CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS
1. Classification Based on Size and Power
Supercomputers:
Characteristics: Extremely fast, capable of processing vast amounts of data simultaneously; used
for complex calculations (e.g., weather modeling, scientific simulations).
Mainframes:
Characteristics: Large, powerful machines used in organizations for bulk data processing and
critical applications (e.g., banking transactions).
Minicomputers:
Characteristics: Mid-sized, capable of supporting multiple users; often used for specific
applications (e.g., industrial control systems).
Microcomputers:
Characteristics: Small, personal computers like desktops, laptops, and tablets; designed for
individual use.
2. Classification Based on Purpose
General-purpose computers:
Characteristics: Versatile and capable of performing a wide range of tasks (e.g., personal
computers).
Special-purpose computers:
Characteristics: Designed for a specific task (e.g., embedded systems in cars, ATMs).
3. Comparison of Analog, Digital, and Hybrid
ComputersAnalog Computers:
Characteristics: Process continuous data (e.g., voltage levels) and are often used in simulations.
Digital Computers:
Characteristics: Process discrete data using binary; most common type for general computing
tasks (e.g., desktops, servers).
Hybrid Computers:
Characteristics: Combine features of both analog and digital; used in specialized applications
like medical imaging.
4. Classification Based on Processing Capabilities
Single-user systems:
Characteristics: Designed for use by one person at a time (e.g., personal computers).
Multi-user systems:
Characteristics: Support multiple users simultaneously (e.g., mainframes).
Multiprocessing systems:
Characteristics: Use multiple CPUs for parallel processing (e.g., supercomputers).
Multitasking systems:
Characteristics: Allow multiple processes to run concurrently on a single CPU (e.g., modern
operating systems).
5. Classification Based on Architecture
Von Neumann Architecture:
Characteristics: Uses a single memory space for both data and instructions, leading to potential
bottlenecks.
Harvard Architecture:
Characteristics: Has separate memory for data and instructions, allowing for more efficient
processing.
6. Central Processing Unit (CPU) Components Control Unit (CU): Directs operations within the
CPU.
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): Performs mathematical and logical operations.
Registers: Small, fast storage locations for immediate data access.
COMPUTER SECURITY
1. Key Principles of Computer Security (CIA Triad)
Confidentiality: Protecting sensitive information from unauthorized access.
Integrity: Ensuring data is accurate and unaltered.
Availability: Ensuring systems and data are accessible when needed.
2. Types of Malware
Viruses: Attach to programs and spread when executed.
Worms: Self-replicate across networks.
Trojans: Disguised as legitimate software but perform harmful actions.
Ransomware: Locks files and demands payment for access.
Spyware: Monitors and collects user information without consent.
3. Role of Encryption
Encryption: Secures data by converting it into a coded format, protecting it during transmission
and when stored.
4. Importance of Security Measures
Firewalls: Filter traffic to prevent unauthorized access.
IDS/IPS: Monitor and respond to suspicious activities.
Antivirus Software: Detects and removes malicious software.
5. Social Engineering Attacks
Phishing: Deceptive attempts to acquire sensitive information.
Baiting: Tempting users to download malware.
Pretexting: Creating false scenarios to extract information.
Human Factor: Lack of awareness can lead to security breaches.
6. Basic Computer Organization Elements
CPU: The brain of the computer, processing instructions.
Memory: Includes RAM (temporary storage) and ROM (permanent storage).
Input/Output Devices: Interfaces for user interaction and data communication.
