PEMBAHASAN ARTI

PROGRAM, SOFTWARE,
HARDWARE,
BRAINWARE
MATA KULIAH
P. B. PEMROGRAMAN
Oleh :
Ika Maulid Nur Ahmad, ST, MM
 PENILAIAN

• TUGAS + KEAKTIFAN DI KELAS + QUIZZ : 30%

• UTS : 30%
• UAS : 35%
• ABSENSI :5%
 Introduction

• A program is a set of instructions that a computer follows

to perform a task
• Programs are commonly referred to as software.
What software have you used?
 Introduction

• Programmers or Software Developers are the individuals

that create computer software.
• They have the training and skill to design, create, and test
computer programs.
 Hardware

Concept:

The physical devices that a computer is made of

are referred to as the computer’s hardware.
Most computer systems are made of similar
hardware.
 Hardware

• The physical devices that a computer is made of are

referred to as the computer’s hardware.
• A computer is a system of devices that work together.

Hardware
A Computer System consists of:
 Central Processing Unit (CPU)
 Main memory
 Secondary storage
 Input devices
 Output devices

Figure 1-1 Typical components

of a computer system
 Hardware
 Central Processing Unit (CPU)
 The CPU is the part of a computer that runs the
programs.
 Without a CPU a computer cannot run software.
 Running or executing a program is the term used
when the computer performs the tasks that the
program tells it to do.
 Hardware Figure 1-2 The ENIAC computer
 ENIAC (courtesy of U.S. Army Historic Computer Images)

 World’s first programmable

computer
 Built in 1945
 Designed to calculate artillery
ballistic tables for the U.S. Army
 CPU was 8 feet tall, 100 feet long,
and weighed 30 tons
Figure 1-3
 A lab technician
Microprocessor holds a modern
 Much smaller microprocessor (photo
courtesy of Intel
 Much more powerful Corporation)
 Hardware

• Main Memory
• Considered the computer’s work area
• Stores the program that is running as well as the data
• Commonly known as the random-access memory (RAM)
• Data is quickly accessed
• RAM is a volatile type of memory
• Used for temporary storage
• RAM is erased when computer is turned off
 Hardware
• Secondary Storage Devices
• Type of memory that can hold data for long periods of time.
• Programs and important data are stored in secondary storage
• Disk drive is a common type of secondary storage
• Data is stored by magnetically encoding it onto a circular disk
• Most computers have an internal disk drive
• Some have external disk drives; they are used to create backup
copies
 Hardware

• Secondary Storage Devices

• Floppy drives record data onto a small floppy disk
• Holds only a small amount of data
• Slow to access data
• Can be unreliable
• Are becoming obsolete
 Hardware

• Secondary Storage Devices

• USB drives are small devices that plug into the computer’s universal serial bus (USB) port
• It does not contain a disk
• The data is stored on flash memory
• Also known as memory sticks and flash drives
• Inexpensive, reliable, and small
• Optical devices (CD or DVD)
• Data is encoded as a series of pits on the disc’s surface
• Uses laser to encode the data
• Holds large amounts of data
• Good medium for creating backups
 Hardware

• Input Devices
• Any data the computer collects from people and from other devices is called input.
• The hardware component that collects the data is called an input device.
• Common input devices are:
• It does not contain a disk
• The data is stored on flash memory
• Also known as memory sticks and flash drives
• Inexpensive, reliable, and small

Can you think of any other input devices?

 Hardware

• Output Devices
• Any data the computer produces for people or for other devices is called
output.
• The hardware component that formats and presents the data is called an
output device.
• Common output devices are
• Monitor
• Printer

Can you think of any other output devices?

 How Computers Store Data

Concept:

All data that is stored in a computer is

converted to sequences of 0’s and 1’s.
 How Computers Store Data
• A computer’s memory is divided into tiny storage locations known as
bytes
• One byte represents one number
• A byte is divided into eight smaller storage locations known as bits
(binary digits)
• Bits are tiny electrical components that can hold either a positive or a
negative charge.
• A positive charge is similar to a switch in the on position
• A negative charge is similar to a switch in the off position

Figure 1-5 Think of a byte as eight

switches
 How Computers Store Data

• Storing Numbers.
• A program is a set of instructions that tells the computer what to do.
• The positive charge or the on position is represented by the digit 1
• The negative charge or the off position is represented by the digit 0
• This corresponds to the binary numbering system where all numeric
values are written as a sequence of 0s and 1s
• Each digit in a binary number has a value assigned to it

Figure 1-7 The values of binary

digits as powers of 2
 How Computers Store Data

• Storing Numbers.
• The largest value that can be stored in a byte with eight bits is 255
• Two bytes are used for larger numbers; maximum value is 65535

Figure 1-11 Two bytes used for a large number

 How Computers Store Data

• Storing Characters.
• Characters are stored in the computer’s memory as binary numbers
• ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) is a
coding scheme

Figure 1-12 The letter A is stored in memory as the number 65

 How Computers Store Data

• Storing Characters.
• ASCII is a set of 128 numeric codes
• ASCII is limited
• Unicode is an extensive encoding scheme
• It is compatible with ASCII
• It represents characters for many languages in the world
 How Computers Store Data
• Negative Integers
• Binary numbering system can be used to represent only integer
numbers, beginning with 0.
• Negative numbers are encoded using two’s complement

• Real Numbers
• Binary numbering system can be used to represent only integer
numbers, without a fractional part.
• Real numbers are encoded using floating-point notation
 How Computers Store Data
• Other Data Types
• Digital data is data that is stored in binary
• A digital device is any device that works with binary data
• Digital images are composed of tiny dots of color known as pixels
(picture elements)
• Digital sound is broken into small pieces known as samples
 How a Program Works
Concept:

A computer’s CPU only understands

instructions that are written in machine
language. Because people find it very
difficult to write entire programs in
machine language, other programming
languages have been invented.
 How a Program Works

• CPU is the most important component in a computer

• CPU is not a brain
• CPU is not smart
• CPU is an electronic device that is designed to do specific
things.
 How a Program Works
• CPU is designed to perform the following operations
• Read a piece of data from main memory
• Adding two numbers
• Subtracting one number from another number
• Multiplying two numbers
• Dividing one number by another number
• Moving a piece of data from one memory location to another
• Determining whether one value is equal to another value
 How a Program Works

• CPU only understands instructions written in machine

language
• The entire set of instructions that a CPU can execute is
known as the CPU’s instruction set
• Each brand of microprocessors (Intel, AMD, and Motorola)
has a unique instruction set
 How a Program Works

• Fetch-decode-execute cycle is the term used when the CPU

executes the instructions in a program.
• The cycle consist of three steps:
• Fetch
• Decode
• Execute

Figure 1-15 The fetch-decode-

execute cycle
 How a Program Works
 From Machine Language to Assembly Language:
 Computers only understand machine language
 Machine language is difficult to write
 Assembly language uses short words that are known as
mnemonics
 Assembler is used to translate an assembly language
program to machine language

Figure 1-16 An assembler

translates an assembly
language program to a
machine language program
 How a Program Works
 High-Level Languages
 Assembly language is referred to as a low-level language
 High-level languages allow you to create powerful and
complex programs without knowing how the CPU works,
using words that are easy to understand
 Example: Ada, BASIC, Python, C++, Ruby, Visual Basic
 How a Program Works
 Key Words, Operators, and Syntax: an Overview
 Key words or reserved words have specific meaning and
purpose in the programming language
 Operators perform various operations on data
 Syntax is a set of rules that must be strictly followed when
writing a program
 Statements are individual instructions written in a
programming language
 How a Program Works
 Compilers and Interpreters
 The statements written in a high-level language are
called source code or simply code
 Source code is translated to machine language using a
compiler or an interpreter
 A Syntax error is a mistake such as a:
 Misspelled word
 Missing punctuation character
 Incorrect use of an operator
 How a Program Works
 Compilers and Interpreters
 A Compiler is a program that translates a high-level
language program into a separate machine language
program
Figure 1-17 Compiling a high-level program and executing it

 The C++ language uses a compiler

 How a Program Works
 Compilers and Interpreters
 An interpreter is a program that both translates and
executes the instructions in a high-level language
program
 Basic Approaches of
Programming
• High-level programming languages utilize two different
approaches

• Procedural approach
• Examples: COBOL, FORTRAN, BASIC, C, C++, and Pascal

• Object-oriented approach
• Examples: Smalltalk, C++, and Java
 Why Programming?
• To Develop Problem Solving Skills
• It is very important to develop problem
solving skills. Programming is all about solving problems.
• Requires creativity and careful thought.
• Analyze the problem and break it down into manageable parts
(modules, procedures, functions)

• It’s also rewarding!

 Program Development

• Planning is a critical issue

• Don’t type in code “off the top of your head”

• Programming Takes Time

• Plan on writing several revisions
• Debugging your program

• Programming requires precision

• One misplaced semi-colon will stop the program
 Exercise in Frustration
• Plan well (using paper and pencil)
• Start early
• Be patient
• Handle frustration
• Work Hard
• Don’t let someone else do part of the program for you.
• Understand the concepts yourself!
• Solve the problem yourself!
 Step 1
Good Programming Habits
• 1. Analysis
• Is the computer the appropriate tool for solving this problem?
• Would the problem be better solved with human interaction or
paper and pencil?
• Sometimes human judgment is preferable.
 Step 2
Good Programming Habits
• 2. Specification of the Problem
• Formulate a clear and precise statement of what is to be done (clear
and unambiguous).
• Know what data are available
• Know what may be assumed
• Know what output is desired & the form it should take
• Divide the problem into sub problems
• Doesn’t discuss “how to” solve the problem yet.
 Step 3
Good Programming Habits
• 3. Develop an Algorithm
• Algorithm:
• a finite sequence of effective statements that when applied to the problem, will
solve it.
• Effective Statement:
• a clear unambiguous instruction that can be carried out.
• Algorithms should have:
• specific beginning and ending that is reached in a reasonable amount of time (a
finite amount of time).
• This is done before sitting down at the computer.
 Step 3.5
Good Programming Habits

• 3.5 Document the Program

• Programming Style
• Upper / Lower Case, Indenting, format
• Comments
• Descriptive Identifier Names
• Variables, Constants, Procedures, Functions
• Pre & Post Conditions
• For each Procedure and Function
• Output
 Step 4
Good Programming Habits

• 4. Code the Program

• After algorithms are correct
• Desk check your program
• Without the computer,
just paper and pencil

• 4.1 Type and Run the Program

• Look for errors
• Syntax Errors (semi colon missing, etc.)
• Logic Errors (divide by zero, etc.)
 Step 4.2
Good Programming Habits

• 4.2 Test the Results

• Does it produce the correct solution?
• Check results with paper and pencil.
• Does it work for all cases?
• Border, Edge, Extreme Cases
• Revise the program if not correct.
• The coding process is not completed until the program has been
tested thoroughly and works properly (recheck the specifications).
 Step 5
Good Programming Habits

• 5. Interpretation
• The program may execute without any obvious errors.
• It may not produce the results which solve the problem.
• Get what you ask for, not what you want.
• Recheck your program with the original specifications
 Top Down Design

• Subdivide the problem into major tasks

• Subdivide each major task into smaller tasks
• Keep subdividing until each task is easily solved.

• Each subdivision is called stepwise refinement.

• Each task is called a module
• We can use a structure chart to show relationships
between modules.
 Top Down Design
S tru c tu re C h a rt

M a in T a s k

S u b ta s k S u b ta s k S u b ta s k
 Top Down Design

• Pseudocode
• is written in English with C++ like sentence structure and
indentations.
• Major Tasks are numbered with whole numbers
• Subtasks use decimal points for outline.
Top Down Design
 Writing Programs

• Vocabulary
• reserved words
• have a predefined meaning that can’t be changed
• library identifiers
• words defined in standard libraries
• programmer supplied identifiers
• defined by the programmer following a well defined set of rules
 Writing Programs

• Words are CaSe SeNsItIvE

• For constants use ALL CAPS (UPPERCASE)
• For reserved words and identifiers use lowercase

• Syntax
• rules for construction of valid statements, including
• order of words
• punctuation
 Writing Programs

• Executable Statement
• basic unit of grammar
• library identifiers, programmer defined identifiers, reserved words,
numbers and/or characters
• A semicolon terminates a statement in many programming languages

• Programs should be readable

noformat.cpp format.cpp
 Writing Programs
• Learning to write programs requires two skills:
• You need to use specific terminology and punctuation that can
be understood by the machine; that is, you need to learn a
programming language
• You need to develop a plan for solving a particular problem. This
planor algorithmis a sequence of steps that, when followed,
will lead to a solution of the problem.
 The Use of Comments

• Comments should be included to help make the program

more clear to someone reading the code other than the
author.
• Use comments after the header to explain the function of
the program, & throughout the program
 Test Programs

• Test programs are short programs written to provide an

answer to a specific question.
• You can try something out
• Practice the programming language
• Ask “what if” questions
• Experiment: try and see
TERIMA KASIH