Python Basics Explained
1. Variables & Data Types:
- Variables are used to store data. You don’t need to declare the type explicitly, Python detects it
automatically.
Example: x = 5 (int), y = 3.14 (float), name = "John" (string), flag = True (boolean).
2. Operators:
- Arithmetic: +, -, *, /, % (modulus), ** (power), // (floor division).
- Comparison: == (equal), != (not equal), >, <, >=, <= (used in conditions).
- Logical: and, or, not (used for combining conditions).
3. Control Flow:
- if, elif, else: Used for decision making.
Example:
if x > 10:
print("Big")
elif x == 10:
print("Equal")
else:
print("Small")
- Loops:
for: used to repeat over a sequence (list, range).
Example: for i in range(5): print(i)
while: runs while a condition is True.
- break stops the loop, continue skips one iteration.
4. Functions:
- Functions are blocks of reusable code.
Example:
def greet(name):
return "Hello " + name
- Functions can take parameters and return values.
5. Collections:
- List: ordered, mutable. Example: numbers = [1, 2, 3]
- Tuple: ordered, immutable. Example: point = (10, 20)
- Set: unordered, unique values. Example: fruits = {"apple", "banana"}
- Dict: key-value pairs. Example: person = {"name": "Ali", "age": 25}
6. Strings:
- Strings are text inside quotes. Example: s = "Hello"
- Common methods: s.lower(), s.upper(), s.split(), " ".join(list)
- Strings can be sliced: s[0:3] gives "Hel".
7. Input & Output:
- input() is used to take input from the user. Example: name = input("Enter your name: ")
- print() is used to display output. Example: print("Hello", name)
8. Modules:
- Python has built-in and external modules (libraries).
- Example: import math → math.sqrt(16)
- from random import randint → randint(1,10)
9. File Handling:
- Used to read/write files.
- Example:
f = open("file.txt", "w")
f.write("Hello World")
f.close()
f = open("file.txt", "r")
print(f.read())
f.close()
10. Exceptions:
- Errors can happen, exceptions handle them safely.
Example:
try:
x = 10 / 0
except Exception as e:
print("Error:", e)
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This document gives beginners a simple but clear explanation of Python basics with examples.
