Continuing an attempt an answer to @avantegarda's questions:
Part 2: If the two-state solution is possible, how can the prerequisite of Palestinian deradicalization be accomplished?
You've heard, Molly, that Palestinians have been so indoctrinated and manipulated by ring-wing extremists that they would never accept Jewish neighbors at all...and that's not exactly wrong, but this framing is incomplete and has two big problems:
First, it strips Palestinians of agency, treating them purely as victims of manipulation rather than as intelligent people making choices. It's a form of "noble savage" bigotry that the far left appears to be unable to see in the mirror. Recent polling shows that Palestinian support for a two-state solution (which is usually tepid at best) has dropped significantly, and majorities consistently oppose it. Support for Hamas increased dramatically after October 7th, including in the West Bank where Hamas doesn't govern.
Broadly-shared Jew-hatred and determination for Israel to die are not just the results of people being brainwashed against their will, but reflect genuine popular sentiment, however much we might wish otherwise.
Second, this gets the history backwards. It's not that an entire population was successfully radicalized from some prior neutral starting point. There was never a time when the Arabs of the Levant welcomed any kind Jewish state, any kind of Jewish self-determination, in any borders. Palestinian leadership has chosen total rejectionism consistently since well before 1947. At every major juncture where a Palestinian state was on the table, the leadership said no. Not "yes, but with different terms." Just no.
This isn't about Palestinians being irredeemably radical, but it's also not honest to pretend this is purely a top-down problem with no popular support. The path forward requires acknowledging that building a culture of coexistence will take genuine work, leadership that chooses statehood over rejectionism, and a population invested in supporting that choice.
So I think you're right to recognize that this is a cultural problem...and cultural problems historically get solved only at a painful, glacial pace over long periods of time.
Part 2 here assumes both (1) that deradicalization is possible and that (2) Israelis could once again be persuaded to buy into the two-state hope.
What can be done to help deradicalize Palestinians?
1. End the glorification of violence
The PA's "martyr fund" pays families based on how many Israelis their terrorist killed. Streets are named after suicide bombers. No society moves toward peace while lionizing mass murderers.
Palestinian textbooks erase Israel from maps, describe Jews in dehumanizing terms, and glorify the murder of their neighbors. Education has to date sought to build perpetual conflict - it must choose instead to build coexistence.
Abbas is in year ~20 of his 4-year term. Hamas hasn't held elections since 2006. Their power depends on continued conflict. Deradicalization will require leaders who have something to gain from peace.
4. Economic development not tied to conflict
Aid flows when tensions are high. UNRWA creates permanent refugee status across generations. An actual economy gives people something to lose and something to work for.
Like Germany accepting lost territories or Japan its empire, Palestinians must accept no "return" of millions of multi-generational, thoroughly settled "refugees" (like Bella Hadid) to Israel proper, Jerusalem not under exclusively Arab control, and 1947 borders not coming back. Put another way? They must accept Israel's continued existence.
Yeah, yeah - but how, practically, can any of this be done?
The mechanics are harder than they should be because the international system is in the habit of rewarding the status quo.
The internation community must do the following:
1. Condition Aid
The PA gets billions with no strings attached. Make it simple: Want aid? Stop paying terrorists to murder. Want legitimacy? Hold elections. Want partnership? Reform textbooks.
This is basic conditionality we apply everywhere else. No more blank checks, especially for those who have repeatedly proven their corruption and insincerity.
2. Replace UNRWA
UNRWA uniquely makes refugee status hereditary forever. They insist a 25-year-old born in Jordan is a "refugee" because his grandparents left in 1948. Here's the thing: Bella Hadid, born in Washington DC, is not a refugee.
No other group works this way. Not Afghans, Syrians, or the ~850,000 Jews expelled from Arab countries. Replace with UNHCR, which works toward resolving refugee status, not perpetuating it.
3. Arab State Pressure
The Abraham Accords demonstrated that more Arab states can normalize with Israel successfully.
Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Egypt, Morocco, and the UAE must declare without ambiguity to Palestinians that their support and aid for Palestine is conditioned on Palestinian decisions seeking peace and to become a part of a prosperous new Middle East.
They must underline Palestinian agency to Palestinians and frame this as the choice that it is.
What can Israel do to promote deradicalization?
(I anticipate gripes from some Israelis for this) Israel can demonstrate that cooperation and reduced restrictions come from reduced violence. Israel can support Palestinian moderates when they exist (and they do). Israel can partner with Arab states on incentives. Israel can get a better handle on its own extremists. Israel can radically improve its public diplomacy.
Real deradicalization, if possible, will require what Germany and Japan faced after WWII, a total defeat making the old path's failure undeniable and attempts at replication functionally impossible. (More on that in Part 3.)
Both Germany and Japan changed dramatically after defeat, imposed reform, and generational leadership change and it took decades of the international community demanding change. Instead of doing that with Hamas and the PA, the international community has instead made excuses and rewarded violence at almost evert opportunity.
Deradicalization will not happen until the international community stops rewarding rejectionism.
Deradicalization won't happen until Arab states make the consequences of continued rejectionism clear.
Deradicalization won't happen until Palestinians understand their future will be determined by their choice to either build a real state or be left behind.
Part 3: What will the future of the Levant look like if this kind of Palestinian cultural change (deradicalization) can't be accomplished?