because of wind speed could be a variable parameter;
and can't add to voltage administration. Hence, however estimated wind speed information regularly takes care
static capacitance administration may allow twist of exploitation connected science techniques.
ranches with this sort of generators to deliver responsive Wrongdoing waves commonly outline the diurnal
power, this sort of generators territory unit bound to varieties of normal breeze speeds. As partner
vanish from wind turbines. The variable speed turbine illustration, diurnal varieties of hourly breeze speed
with Doubly Fed Induction Generator are regularly esteem, which are the run of the mill figured qualities
management led to deliver recurrence and voltage that help data in the vicinity of 1970 and 1984, in
control with a succeeding converter inside the rotor. Dhahran, Asian country demonstrated the curved
Control code redesign and equipment adjustments

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design. The wind speeds progressed in the daytime and formidable apparatus of dissecting wind learning that
in this way the most velocity happens at square measure concerning twist headings at a specific
Concerning threep.m., demonstrating that the daytime location over a chose principal amount (year, season,
wind speed is relating to the nature of light. George et month, week, and so on.). This round outline shows the
al. reportable that breeze speed at urban concentration, recurrence of twist headings in eight or sixteen foremost
Lone-Star State is close relentless all through dull hours, bearings. As partner degree case appeared in Fig. 6,there
and takes after a twisted illustration all through sunlight square measure sixteen outspread lines inside the
hours. A short time later, George et al. have climate outline graph, with 22.5° except for each
incontestable that diurnal breeze plans at five regions other.The length of each line is corresponding to the
inside the prairie take after an illustration the same as recurrence of wind bearing. The repetition of quiet or
thateducated in. Maintained the breeze speed was near breezeis given as assortment inside the focal circle.
learning for the total 1970– 2003 from up to sixty-six Some climate graph outlines may moreover contain the
inland areas around the United Kingdom, Sinden has information of wind speeds.[36-42]
over that month to month average breeze speed is
correspondingly propositional to the month to ordinary
month temperature, i.e. it's higher inside the winter and
minor inside the
Pre-summer. The most extreme breeze speed happens in
the Gregorian date-book month and like this the base in
August. Hassan and Hill have reportable that the month-
to-month assortment of low breeze speed regards over
the measure of 1970– 1984 at Dhahran, the Asian nation
has exhibited the wavy illustration. Regardless, as a
result of the assortment in temperature at Dhahran is
negligible over the whole year, there's no a clear
connection between's breeze speed and temperatures. Fig. 4. Windrose diagram for wind directions
The year-to-year assortment of yearly mean breeze
speeds depends extraordinarily on picked zones as Conclusion:
there's no first association with anticipating it. Perhaps, A sustainable solution is evident that the utilization of
alongside various years, the yearly mean breeze speeds wind energy as a permanent resolution to these world
decrease all the technique from 1970 to 1983 at energy considerations may well be property. Even so,
Dhahran, Saudi Arabia. In the UK, this theatrical conditions for the property are evaluated. As a result,
presentation in an outstandingly a lot of American state albeit the resource in its current state of technology is
actuated matter for the total 1970– 2003. useful enough to be able to support numerous
Mostly, A critical variable in the average yearly breeze developments within the business, achievements of vast
speed over a 20-year time span (1978-1998) is to be technological opportunities might find yourself creating
noted, and the more significant part of the base qualities the resource unlimited. At the financial level, wind
begin from under 7.8 to very nearly 9.2 m/s. The semi energy has proved to be not solely
permanent learning of the breeze (1978-2007) got from Environmentally however additionally socially
the concise perception framework controlled by the profitable to financially reinforce wind business
mechanical meteorological observatories was whereas ceasing to price competition. Many
investigated and announced by KO et al. The outcomes governments square measure of the read that the wind
demonstrate that the change of the mean yearly breeze businesses ready to require up to the opened business,
speed occurs at the exact destinations; it tends to with a new certificate market taking over all the favour.
diminish Even so, about the little market, there ought to be the
somewhat on Jeju Island, while the 2 contradicting Maintenance of a set value system. Socially, the reality
locales have irregular trends.[23-28] Wind Direction: that the wind business is taking part in native
Wind heading Wind course is one in everything about development encourages for its property. Besides, its
breeze attributes. Connected science learning of twist checked authentic influence on the native inhabitants
headings over an expanded measure of your chance is might facilitate in crippling the general public
amazingly vital inside the site decision of intensity plant temperament. Finally, it's necessary to push
and subsequently the design of twist turbines inside the for more analysis regarding potential environmental
power plant. The climate graph chart might be a analysis. It is, therefore, judicious to 1st rethink results

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 TECHNOINSIGHT • July-December • Volume 15 • Issue 2

of studies associated ecological impact analysis once [11] B.C. Ummels, E. Pelgrum, W.L. Kling "Joining of
thinking of golf shot up a replacement power plant or huge scale wind power and utilisation of vitality
reconsidering stockpiling in the
a previous one. Netherlands' power supply", 2007.
[12] Dany G. "Power save in interconnected
Reference frameworks with high breeze control generation", 2001.
[13] H. Holttinen et al. "Outline and Operation of Power
[1] Wang, X.C., Guo, P. also, Huang, X.B. (2011) A Systems with Large Amounts of Wind Power, first
Review of Wind Power Forecasting Models. Vitality aftereffects of
Procedia, 12, 770-78. IEA joint effort", 2007.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2011.10.103 [14] Mary Black, Goran Strbac "Estimation of capacity
[2] Zhao, D.M., Zhu, Y.C. also, Zhang, X. (2011) in giving adjusting administrations to power age
Research on Wind Power Forecasting in Wind Farms. frameworks with
Procedures of the high wind penetration", 2005.
2011 IEEE Power Engineering and Automation [15] WWEA, "World breeze vitality report 2008", South
Conference, Wuhan, 8-9 September 2011, 175-178. Korea, 2009.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/PEAM.2011.6134829 [16] http://www.pikeresearch.com/inquire
[3] Sideratos, G. also, Hatziargyriou, N.D. (2007) An about/vitality stockpiling technology markets
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Transactions on Power Systems, 22, 258-265. [18] Wind Power Wind Power Fundamentals Presented
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TPWRS.2006.889078 by Alex Kalmikov and Katherine Dykes With
[4] Ma, L., Luan, S.Y., Jiang, C.W., Liu, H L. also, commitments from
Zhang, Y. (2009) A Review on the Forecasting of Wind Araujo PhD Candidates, MIT Mechanical Engineering,
Speed and Generated Power. Inexhaustible and [19] MNRE got to at http://bit.ly/14woYJX (2013)
Sustainable Energy Reviews, 13, 915-920. [20] http://bit.ly/15WqKDm (2013)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2008.02.002 [21] India wind vitality standpoint 2012, got to at
[5] Lange, M. what's more, Focken, U. (2008) New http://www.gwec.net/wp-
Developments in Wind Energy Forecasting. Procedures content/transfers/2012/11/IndiaWind-Energy-
of the 2008 Outlook-2012.pdf
IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting, [22] A Review of Wind Energy Scenario in India,
Pittsburgh, 20-24 July 2008, 1-8. International Research Journal of Environment
[6] Zhao, X., Wang, S.X. What's more, Li, T. (2011) Sciences, ISSN 2319– 1414
Review of Evaluation Criteria and Main Methods of Vol. 3(4), 87-92, April (2014) Int. Res. J. Condition Sci.
Wind Power [23] [Siddiqi, A.H., Khan, S. and Rehman, S., Wind
Forecasting? Vitality Procedia, 12, 761-769. speed reenactment utilising wavelets. American Journal
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2011.10.102 of Applied
[7] Chong Han, Alex Q. Huang, Wayne Litzenberger, Sciences, 2(2), pp. 557– 564, 2005.
Loren Anderson, Abdel-Aty Edris "STATCOM Impact [24] George, J.M., Peterson, R.E., Lee, J.A. and Wilson,
Study on the G.R., Modeling wind and relative dampness impacts on
Integration of a Large Wind Farm into a Weak Loop air quality.
Power System", (1266-1272), 2006. Int. Claim to fame Conf. on Aerosols and Atmospheric
[8] Katsuhisa Yoshimoto, Toshiya. Nanahara, Gentaro Optics: Radiative Balance and Visual Air Quality,
Koshimizu, Yoshihsa Uchida "New Control Method for Snowbird,
Regulating Utah,
State-of-Charge of a Battery in Hybrid Wind
Power/Battery Energy Storage System", (1244-1251), [25] George, J.M., Wilson, G.R. and Vining, R.C.,
2006. Modeling hourly and day by day wind and relative
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Wind Creating power, helping the earth", 2008. 190, Ames, Iowa, 1996.

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 TECHNOINSIGHT • July-December • Volume 15 • Issue 2

Intelligent vehicle control for driver behavior using wireless in transportation

system
1
J. P. Jena, 1A.K.Pradhan, 1Deepti Priyanka Behera,1Girija Sankar Dora, 2F. Afza
1Asst Prof. Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, GITAM BHUBANESWAR, ODISHA
2
Student Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, GITAM BHUBANESWAR, ODISHA

ABS TRACT:
Existing driving behavior models have a strong emphasis on the driver’s cognitive components including aspects such as
motivation, risk assessment, attention, compensation, capability, workload, individual traits and experience. Each existing
model was designed specifically for a particular driving situation such as speeding or fatigue. This system defines a framework
for a new context aware driving behavior model capable of predicting driver’s behavior. This approach broadens the cognitive
focus of existing
Driving behavior models to integrate contextual information related to the vehicle, environment, driver and the interactions
between them. In this system used to consist of different types of sensors such as alcohol sensor, eye blink sensor, lane detection
sensor, heart beat sensor, accident sensor. And also mainly used to GSM modem, GPS receiver, RFID reader and finger print
scanner. GSM and GPS based vehicle location and tracking system will provide effective, real time vehicle location, mapping
and reporting this information value and adds by improving the level of service provided. The system has and “On Board
Module" which resides in the vehicle to be tracked and a "Base Station" that monitors data from the various vehicles. The On
Board module consists of GPS receiver, a GSM modem. The Alcohol Sensor is used to sense weather the person driving the car
taken Alcohol or not and this data is also given to ADC, The ADC is used in this system because the signal comes from the
Sensors are analog in nature, so we want to convert the Analog signals into digital signal for this purpose ADC is used. Heart
Beat sensor used in the system is used to sense the heart beat of the person driving the vehicle and sends the data to the embedded
system, and the eye blink sensor is used to sense the person driving the vehicle is sleeping or not. Accident sensor is used to
identify weather the vehicle is running in normal condition or not when the accident occurs it send the information to the
embedded system. The Embedded system is programmed
like when it receives the signal from the signal sensit activates the Vehicle system control system and level converter unit. And
also this system consists of RFID reader and finger print sensor is used to prevent non-licensees from driving and therefore
causing accidents. And identify the person going to drive the vehicle is the owner of the vehicle or not.

Introduction : significant body of work in which traffic psychologists have

Driving behaviour models explain and predict the behavior of played major roles (Dorn, 2003). Driver behaviour and driver
drivers. Existing models are largely subjective and based on self- performance have mainly been used to analyse factors contributing
report scales (Ranney 1994). They strongly emphasize the driver’s to crashes. Pre crash analysis to create predictive models as well
cognitive state and have incorporated important behavioural as post crashes analysis to identify contributing factors leading to
change concepts such as motivation, or risk assessment. However crashes are the two complementary approaches used to address
motivational models such as risk compensation (Wilde, 1982), risk crash prevention. The contributing factors as broad as cognitive
threshold (Naatanen et al., 1976) or risk avoidance (Fuller, 1984) abilities, social context, emotion, driver’s trait, experience, hazard
remain highly subjective concepts. For example, risk is often perception skills and so on have been identified as driver’s
associated with perceived probability of harm or negative event and individual factors affecting driver’s performance. The situation in
its severity. The measurement of perceived risk is often focused at which
the probability of the risk. The probability of negative event is the driver evolves plays a crucial role in determining the type of
rarely the actions. A situation is also called context in the rest of this
document. Existing “cognitive” models do not take into account
same for everyone and varies per circumstances. The possible use the dynamic nature or context in which a driver's actions evolve.
of a baseline measures to compare risk perceptions is debatable. Without the context, the validation of these models in real
Understanding one’s personal sensitivity to risk requires driving situations would be difficult. The lack of a data based
knowledge of other factors such as personal behaviours, family model to predict drivers’ behaviour is a major weakness of existing
history, and environmental exposures that determine that models. Heart rate is a term used to describe the frequency of the
probability (Weinstein, 1999). Although the driver is the main actor cardiac cycle. It is considered one of the four vital signs. Usually
in the driving activity, driving is not an isolated activity. It takes it is calculated as the number of contractions
place in a wider context in which the driver constantly interacts (heart beats) of the heart in one minute and expressed as "beats per
with its immediate environment and the vehicle. The observation minute" (bpm). A gas detector is a device which detects the
of how drivers actually act on the road, also known as “driver presence of various gases within an area, usually as part of a safety
behaviour” as opposed to “driver performance” (what system. This type of equipment is used to detect a gas leak and
the driver can do, e.g., perceptual and motor skills), has generated interface with a control system so a process can be
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automatically shut down. A gas detector can also sound an alarm RFID reader and finger print sensor is used to identify the
to operators in the area where the leak is occurring, giving them person going to drive the vehicle is the owner of the vehicle or
the opportunity to leave the area. This type of device is important not. And if emergency call button is pressed the Embedded
because there are many gases that can be harmful to organic life, system will activates the level converter and it will sends the
such as humans or animals. Section II describes related work. SMS to the nearby hospital indicating the position of the
Section III,IV,V briefly describes the Heartbeat sensor, Finger vehicle.
print sensor, Alcohol Heartbeat Sensor
sensor. Section VI presents our context aware prediction Heart rate is a term used to describe the frequency of the cardiac
framework based on Global Positioning System. Section VII cycle. It is considered one of the four vital signs. Usually it is
shows a MATLAB software. Section VIII shows the context aware calculated as the number of contractions (heart beats) of the heart
driver behaviour detection system output. Finally, Section IX in one minute and expressed as "beats per minute" (bpm). "Heart"
concludes the paper and discusses future work for information on embryofetal heart rates. The heart beats up to
Related work 120 times per minute in childhood. When resting, the adult human
In this system embedded system plays a major role. This system heart beats at about 70 bpm (males) and 75 bpm (females), but this
consist of embedded system, alcohol sensor, eye blink sensor, lane rate varies among people. However, the reference range is
detection sensor, heart beat sensor, ADC, signal conditioning unit, normally between 60 bpm (if less termed bradycardia) and 100
accident sensor, emergency call button, vehicle control system, bpm (if greater, termed tachycardia).
vehicle, level converter, GSM modem, GPS receiver, RFID reader Resting heart rates can be significantly lower in athletes. The
and finger print scanner.GSM and GPS based vehicle location and infant/neonatal rate of heartbeat is around 130-150 bpm, the
tracking system will provide effective, real time vehicle location, toddler's about 100–130 bpm, the older child's about 90–110 bpm,
mapping and reporting this information value and adds by and the adolescent's about 80–100 bpm.
improving the level of service provided. A GPS based vehicle Fingerprint Sensor
tracking system will inform where your vehicle is and where it has A fingerprint in its narrow sense is an impression left by the
been, how long it has been. The system uses geographic position friction ridges of a human finger. In a wider use of the term,
and time information from the Global Positioning Satellites. The fingerprints are the traces of an impression from the friction ridges
system has an “On Board Module" which resides in the vehicle to of any part of a human hand. A print from the foot can also leave
be tracked and a "Base Station" that monitors data from the various an impression of friction ridges. A friction ridge is a raised portion
vehicles. The On Board module consists of GPS receiver, a GSM of the epidermis on the fingers and toes (digits), the palm of the
modem. The Alcohol Sensor is used to sense weather the person hand or the sole of the foot, consisting of one or more connected
driving the car taken Alcohol or not and this data is also given to ridge units of friction ridge skin. These are sometimes known as
ADC, The ADC is used in this system because the signal comes "epidermal ridges" which are caused by the underlying interface
from the Sensors are analog in nature, so we want to convert the between the dermal papillae of the dermis and the interpapillary
Analog (rete) pegs of the epidermis. These epidermal ridges serve to
signals into digital signal for this purpose ADC is used. Heart amplify vibrations triggered, for example, when fingertips brush
Beat sensor used in the system is used to sense the heart beat across an uneven surface, better
of the person driving the car and sends the data to the transmitting the signals to sensory nerves involved in fine texture
embedded system, and the eye blink sensor is used to sense the perception. These ridges also assist in gripping rough surfaces, as
person driving the vehicle is sleeping or not. Accident sensor well as smooth wet surfaces.
is used to
identify weather the vehicle is running in normal condition or Alcohol Sensor
not when the accident occurs it send the information to the A gas detector is a device which detects the presence of various
embedded system . The Embedded system is programmed like gases within an area, usually as part of a safety system.This type
when it receives the signal from the signal sensor it activates of equipment is used to detect a gas leak and interface with a
the Vehicle system control system and level converter unit. control system so a process can be automatically shut down. A gas
Level converter is used in this circuit to convert the logic of the detector can also sound an alarm to operators in the
signal comes from the Embedded system that is acceptable by area where the leak is occurring, giving them the opportunity to
the GPS and GSM modem.GPS receiver is used to find the leave the area. This type of device is important because there are
current location of the vehicle. All the sensor value and GPS many gases that can be harmful to organic life, such as humans or
location are given to embedded system, the embedded system animals.
will sends the data’s to the particular mobile number through Global Positioning System
SMS. When the heart beat of the person is in abnormal A GPS receiver calculates its position by precisely timing the
condition or if the person driving the vehicle taken alcohol the signals sent by the GPS satellites high above the Earth. Each
Embedded system will activates the Vehicle control system satellite continually transmits messages containing the time the
that will slow down the Engine and park the vehicle in the near message was sent, precise orbital information, and the general
by lane the lane detection sensor will do this function. At the system health and rough orbits of all GPS satellites (the alanac).
same time An SMS is send to the hospital that a person needs The receiver measures the transit time of each message and
help and it also indicates the location of vehicle so it is easy to computes the distance to each satellite. Geometric trilateration is
ambulance to reach the place. And also this system consist of used to combine these distances with the location of the satellites
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to determine the receiver's location. The position is displayed, computed time, it is used in a few specialized GPS applications
perhaps with a moving map display or latitude and longitude; such as time transfer and traffic signal timing. Although four
elevation information may be included. Many GPS units also satellites are required for normal operation, fewer apply in special
show derived information such as direction and speed, calculated cases. If one variable is already known (for example, a ship or plane
from position changes. It might seem three satellites may have known elevation), a receiver can determine its position
are enough to solve for position, since space has three dimensions. using only three satellites. Some GPS receivers may use additional
However a very small clock error multiplied by the very large speed clues or assumptions (such as reusing the last known altitude, dead
of light the speed at which satellite signals propagate results in a reckoning, inertial navigation, or including information from the
large positional error. The receiver uses a fourth satellite to solve vehicle computer) to give a degraded position when fewer than four
for x, y, z, and t which is used to correct satellites are visible The below fig.1 shows the driver behaviour
the receiver's clock. While most GPS applications use the detection system,
computed location only and effectively hide the very accurately

MATLAB® is a high-level language and interactive environment R2013b (Version 8.2) Language and Programming
for numerical computation, visualization, andprogramming. Using table data container for managing, sorting, and filtering mixed-
MATLAB, we can analyze data, develop algorithms, and create type tabular data. categorical array for ordered and unordered
models and applications. The language, tools, and built-in math categorical data, time it function for robust time estimates of
functions enable you to explore multiple approaches and reach a function execution, local functions function for getting handles to
solution faster than with spreadsheets or traditional programming all local functions in a file Functions for writing, executing, and
languages, such as C/C++ or Java. We can use MATLAB for a verifying tests using the matlab, unit test testing framework
range of applications, including signal processing and without creating custom classes 18 matlab. mixin. Custom
communications, image and video processing, control systems, test Display utility class to write custom display methods
and measurement, computational finance, and computational Improved viewing and editing of one-dimensional structure arrays
biology. More than a million engineers and scientists in industry in the Variables editor
and academia use MATLAB, the language of technical computing.

Fig.2 Increased heart beat level Fig.3 Left turn the vehicle

Fig.3 shows the heart beat of the person is in abnormalcondition or if the person driving the vehicle taken alcohol the
Embedded system will activates the Vehicle control system that will slow down the Engine and park the vehicle in the nearby lane the
lane detection sensor will do this function.
Conclusion
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The progress in technology about intelligent transportation is

non-stop process. In this system is fully prevent accident in real
time. It will be fully automatic control. It saves time as well as
control this also helps to maximize profit margin in utility
company working in vehicle manufacturing. This system defines
a framework for a new context aware driving behavior model
capable of predicting driver’s behavior. This approach broadens
the cognitive focus of existing driving behavior models to
integrate contextual information related to the vehicle,
environment, driver and the interactions between them.GSM and
GPS based vehicle location and tracking system will provide
effective, real time vehicle location, mapping and reporting this
information value and adds by improving the level of service
provided. This work mainly focus to implement the software
simulation of the hardware modules using MATLAB. In future
enhancement will be provided for safety and security of vehicle.
It will fully avoided for vehicle theft. It will bypassing ofvehicle
when the collision of traffic occurring in it.

References
[1]. Administration N. H. T. S, (2005) “Vehicle
safetycommunications project task 3 final report, identify
intelligent vehicle safety applications enabled by dsrc,” U.S. Dep.
Of Trans., Tech. Rep. DOT HS 809 859.
[2]. Berndt. H, J. Emmert, and K. Dietmayer, (2008) “Continuous
driver intention recognition with hidden markovmodels,” in Proc.
IEEE ITSC, Beijing, China, pp. 1189 –1194.
[3]. Dai. J, J. Teng, X. Bai, Z. Shen, and D. Xuan, (2010)“Mobile
phone based drunk driving detection,” in Proc.
IEEEPervasiveHealth NO PERMISSIONS, Munich, Germany, pp.
1–8.
[4]. Devi. M. S and P. R. Bajaj, (2008) “Driver fatigue detection
based on eye tracking,” in Proc. IEEE ICETET,
Nagpur,Maharashtra, pp. 649 –652.
[5]. Harris. D. H, (1980) “Visual detection of driving while
intoxicated,” HumanFactors: J. Hum. Fact.Ergo.Soci., vol. 22,no.
6, pp. 725–732.
[6]. Helander. M, (2002) “Applicability of drivers’ electrodermal
response to the design of the traffic environment,”J. appl. Psyc., vol.
63, pp. 481–488.
[7]. Imamura. T, H. Yamashita, Z. Zhang, M. R. bin Othman, and
T. Miyake, (2008) “A study of classification for driverconditions
using driving behaviors,” in Proc. IEEE SMC, pp.
1506 –1511.
[8]. Jackson. P, C. Hilditch, A. Holmes, N. Reed, N. Merat, and L.
Smith, (2012) “Fatigue and road safety: A critical analysis of recent
evidence,” UK Department for Transport, Tech. Rep.
[9].Mitrovic. D, (2012) “Reliable method for driving events
recognition,” IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst., vol. 6, no. 2, pp.198
– 205.
[10]. Miyaji. M, M. Danno, and K. Oguri, (2008) “Analysis of
driver behavior based on traffic incidents for driver monitor
systems,” in Proc. IEEE Intell. Veh.Symp., Eindhoven,
Netherlands, pp. 930 –935.
[11]. Olariu. S and M. C. Weigle, (2009) Vehicular
Networks:From Theory to Practice. Chapman & Hall/CRC.

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 TECHNOINSIGHT • July-December • Volume 15 • Issue 2

DNA sensor C GAS- CANSOR DETECTION

1C Sen, 1 A. K. Pradhan, 1J P Jena, 1L Pradhan, 1D P Behera,2 Manas kumar sahoo

1
Asst. Prof. Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, Gandhi
Institute of Technology & Management, Bhubaneswar
2 Student of Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering GITAM ,
BHUBANESWAR ODISHA

ABSTRACT
The host takes use of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to defend against pathogen invasion or cellular damage.
Among microorganism-associated molecular patterns detected by host PRRs, nucleic acids derived from bacteria or viruses
are tightly supervised, providing a fundamental mechanism of host defense. Pathogenic DNAs are supposed to be detected by
DNA sensors that induce the activation of NFκB or TBK1-IRF3 pathway. DNA sensor cGAS is widely expressed in innate

Protein&Cell
immune cells and is a key sensor of invading DNAs in several cell types. cGAS binds to DNA, followed by a conformational
change that allows the synthesis of cyclic guanosine monophosphate–adenosine monophosphate (cGAMP) from adenosine
triphosphate and guanosine triphosphate. cGAMP is a strong activator of STING that can activate IRF3 and subsequent type
I interferon production. Here we describe recent progresses in DNA sensors especially cGAS in the innate immune responses
against pathogenic DNAs.

KEYWORDS cGAS ,cGAMP ,innateimmunity, cytosolic DNAs, DNA sensors

INTRODUCTION triacylated lipoproteins from bacteria and GPIanchored

proteins from parasites (Kirschning et al., 1998). TLR2
Innate immunity provides the first defense line of
and TLR6 detect diacylated lipoproteins from Gram
host to invading microbes (Wu and Chen, 2014). The
positive bacteria and zymosan from fungi (McCurdy et
host has Innate immunity provides the first defense line
al., 2003; Ozinsky et al., 2000). TLR4 is a receptor for
of host to invading microbes (Wu and Chen, 2014). The
LPS from Gram negative bacteria (Poltorak et al., 1998)
host has developed a series of pattern-recognition
and TLR5 recognizes flagellin from motile bacteria
receptors (PRRs) to recognize and fight against
(Hayashi et al., 2001). Finally, TLR11 can be activated
pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that
by uropathogenic E. coli and T. gondii (Lauw et al.,
are present on microbes, such as peptidoglycans
2005). Collectively, the above TLRs render the host to
(Schwandner et al., 1999), lipopolysaccharides (LPS)
distinguish self from non-self PAMPs that are derived
(Brightbill et al., 1999; Zhang et al., 1999) and flagellin
from invading pathogens.
(Mizel et al., 2003). PRRs can also detect damage
associated molecular pattern molecules (DAMPs) that Besides above extracellular PAMPs, microbes can
are derived from the host itself under stresses, including also deliver PAMPs to the cytosol of host cells through
heatshock proteins (Wick et al., 2014), HMGB1 (Bangert bacterial secretion system or engulfment by cells (Saito
et al., 2016), ATP (Kouzaki et al., 2011), uric acid and Gale, 2007; Wilkins and Gale, 2010). These
(Andrews, 2005), heparin sulfate (Tsunekawa et al., cytosolic PAMPs are surveyed by intracellular PRRs
2016) and DNA (Chan and Gack, 2016). The most (Beachboard and Horner, 2016). For instance,
known PRRs are the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family that intracellular LPS can be recognized by inflammatory
are expressed on innate immune cells such as dendritic caspases (Shi et al., 2014; Yang et al., 2015), and
cells (DCs), macrophages and neutrophils (Yin et al., intracellular flagellin is detected by NAIP5 (Gong and
2015). Most TLRs detect extracellular PAMPs (Gay et Shao, 2012; Zhao et al., 2011). Engulfed CpG rich DNAs
al., 2014). For example, TLR1 and TLR2 recognize are sensed by TLR9 in the endosomal compartment

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(Hemmi et al., 2000; Krieg, 2003). In general, all pocket, leading to the synthesis of cGAMP a strong
microbes rely on DNA or RNA for their basic life activator of the STING-TBK1 axis (Civril et al., 2013;
activities such as protein encoding, movement and Gao et al., 2013b; Kranzusch et al., 2013; Wu et al., 2013;
proliferation (Hornung et al., 2014). Zhang et al., 2014). cGAS is involved in immune
recognition of various DNA viruses, certain retroviruses,
When encountered microbial DNAs, the situation is
and even intracellular bacteria (Collins et al., 2015; Li et
a little complicated. Microbial DNAs do not have tri-
al., 2013b; Wassermann et al., 2015; Watson et al., 2015;
phosphorylated groups in their 5’ ends and they are
Yoh et al., 2015). cGAS can be activated by dsDNAs and
constituted by the same elements as are host DNAs
DNA-RNA hybrids (Mankan et al., 2014). Besides
(Abdullah and Knolle, 2014; Holm et al., 2013).
sensing exogenous pathogenic DNAs, cGAS is also
However, eukaryotic genomic DNAs are surrounded by
responsible for monitoring self-originated DNA
nuclear walls that separate DNAs from the cytosol
(Rongvaux et al., 2014; White et al., 2014). During HSV
(Beachboard and Horner, 2016). Meanwhile, invading
infection, mitochondrial integrity is destroyed, causing
pathogens enter the host cytosol at first and some
the release of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) that can be
pathogens live in the cytosol, leaving the cytosolic
detected by cytosolic cGAS (West et al., 2015).
compartment to be contaminated by microbial DNAs
Moreover, in caspase deficient cells, mtDNA is delivered
(Holm et al., 2013; Hornung, 2014; Hornung et al.,
to the cytoplasm, causing cGAS activation during the
2014). The cellular localization of invading DNAs
process of apoptosis (Rongvaux et al., 2014; White et al.,
provides the possibility that the host utilizes cytosolic
2014). In this review, we will introduce the discovery of
DNA sensors to respond to these stimuli. Up to now,
cGAS and describe the properties of cGAS as a DNA
many cytosolic DNA sensors have been reported to
sensor
recognize intracellular pathogenic DNAs (Fig. 1). For
example, DDX41 (Zhang et al., 2011b), IFI16 (Orzalli et Mysteries prior to cGAS discovery
al., 2012; Unterholzner et al., 2010) and DAI (Takaoka
As mentioned above, many DNA sensors have been
et al., 2007) detect double stranded DNAs (dsDNAs) and
defined to mediate recognition of exogenous DNAs.
activate the STING-TBK1-IRF3 pathway. LRRFIP1
However, most of them rely on STING to initiate the
binds dsDNA and triggers IRF3 activation through β-
production of type I IFNs. STING plays a central role in
catenin (Yang et al., 2010). DHX9 and DHX36 associate
innate immune responses against foreign DNAs.
with dsDNA and lead to NFκB activation through
Structural analysis shows that STING does not have the
MyD88 (Kim et al., 2010). Ku70 is reported to bind
cavity to bind dsDNAs. Interestingly, STING has a high
dsDNA and promote production of type I interferon
affinity for cyclic dinucleotides such as c-di-GMP or c-
(IFN) through activation of IRF1 and IRF7 (Zhang et al.,
di-AMP. Cyclic dinucleotides are important secondary
2011a). AIM2 interacts with dsDNA and activates
messenger molecules involved in signaling of bacteria.
inflammasomes by recruiting ASC and pro-caspase-1
They are secreted into the cytosol of host during the
(Burckstummer et al., 2009; Fernandes-Alnemri et al.,
invasion or replication of bacteria by multidrug efflux
2009; Hornung et al., 2009). Of note, Sox2 is expressed
pumps (Whiteley et al., 2015). c-di-AMP secreted by L.
in the cytosol of neutrophils and activates the
monocytogenes activates the STING-IRF3 pathway,
Tab2/TAK1 complex upon binding to dsDNA in a
leading to elevated type I interferon levels that hinder the
sequence-dependent manner (Xia et al., 2015)
clearance of intracellular bacteria (Auerbuch et al., 2004;
cGAS (encoded by MB21D1 gene) has been O’Connell et al., 2004). It is curious that STING has such
recently defined a well-known DNA sensor that a high affinity for cyclic dinucleotides which seems
recognizes cytoplasmic DNA (Ablasser et al., 2013a; irrelevant to exogenous DNA recognition. Many genes
Ablasser et al., 2013b; Gao et al., 2013a; Li et al., 2013b; involved in innate immune responses are interferon-
Schoggins et al., 2014; Sun et al., 2013; Wu et al., 2013). stimulated genes (ISGs) that are upregulated post
Double stranded DNAs (dsDNAs) longer than 36 bp are infection. Through large-scale ISG screening, six
optimal for cGAS activation (Gao et al., 2013b). Once important ISGs were identified as below: IRF1, RIG-I,
detect DNA, cGAS undergoes a conformational change C6orf150 (also known as cGAS, encoded by MB21D1
that allows ATP and GTP to come into the catalytic gene), IFITM3, HPSE and MDA5 (Schoggins and Rice,

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 TECHNOINSIGHT • July-December • Volume 15 • Issue 2

2011; Schoggins et al., 2011). Among these ISGs, generating only linear pppGp(2’-5’)A. This feature of
C6orf150 and HPSE were less investigated with cGAS results in almost absolute synthesis of [Gp(2′-
unknown functions in the antiviral process. Meanwhile, 5′)Ap(3′-5′)] in the second step of cGAMP production.
whether these ISGs play an essential role in foreign DNA This 2′-5′-linked dinucleotide is a strong agonist of
recognition remained elusive. STING and binding of cGAMP to STING leads to
STING conformational change and subsequent IRF3
cGAS and cGAMP
activation (Gao et al., 2013b). STING forms a “closed”
Based on activity assays using cell extracts, cyclic conformation from a “open” conformation once binds to
guanosine monophosphate–adenosine monophosphate cGAMP (Zhang et al., 2013). Structural analyses show
(cGAMP) was identified to be an activator of STING that STING exists as a symmetrical dimer with or
(Wu et al., 2013). Mammalian cytoplasmic extracts without binding to its ligands. The STING dimer forms a
catalyze the synthesis of cGAMP from adenosine V-shaped conformation with a pocket between two
triphosphate (ATP) and guanosine triphosphate (GTP) in STING molecules. Ligand binding causes STING
the presence of dsDNAs. Both transfected dsDNA and conformation change with an inward-shift of the
viral DNA initiate the synthesis of cGAMP that binds to symmetrically-related α2- hilices on STING. For human
STING and initiates IRF3 activation and interferon STING protein, positions 230 and 232 are essential for
production. Through fractionation of cytosolic extracts, best responses to 2’-5’-linked cGAMP. Substitution of
cGAMP synthase (cGAS) was identified as the missing amino acid 232 impairs the immune responses triggered
link between foreign dsDNA and cGAMP (Sun et al., by c-di-GMP but not cGAMP.
2013). cGAS, a member of the nucleotidyltransferase
Structural basis of cGAS activity
family, binds to dsDNA directly in the cytosol and
catalyzes cGAMP synthesis from ATP and GTP (Fig. 1). Structural analyses provide a better understanding
cGAS overexpression promotes IRF3 activation and of how cGAS works in the process of DNA recognition.
subsequent type I IFN production. In contrast, cGAS Mouse cGAS has an NTase domain from amino acid 148
knockdown suppresses the IRF3 activation and type I (aa148) to aa370 and a Mab21 domain from aa199 to
IFN generation in a STING-dependent manner. In aa498 (Sun et al., 2013). The Mab21 domain is composed
addition to transfected dsDNAs and viral DNAs, cGAS of two lobes divided by a deep cleft (Civril et al., 2013).
also mediates immune responses against retroviruses One lobe has the NTase domain with a twisted β-sheet
such as HIV (Gao et al., 2013a). flanked by two α-helices (Fig. 2). Along the cleft, two β-
sheets harbor the catalytic residues. Opposite of the
catalytic site is a fairly flat surface that compromises the
As a nucleotidyltransferase, cGAS catalyzes the nucleotide-binding loop (Fig. 2). A protrusion is located
synthesis of a product that is totally different from cyclic on the edge of the surface, comprising conserved
dinucleotides characterized previously. cGAS catalyzes histidine and cysteines. This is a Zn2+ ion binding loop
the synthesis of cGAMP that has a 2′-5′ and a 3′-5′ denoted as “Zn thumb” (Fig. 2). Functional analyses with
phosphodiester linkage ([Gp(2′-5′)Ap(3′-5′)]) (Ablasser cGAS mutations show that the active site residues. cGAS
et al., 2013a; Gao et al., 2013b). cGAS promotes the dimerization is also an important prerequisite for cGAS
synthesis of cGAMP from ATP and GTP through two activation (Li et al., 2013a; Zhang et al., 2014). cGAS
steps (Ablasser et al., 2013a). cGAS first catalyzes the exhibits an autoinhibited conformation that the activation
synthesis of a 2′-5′-linked dinucleotide from ATP and loop directs to the outside, hindering the synthesis of
GTP, followed by another catalysis of a 3′-5′ cGAMP from ATP and GTP (Fig. 2). However, when
phosphodiester linkage that finally cyclizes ATP and cGAS binds to dsDNA, the positively charged residues
GTP. During the first step of the synthesis, the attacking on the nucleotidebinding loop associate with negatively
nucleotide determines the phosphodiester bond type charged nucleotide residues, leading to conformational
generated from ATP and GTP. If 5′-GTP is the attacking changes that allow cGAMP catalyzation. Of note, cGAS
nucleotide, a 2′-5′-linkage will be formed. If 5′-ATP is is a monomer in the absence of dsDNAs. When cGAS
the attacking one, a 3′-5′-linkage will be generated. binds to dsDNA, a 2:2 dimer is formed between cGAS
However, cGAS prefers GTP as the attacking nucleotide, and dsDNA (Li et al., 2013a; Zhang et al., 2014).

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Residues N389 to E398 in the Zn thumb are essential for CONCLUDING REMARKS
cGAS dimmer formation. Moreover, residues A346 and
K347 also favor dimer formation through forming two Although cGAS plays an important role of cytosolic
hydrogen bonds with residue E398. DNA sensing in cell types such as macrophages, DCs and
fibroblasts, there are also some cell types do not express
cGAS mediates immune responses cGAS but have normal cytosolic DNA sensing potential.
cGAS is essential for immune recognition of For instance, in CD4 T cells, IFI16 is the main
foreign DNAs from various sources, such as DNA cytoplasmic DNA sensor for HIV reverse-transcribed
viruses, retroviruses and intracellular bacteria (Fig. 3) DNAs (Monroe et al., 2014). In neutrophils, Sox2 acts as
(Collins et al., 2015; Gao et al., 2013a; Wassermann et a DNA sensor for invading cytosolic bacterial DNA (Xia
al., 2015; Watson et al., 2015; Yoh et al., 2015). The role et al., 2015). Sox2 localizes in the cytoplasm of
of cGAS in HIV infection has been intensely investigated neutrophils and recognizes microbial DNA through its
post cGAS discovery. There are two types of HIVs in HMG domain. Moreover, Sox2 associates with TAB2
humans: HIV-1 and HIV-2. Compared with HIV-2, HIV- upon bacterial DNA stimulation and activates the TAB2-
1 is more common and pathogenic. Besides infected T TAK1 kinase complex through dimerization.
cells, HIV-2 also replicates in DCs accompanied by Interestingly, Sox2-mediated DNA recognition is
activated innate immune responses (Manel et al., 2010). sequence-dependent. Sequence-specific recognition of
Further analysis shows that cellular factor SAMHD1 exogenous DNAs has long been used by low forms of life
restricts HIV-1 infection in DCs and macrophages such as eubacteria and archea. Restriction endonucleases
through negative regulation of interferon responses are DNA sequence-specific enzymes that are utilized by
(Hrecka et al., 2011; Laguette et al., 2011). However, bacteria to cleave invading viral DNAs (Jinek et al.,
HIV-2 encodes Vpx that mediates SAMHD1 degradation 2012). These enzymes provide the innate defense against
through the CRL4-DCAF1 E3 ubiquitin ligase, resulting phage DNAs. In addition, the recently developed
in HIV-2 replication in DCs and macrophages (Hrecka et CRISPR/Cas9 technology is also originated from
al., 2011; Laguette et al., 2011). DCs sense reverse- bacteria. Bacteria synthesize guiding RNAs from
transcribed viral cDNA of HIV-2 by cGAS, leading to previous integrated virus DNAs to target and degrade
type I IFN production and surrounding T cell activation. incoming virus DNAs (Sampson et al., 2013). This
HIV-1 encoded capsid protects its viral cDNA from sequence reliable system is a kind of acquired immunity
cGAS-mediated sensing in DCs (Lahaye et al., 2013). which mimics adoptive immunity in higher organisms.
DCs play an essential role in immune responses against Therefore, it is plausible that higher organisms might
HIVs. Co-infection of HIV-1 and HIV-2 leads to a reserve these sequence-specific defense systems during
delayed lling HIV infection (Esbjornsson et al., 2012). evolution, just like the DNA sensing by Sox2 in human
During the reverse transcription of HIV viral RNAs, only and mouse neutrophils.
single-stranded DNA is generated. However, based on
previous knowledge on cGAS, only double-stranded
DNA can associate with and activate cGAS (Wu and
Chen, 2014). Then how HIV-derived DNA is recognized
by cGAS? Actually, HIVderived single-stranded DNA
forms short base-paired DNA stretches that are strong
Remarks
activators of cGAS (Herzner et al., 2015). These short
dsDNAs (also called Y-form DNA) formed from single- 1. Abdullah Z, Knolle PA (2014) Scaling of
stranded DNAs are the predominant viral DNAs in the immune responses against intracellular
cytosol during the early infection of host cells. Y-form bacterial infection. EMBO J 33:2283–2294
DNAs are characterized by unpaired guanosines flanking 2. Abe T, Harashima A, Xia T, Konno H, Konno
the stem region. They are flexible in respect of the
K, Morales A, Ahn J, Gutman D, Barber GN
numbers of unpaired guanosines and represent a newly
(2013) STING recognition of cytoplasmic
discovered robust PAMP.
DNA instigates cellular defense. Mol Cell
50:5–15
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3. Ablasser A, Bauernfeind F, Hartmann G, Latz RB, Belisle JT, Bleharski JR, Maitland M,
E, Fitzgerald KA, Hornung V (2009) RIG-I- Norgard MV, Plevy SE, Smale ST et al (1999)
dependent sensing of poly(dA:dT) through the Host defense mechanisms triggered by
induction of an RNA polymerase III- microbial lipoproteins through toll-like
transcribed RNA intermediate. Nat Immunol receptors. Science 285:732–736
10:1065–1072 12. Burckstummer T, Baumann C, Bluml S, Dixit
4. Ablasser A, Goldeck M, Cavlar T, Deimling T, E, Durnberger G, Jahn H, Planyavsky M,
Witte G, Rohl I, Hopfner KP, Ludwig J, Bilban M, Colinge J, Bennett KL et al (2009)
Hornung V (2013a) cGAS produces a 2′- 5′- An orthogonal proteomic-genomic screen
linked cyclic dinucleotide second messenger identifies AIM2 as a cytoplasmic DNA sensor
that activates STING. Nature 498:380–384 for the inflammasome. Nat Immunol 10:266–
5. Ablasser A, Schmid-Burgk JL, Hemmerling I, 272
Horvath GL, Schmidt T, Latz E, Hornung V 13. Burdette DL, Vance RE (2013) STING and the
(2013b) Cell intrinsic immunity spreads to innate immune response to nucleic acids in the
bystander cells via the intercellular transfer of cytosol. Nat Immunol 14:19–2
cGAMP. Nature 503:530–534 14. Esbjornsson J, Mansson F, Kvist A, Isberg PE,
6. Ablasser A, Hemmerling I, Schmid-Burgk JL, Nowroozalizadeh S, Biague AJ, da Silva ZJ,
Behrendt R, Roers A, Hornung V (2014) Jansson M, Fenyo EM, Norrgren H et al (2012)
TREX1 deficiency triggers cell-autonomous Inhibition of HIV-1 disease progression by
immunity in a cGAS-dependent manner. J contemporaneous HIV-2 infection. N
Immunol 192:5993–5997 15. Engl J Med 367:224–232 Fernandes-Alnemri
7. Ahn J, Barber GN (2014) Self-DNA, STING- T, Yu JW, Datta P, Wu J, Alnemri ES (2009)
dependent signaling and the origins of AIM2 activates the inflammasome and cell
autoinflammatory disease. Curr Opin Immunol death in response to cytoplasmic DNA. Nature
31:121–126 458:509–513 Fuertes MB, Kacha AK, Kline J,
8. Bangert A, Andrassy M, Muller AM, Woo SR, Kranz DM, Murphy KM,
Bockstahler M, Fischer A, Volz CH, Leib C, 16. Gajewski TF (2011) Host type I IFN signals
Goser S, Korkmaz-Icoz S, Zittrich S et al are required for antitumor CD8+ T cell
(2016) responses through CD8{alpha}+ dendritic
9. Critical role of RAGE and HMGB1 in cells. J Exp Med 208:2005–2016
inflammatory heart disease. Proc Natl Acad 17. Gajewski TF, Woo SR, Zha Y, Spaapen R,
Sci USA 113:E155–E164 Zheng Y, Corrales L, Spranger S (2013)
10. Beachboard DC, Horner SM (2016) Innate Cancer immunotherapy strategies based on
immune evasion strategies of DNA and RNA overcoming barriers within the tumor
viruses. Curr Opin Microbiol 32:113–119 microenvironment. Curr Opin Immunol
Bridgeman A, Maelfait J, Davenne T, 25:268–276
Partridge T, Peng Y, Mayer A, Dong T, Kaever 18. Gao D, Wu J, Wu YT, Du F, Aroh C, Yan N,
V, Borrow P, Rehwinkel J (2015) Viruses Sun L, Chen ZJ (2013a) Cyclic GMP-AMP
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RA, Hartmann G et al (2013b) Cyclic 21. Zhang G, Chan B, Samarina N, Abere B,

[G(2′,5′)pA (3′,5′)p] is the metazoan second Weidner-Glunde M, Buch A, Pich A,
messenger produced by DNAactivated cyclic Brinkmann MM, Schulz TF (2016)
GMP-AMP synthase. Cell 153:1094–1107 Cytoplasmic isoforms of Kaposi sarcoma
Gao D, Li T, Li XD, Chen X, Li QZ, Wight- herpesvirus LANA recruit and antagonize the
Carter M, Chen ZJ (2015) Activation of cyclic innate immune DNA sensor cGAS. Proc Natl
GMP-AMP synthase by self-DNA causes Acad Sci USA 113:E1034–E1043
autoimmune diseases. Proc Natl Acad Sci 22. Zhao Y, Yang J, Shi J, Gong YN, Lu Q, Xu H,
USA 112: E5699–E5705 Gay NJ, Symmons Liu L, Shao F (2011) The NLRC4
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and localization of Toll-like receptor and type III secretion apparatus. Nature
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activation loop. Cell Rep 6:421–430

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Role of Communication skill in Educational Institute and it’s importance.

1Sandhya Rani Chouhan, 2Tusharkanta Das, 1Sukanta Kumar Sahoo, 1Shaktiman Tripathy 1Subhalaxmi Panda,
1
Rupali Bindhani, 1Ashok Kumar Dalei
1Asst. Prof Basic Science & Humanities Department, GITAM BHUBANESWAR ODISHA
2
Prof Basic Science & Humanities Department, GITAM BHUBANESWAR ODISHA

Abstract

Communication has always been one of the relevant variables influencing the teaching-learning process.
The objectives of the current study were (1) To identify those communication skills that students consider
to be most important for the teaching activity,(2) To highlight the relationships that exist between
students’ perceived interpersonal communication competence, the degree to which they are involved in
interpersonal interactions with the teachers and their willingness to communicate, as well as to capture
all of these variables’ predictive value for the students’ academic performance. 90 first-year students
(mean age 21.89, SD=5.20) have filled out the following questionnaires: Interpersonal Communication
Competence Scale, Communication Functions Questionnaire, Interaction Involvement Scale and
Willingness to Communicate Scale. The average grade of promotion obtained at the end of the first
semester finals was also taken into consideration. Results have indicated that referential and
conversational communication skills are considered to be the most significant for the teaching activity and
that there are significant links between academic performance and students’ degree of involvement in
interpersonal interactions with their teachers. The regression model has shown that the teacher’s use of
regulatory and referential communication skills explains a significant amount of the variance in the
academic performance, the students’ interaction involvement with their teachers providing a further
explanation for the performance achieved by students.

Keywords: teacher-student relationship, communication skills, interpersonal communication, academic

performance.

Introduction cognitive and affective learning 6,12,15positive

student evaluations, perceived teacher competence,
In an educational context, teachers and students trustworthiness and caring15. The degree of
share the same objective learning, and each needs development of social and communication skills
the other in order to achieve this objective. Among and the students’ perception of these, as well as their
the variables impacting the process of instruction, ability to continuously develop these along the
communication remains a very important one. school years, are associated both with their
Teacher communicative behaviors14, his/her interpersonal and their academic success11. Also,
immediacy (non-verbal immediacy behaviors such numerous research studies emphasize the
as smiling, gesturing, eye contact or relaxed body importance of a positive teacher-student
language; verbal immediacy – calling the students relationship, and its connection to learning and
by name, using humor and raising questions that academic performance2,7,21, or the relationship
encourage students to talk and ask for different between the students’ willingness to communicate
viewpoints, praise) 15or perceived communicator and explore new relational opportunities5 and
style, are variables that influence motivation, committing to a greater extent to the initiative to
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interact with teachers by asking more questions and however, acts as a mediator between relationship
asking for more information16. and performance18. The formation of interpersonal
Starting from the results of previous studies, the relationships precedes the development of efficient,
current research has established two objectives: successful learning relationships. The learning
(1) Identifying those communication skills that relationship is the one in which the teacher and the
students consider to be most important in the student work together in order to enable learning18.
teaching activity and determining whether they Not all interpersonal relationships lead to learning
carry a predictive value for academic performance relationships, but all learning relationships originate
(2) Highlighting the relationships that exist from efficient, successful interpersonal
between the students’ perceived interpersonal 18
relationships . Positive teacher-student
communication competence, their degree of relationships are thought to stimulate the learning
involvement in interpersonal interactions with the behavior and provide students with the support for
teachers and their willingness to communicate, and coping with school requirements, while negative
determining whether relationships (dominated by discordant and
These variables carry a predictive value for coercive interactions) hinder and interfere with the
academic performance. child’s efforts to cope with these requirements18.
Teacher-student Relationship and academic Communication and academic performance
performance Communication competence – the judgment one
has about one’s own or another’s “ability to manage
The teacher-student relationship may be defined as interpersonal relationships in communication
an interpersonal relationship, and its quality and settings”1&18, has consequences on the quality of the
durability depend on both parties involved7. In order relationships1. Research has shown that self-
to speak of interpersonal communication, the perceived communication competence may have a
persons involved need to communicate with each strong influence on individuals’ willingness to
other as individuals and not as representatives of the communicate (the degree to which an individual is
roles they fulfill (sociological level) or of the inclined to initiate communication with different
cultural groups they belong to (cultural level). Most people in various social settings)13&5
frequently, though, teachers and students .(Moreover,self-perceived communication
communicate with each other on the level of the competence may be more associated with both
roles they play (sociological level). Only when they willingness to communicate and volitional
interact with each other on an individual level, communication behavior than is actual
communication occurs on a psychological level and communication skill12&22. Therefore, the person can
the relationship becomes interpersonal7. Students be less or more effective in communication,
who benefit more from interpersonal interaction generating negative or positive perceptions of him -
achieve better results in the process of learning7. or herself in the minds of others involved in the
The quality of the teacher-student relationship is communication12. In an educational context,
significantly associated with students’ social students with a greater willingness to communicate
functioning, behavior problems, engagement in speak more during class, engage more often in
learning activities, positive feelings about school projects that imply communication and are much
and higher academic and behavioral competence more comfortable with taking initiative and
and achievement18. Associations with commitment cultivating communication relationships, whereas
are stronger than with academic performance, students with a lower willingness to communicate
perhaps due to the fact that teacher-student tend to be reluctant or less apt to communicate with
relationships are, partly, a measure of social others5. In turn, teachers have positive expectations
adaptation – and therefore closer to behavioral from students with a higher willingness to
results than to academic ones. Commitment, communicate and negative ones from those with a
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lower willingness. The assessment they carry out after completing the courses and seminars with the
(through tests, grades) is consistent with these respective teachers. This kind of methodology
expectations, although no connections have been allows for a wide range of teachers to be included
identified between intellectual skills and as targets of students’ perceptions and 8 assistants
communication orientations12. These differences teaching subjects during the first semester). Also,
can also be noticed in the relationships with peers. information was gathered on the general average
Students with a higher willingness to communicate grade obtained by participants at the end of the
have more friends and seem to be more satisfied winter final
with their school experience, as compared to those
with a lower willingness to communicate – who are Measures
seen in a negative way by their peers12. Also, studies
The Romanian versions of all instruments were
show that teachers’ attitude, involvement (the
initially translated from English into Romanian and
quality of teacher-student relationship), immediacy
then back-translated into English, according to APA
and teaching style influence the learners’
standards. The internal consistency was calculated
participation and their willingness to
22
for the entire questionnaires, as well as for each
communicate . Students who communicate more
scale individually.
effectively with their teacher learn more and are
more successful in the classroom. Interaction The Interpersonal Communication Competence
involvement – the extent to which individuals are Scale (Rubin & Martin, 1994) measures ten
involved in a conversation and integrate thoughts, dimensions of interpersonal competence: self-
feelings and experience with interaction, was disclosure, empathy, social relaxation,
associated with increased affect toward the teacher, assertiveness, interaction management, alter
increased state of motivation to study, and centrism, expressiveness, supportiveness,
satisfaction with the classroom communication8. immediacy and environmental control. The scale
can be used to assess global communication skills
Method or to draw up another-report of interpersonal
competence as well; it has a 30 item self-report
Participants the research, carried out between June
Likert-type scale (1– almost never to 5 – almost
and July 2021, included a convenience sample of 90
always). The internal consistency for the entire
first-year students (mean age 21.89, SD=5.20),
scalewas α=.70.
from the GITAM College of Bhubaneswar. Due to
The Communication Functions Questionnaire
the faculty’s specialty, the distribution according to
(CFQ-30 – Burleson & Samter,1990) assesses the
gender is uneven, as the sample includes 19 men
value people place on ten skills relevant to
(21.1%) and 71 women (78.8%). Each participant
communication with others and features the
filled out a set of four questionnaires.
management of feelings and the management of
Procedures behavior: comforting, conflict management,
conversation, Ego support, expressiveness,
Participation in the study was voluntary and it referential/informative, listening, narrative,
addressed the first-year students. They were asked persuasion and regulative skills. The questionnaire
to fill out a set of four questionnaires aimed at has 30 items and the responses are given on a 5-
communication skills. The instructions required pointLikert scale (1 – very unimportant to 5 – very
filling these out by referring to the teachers whom important). Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for the
the students had worked with along the entire entire questionnaire was .93, and for each scale
semester. According to the initial methodology, individually it varied between α=.66 and α=.92. The
students were asked to fill out the questionnaires CFQ has been used in interpersonal domains, but

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 Communi
cation Me S Me S Me
skills an D an D an SD
TECHNOINSIGHT • July-December • Volume 15 • Issue 2
13. 1. 14. 1. 13. 1.
Referential 95 52 11 43 36 70
Conversati 12. 1. 13. 1. 12. 2.
also in organizational settings and instructional onal 97 88 19 72 15 24
Conflict
contexts (Rubin, Rubin, Graham, Perse & Seibold,
manageme 12. 2. 12. 2. 10. 3.
2009). nt 25 69 84 03 05 64
The Interaction Involvement Scale (IIS – Cegala, Ego 12. 2. 12. 2. 10. 3.
1981), measures the general tendency to be support 14 57 52 29 73 12
involved in interpersonal interactions, and consists 11. 2. 12. 2. 10. 3.
of three dimensions: perceptiveness, attentiveness Regulative 73 89 18 57 05 43
and responsiveness. The version used in this study 11. 2. 11. 2. 11. 2.
Listening 62 5 78 44 00 70
consisted of 18 seven-point Likert-type items (1 –
11. 2. 11. 2. 11. 2.
not at all like me to 7 – very much like me), and it Narrative 22 54 23 62 15 29
was adjusted to the educational context – the Comfortin 9.1 3. 9.6 3. 7.2 3.
participantswere asked to evaluate the extent to g 7 46 9 16 6 95
which they were involved in interactions with a Expressive 8.4 3. 3. 7.8 3.
teacher during the most recent class (Frymier, ness 5 13 8.6 15 9 05
2005). Because we were interested in an overall 7.5 3. 7.6 3. 7.2 2.
involvement with the teacher, the entire score was Persuasion 5 32 3 44 6 92
N=71 N=19
used to test the hypotheses. The internal consistency
N=90 women men
for the entire scale was α=.81.
above the threshold of five, without accumulating
the necessary credit points, does not grant the
The Willingness to Communicate Scale (WTC – student the “integralist” status (a student who has
McCroskey, 1992) is a direct measure of the acquired all credit points successfully).
respondent’s predisposition toward approaching or
Analysis
avoiding the initiation of communication. It is a 20-
item (communication situations) probability- The data obtained following the application of the
estimate scale, where 8 of the items are fillers and questionnaires and registering the winter finals
12 are scored as part of the scale. The respondent grades were processed using the SPSS 19 program.
has to indicate the percentage of times he/she would Descriptive statistics, the Pearson correlation
choose to communicate in each type of situation. coefficient and regression analysis were used to test
The total WTC score is computed by adding the the research hypotheses.
sub-scores for stranger, acquaintance, and friend,
and then divided by three. The internal consistency Results
for the entire scale was α=.72. Academic
The communication skills that students consider to
performance was operationalized based on the
be most important for the teaching activity are the
cumulative grade average obtained at the end of the
referential and conversational skills (Table 1).
first semester finals. The winter finals consisted of
four exams and four oral examinations. Five of the Due to the fact that the sample’s distribution
subjects included courses and seminars – thus according to gender was uneven (19 men and 71
implying both forms of written and of oral women), in a first stage we determined whether
examination (the weight of the seminar grade there are differences regarding the importance
making up between 30 and 40% of the final mark), attributed to the presence of these communication
and three subjects consisted of oral examinations skills in teachers according to the gender variable,
and group tasks. In the academic environment of after which we targeted the entire sample, capturing
universities, performance equates to acquiring a the common skills situated in the first two positions.
number of 30 credit points after passing all exams. Results indicate a greater importance attributed to
Therefore, obtaining a cumulative grade average referential and conversational communication
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skills. Examining the items mean in order (paired t- By introducing the two communication skills into
test), we can also see that referential skills are more the regression analysis, we
important than conversational skills (t= 4.76, have obtained a significant value for F (5.89,
p=.000); conversational skills are more important p<.01), the regression model explaining 20.4% of
than conflict management (t=2.47, p=.01); the academic performance (R2=.204, p<.01).
referential skills are more important than regulative Among the predictors, it seems only regulatory
skills (t=7.37, p=.000). Significant differences were skills (the ability to help someone realize their
not determined regarding the first two positions, mistakes and correct them –Priyanka, 2003)
according to student performance. Concerning the exercise a significant influence on academic
connections between the performance achieved by performance (β=.318, p=.02).
students during the winter finals and teachers’ Concerning the relationship between the academic
communication skills, the statistical data processing performance achieved by students during the winter
has shown the absence of significant associations. finals and the other three studied variables, results
Significant associations were not identified even in only indicate a significant positive relationship with
the case of skills perceived by students as the most their degree of involvement in interpersonal
important for the teaching activity. In the academic interactions with teachers.
environment of universities, performance achieved Table 4. Correlation matrix of variables
during the finals implies passing all exams of the included in the study (N=49 – “integralist”
semester and reporting the final cumulative grade students)
average to a fixed number of credit points that the Variables 1 2 3 4
student must obtain at the end of a semester (the
semester is considered closed when a number of 30 1. Academic performance 1.00.
2. Interpersonal
credit points is acquired). Under these
communication competence 0.27 1
circumstances, we have tried to determine whether
3. Interaction involvement .45** .39** 1.00.
there are any differences between students who 4. Willingness to
have accumulated the necessary number of credit communicate 0.002 .49** 0.22 1.00.
points and those who did not, from the perspective
of the studied variables. Of the 90 participants, only *p<.05; **p<.01
49 accumulated 30 credit points at the end of the
winter finals, i.e. passing all eight exams (course In order to see whether the “integralist” students’
and seminar for each subject). Thus, we have degree of involvement in interpersonal interactions
obtained two groups: “integralists” – 49 students, with their teachers is a predictor of their academic
and “non-integralists” – 41 students. By analyzing performance, we have carried out a linear
again the studied variables, the results were regression, which resulted in a significant value for
different. In the case of the “non-integralist” group F (12.24, p<.01), meaning that, in this new situation,
of students, no significant connections were interaction.
obtained. Table 2 indicates the connection between
Involvement explains 20.7% of the academic
academic performance and teachers’
performance obtained by the“integralist” students
communication skills in the case of the “integralist”
in the winter finals (R2=.207; β=.455, p<.01).
group of students.
Therefore, in the case of “integralist” students, the
Table 2. Correlation matrix of variables included in referential and regulative communication skills of
the study (N=49 –”integralist” students) teachers, along with their degree of involvement in
interpersonal interactions with the teachers, carry a
*p<.05; **p<.01 predictive value for their academic performance. In
order to identify how much of the academic

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performance is explained by these variables, a academic performance. Regarding the first

hierarchical regression was carried out (Table 5 and objective of the current research, results indicate
Table 6). that communication skills seen by students as most
important in the teaching activity are skills that
*p<.05; **p<.01 reflect managing activity and behavior: referential
skills – the teacher’s ability to express information
Table 6. Hierarchical multiple regression results in a clear and concise manner in order to make
(N=49 – “integralist” students) students understand what it is referring to (Aylor,
2003; Graham, 2009), and conversational skills –
*p<.05; **p<.01
the ability to initiate and maintain enjoyable
The first regression model explains 20.4% of the conversations (Aylor, 2003). Students appreciate
academic performance of those teachers who are easy to talk to and who have
no authoritarian behaviors, perhaps because such
“integralist” students (R2=.204, p<.01), and among teachers invite mutuality into the relationship
the predictors, it seems only regulative skills (Tobbell & O’Donnell, 2013). The absence of
exercise a significant influence on academic significant associations between academic
performance (β=.318, p=.02). Although exercising performance and the teachers’ communication
regulative and referential communication skills skills considered important by students could be
significantly contribute to academic performance determined by the manner of operationalizing
(F(2,46)=5,89, p=.005), by controlling these academic performance, i.e. the cumulative grade
factors’ influence, the students’ interaction average of passing all exams above five and the
involvement brings further explains academic accumulation of 30 credit points. Considering that
performance (F(1,45)=6,95, p=.01). Thus, the only 49 “integralist” students were taken into
second regression model explains 31.1% of consideration, results have highlighted significant
academic performance (R2=.311, p=.01), and positive relationships between academic
among the predictors, only regulative skills and performance and teachers’ referential and
students’ interaction involvement influence regulative communication skills (helping someone
academic performance. Between these two, it seems recover from a mistake and remedy the problem –
the degree of involvement in interactions with Graham, 2009). Moreover, the regression model
teachers exercises a greater influence (β=.356, explains 20.4% of academic performance, and of
the two predictors, regulative skills exercise a
p=.01) as compared to regulative skills (β=.286,
significant influence on performance. Students tend
p=.03).
to appreciate a teacher’s efficiency based on the
Discussion perception of clarity in his/her teaching process,
studies indicating positive relationships between
The objectives of this study were (1) to identify teacher clarity, student satisfaction, student
those communication skills that students consider motivation and student academic achievements
most important for the teaching activity, and (Wayne & Young, 2003). The teacher’s use of these
determining whether they carry a predictive value functional communication skills motivates students
for academic performance, as well as (2) to capture to perform well academically, to experience greater
the relationships that exist between the students’ affect, to be more content with their relationship
perceived interpersonal communication with the teacher and more motivated to commit to
competence, their degree of involvement in interactions during class (Myers, Martin & Knapp,
interpersonal interactions with teachers and their 2005). In the case of the second objective, results
willingness to communicate, and to determine indicate the existence of a significant relationship
whether these variables carry a predictive value for between academic performance and students’
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degree of involvement in interpersonal interactions one’s initiation of and involvement in interpersonal

with teachers, the latter explaining 10.2% of the relationships (McCroskey & Richmond, 1990;
performance achieved by students during the winter Zarrinabadi, 2014). Not knowing how to
finals. Again taking into consideration only the 49 communicate or the insufficient development of
“integralist” students, this time the regression one’s communication skills can be one of the
model explains 20.7% of the academic performance reasons why one person is less willing than others
obtained by “integralist” students during the winter to communicate (McCroskey & Richmond, 1990).
finals. The teacher’s use of regulative and It seems, though, that participating in trainings for
referential communication skills significantly developing these skills is followed by an increase in
contributes to academic performance, and student people’s desire to communicate in contexts related
involvement in interpersonal interactions with to the training (Phillips, 1977). Because results have
teachers brings an explanatory addition to the shown that the degree of involvement in
performance achieved by these (the regression interpersonal relationships with teachers is a
model explaining 31.1% of academic performance). premise for achieving academic performance, in the
These results are in accordance with other research future, organizing such trainings for students could
studies which indicate that students who get contribute to an increase in the rate of passing
involved and communicate more efficiently with exams or to improving academic performances
their teachers learn more and are more successful in
their classroom activities (Frymier, 2005). References

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