CC MODULE 1

1. CLOUD COMPUTING- REFERENCE MODEL

The Cloud Computing Reference Model provides a structured, layered framework to describe the wide range
of services offered by cloud computing. It organizes these services into three major categories: Infrastructure-
as-a-Service (IaaS), Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS), and Software-as-a-Service (SaaS). Each layer builds upon
the one below it, offering progressively higher levels of abstraction and specific functionality.

i. Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS)
• What it Provides:
o Virtualized computing resources such as virtual machines (VMs), storage, and networking.
o Tools for users to configure the operating system, software, and applications on the provided
infrastructure.
• Key Characteristics:
o Virtual Hardware: On-demand creation of VMs with user-defined configurations.
o Virtual Storage: Options like raw disk space (persistent storage) or object storage (abstract entities).
o Virtual Networking: Services for managing communication between VMs and their connection to
external networks.
• Target Audience: Users who need scalable computing systems with customized software stacks, such as
developers building websites or conducting background processing.
• Pricing Model: Usually based on usage (e.g., dollars per hour) depending on the hardware and resources
consumed.

ii. Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS)

• What it Provides:
o Scalable and elastic runtime environments for developing and hosting applications.
o APIs and libraries to help users focus on application logic rather than infrastructure management.
• Key Characteristics:
o Middleware platform handles scalability, fault tolerance, and runtime management.
o Users deploy and execute applications within a controlled, abstract environment.
• Target Audience: Developers creating new applications who want to leverage cloud features without
managing underlying infrastructure.
• Benefits:
 o Simplified development process.
o Built-in scalability and fault tolerance managed by the provider.
iii. Software-as-a-Service (SaaS)
• What it Provides:
o Ready-to-use applications delivered over the internet.
o Examples include office automation (e.g., Google Docs), CRM (e.g., Salesforce), and social
networking websites.
• Key Characteristics:
o Applications are accessible through web browsers.
o Shared infrastructure ensures scalability and isolation among users.
o No installation, configuration, or maintenance required by the end user.
• Target Audience: End users seeking functionality without the complexity of managing software or
hardware.
• Common Use Cases: Email services, document management, photo editing, and CRM solutions.

Interrelationships Among the Layers

• IaaS forms the foundation by providing raw computing resources. PaaS builds on this by abstracting the
complexity of infrastructure and offering platforms for application development. SaaS resides at the top,
delivering fully developed applications ready for end users.
• Each layer serves different user needs, ranging from low-level infrastructure control (IaaS) to high-level
application functionality (SaaS).

2. CLOUD COMPUTING – CHARACTERISTICS, BENEFITS, CHALLENGES

Characteristics:
1. No up-front commitments: You only pay for the resources you use, without the need for large initial
investments.
2. On-demand access: Resources and services can be accessed whenever needed, without delays.
3. Cost-efficient pricing: Cloud services often have flexible pricing, making them more affordable,
especially for small businesses.
4. Simplified scalability: Applications can be easily scaled up or down depending on demand.
5. Efficient resource allocation: Cloud providers optimize resource usage to ensure efficiency.
6. Energy efficiency: Cloud providers use optimized datacenters, reducing energy waste.
7. Seamless integration with third-party services: Cloud platforms allow easy integration with other
services, enhancing functionality.

Benefits:
1. Reduced costs: Companies save on maintenance and operational costs as they pay for services as they
use them.
2. Support for small businesses: Startups and smaller organizations can start with minimal investment and
scale as needed.
3. Reduced maintenance responsibility: The cloud provider takes care of infrastructure and software
maintenance.
4. Dynamic scalability: Cloud systems allow businesses to handle workload spikes by adding or removing
resources as needed.
 5. Better availability: Users can access their data and applications from anywhere, at any time.
6. Multitenancy: Multiple users share the same infrastructure, reducing costs for everyone.
7. Improved resource utilization: Cloud providers optimize resource use, which can lower environmental
impact.

Challenges:

1. Resource Provisioning: Determining the optimal amount and duration of resource allocation in IaaS to
maximize benefits.
2. Infrastructure Management: Efficiently managing large-scale computing infrastructures and
virtualization technologies.
3. Integration: Addressing challenges in integrating real and virtual infrastructures, especially concerning
compatibility and functionality.
4. Data Security: Ensuring confidentiality, secrecy, and data protection in environments where
organizations do not own the infrastructure.
5. Cryptographic Weakness: Protecting data during processing, as decrypted information in memory can
be vulnerable to malicious access.
6. Legal Disputes: Navigating conflicting privacy laws across countries due to the global nature of cloud
infrastructure.
7. Government Access: Addressing concerns over excessive government powers to access confidential data
under certain national security laws.

3. COMPUTING PLATFORMS & TECHNOLOGIES

i. Amazon Web Services (AWS)

1. Comprehensive Cloud Services: AWS offers a wide range of cloud services, including compute power,
storage, and networking solutions.
2. Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2):
• Purpose: Provides customizable virtual machines (called EC2 instances) that users can run in the
cloud.
• Flexibility: Users can choose from different configurations, including options for GPU and clustered
computing power.
• Deployment: EC2 instances can be deployed through the AWS console (web interface) or via APIs
available for multiple programming languages.
• Save Templates: Users can save their running EC2 instance as an image to create templates for future
deployments.
3. Simple Storage Service (S3):
• Purpose: Provides scalable, persistent storage for data in the cloud.
• Organization: Data is stored in "buckets" that hold objects (files, images, data) of any size.
• Accessibility: Stored data can be accessed from anywhere.
4. Additional Services: AWS also offers services like networking (VPC), caching (ElasticCache), DNS
(Route 53), and databases (RDS for relational databases and DynamoDB for NoSQL).
5. Scalable and On-Demand: Both EC2 and S3, along with other services, are available on-demand,
meaning you only pay for what you use and can scale as your needs grow.

ii. Google AppEngine

 • Google AppEngine is a Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS) solution.
• Provides a scalable runtime environment for executing web applications.
• Focuses on executing web applications with dynamic scaling based on demand.
• Provides services like in-memory caching, scalable data stores, job queues, and cron tasks.
• Developers can build and test applications locally using the AppEngine SDK.
• Supports cost management with quotas and migration of apps to the cloud.
• Supports programming in Python, Java, and Go for application development.

iii. Microsoft Azure

• Microsoft Azure is both a cloud operating system and a PaaS platform.
• Applications are structured around roles: Web, Worker, and Virtual Machine.
• Web Role is for hosting web applications; Worker Role handles workloads.
• Provides customizable computing stacks through the Virtual Machine Role.
• Provides services like relational and blob storage, networking, caching, and content delivery.
• Facilitates distributed applications and content delivery using Azure’s cloud infrastructure.

iv. Apache Hadoop

• Hadoop is an open-source framework designed for processing large data sets on commodity hardware.
• Implements the MapReduce programming model with two key operations:
o Map: Transforms and synthesizes input data.
o Reduce: Aggregates the outputs of map operations.
• Provides a runtime environment where developers specify map and reduce functions.
• Accessible for academic and enterprise use, supporting scalable data-intensive processes.
• Hadoop is widely used in enterprise and academic environments for big data processing.
• Yahoo! hosts the largest Hadoop cluster in the world.

v. Force.com and Salesforce.com

• Force.com: A PaaS platform for developing social enterprise applications.
o Allows developers to create applications using pre-built or custom blocks.
o Integrates components from AppExchange for advanced features.
o Includes tools for designing data layouts, business rules, workflows, and user interfaces.
• Supports application development through data layout design, workflows, and UI creation.
• Entirely hosted in the cloud, providing seamless access via web services.
• Salesforce.com, built on Force.com, is a SaaS CRM solution for managing customer relations.
• Simplifies development, deployment, and enterprise application management in the cloud.
vi. Manjrasoft Aneka
• Aneka is a cloud application platform for rapid development and deployment.
• Supports programming abstractions like tasks, distributed threads, and MapReduce.
• Provides a distributed runtime environment for seamless integration on various infrastructures (e.g.,
clusters, networks, clouds).
• Enables dynamic integration of additional resources based on demand.
• Service-oriented runtime manages scheduling, execution, billing, and quality assurance.
• Allows flexibility in integrating new programming abstractions and execution management features.
4. SERVICE-ORIENTED & UTILITY-ORIENTED COMPUTING
i. Service-Oriented Computing (SOC)
1. Core Concept: SOC focuses on services as the primary building blocks for developing applications and
systems, enabling rapid, low-cost, and interoperable solutions.
2. Definition of a Service: A service is a self-describing, platform-independent component that performs
tasks, ranging from simple functions to complex business processes.
3. Key Characteristics:
a. Loosely Coupled: Enhances reusability and flexibility.
b. Location Transparent: Accessible from anywhere.
c. Programming Language Independent: Usable across various technologies.
4. Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA):
a. Organizes software systems into distributed services accessible via published interfaces.
b. Promotes discoverable, reusable, and composable services.
5. Quality of Service (QoS): Ensures performance, reliability, scalability, and availability through Service
Level Agreements (SLAs).
6. Software-as-a-Service (SaaS): Enables subscription-based delivery of software, leveraging multitenancy
and loose coupling to deliver applications and services on demand.

Ii. Utility-Oriented Computing

1. Vision: Defines a pay-per-use service model for computing resources such as storage, compute power,
applications, and infrastructure.
2. Historical Background:
a. Inspired by John McCarthy’s 1961 idea of computing as a utility like water or electricity.
b. Initially implemented in the mainframe era by IBM for large organizations.
3. Evolution:
a. Extended to academia with cluster computing for high-performance tasks.
b. Grid computing introduced market-oriented infrastructures for resource trading.
4. Key Features:
a. Accessible on demand via the Internet and simple interfaces.
b. Includes compute power, storage, services, and application components.
5. Integration with SOC:
a. SOC enabled external services for specific tasks within distributed systems.
b. Services and components are utilized on demand with usage-based pricing.
6. Modern Implication: Forms the foundation of cloud computing by fully realizing the vision of computing
utilities, combining QoS, scalability, and global accessibility.